Commercial Biological Control
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Commercial Biological ControlCommercial Biological ControlNorm LepplaNorm LepplaUF, IFAS, UF, IFAS, IPM FloridaIPM Florida
Milestones in Commercialization of Milestones in Commercialization of Biological ControlBiological Control
1895- Farming 1895- Farming TrichogrammaTrichogramma proposed proposed
1926- Fillmore, mass prod. NE citrus pests1926- Fillmore, mass prod. NE citrus pests
1929- 1929- TrichogrammaTrichogramma on factitious host on factitious host
1949- 1949- ChrysoperlaChrysoperla colonization colonization
1956- Predaceous mites, mites on strawberry1956- Predaceous mites, mites on strawberry
1968- Koppert established1968- Koppert established
1975- 1975- Trichogramma, Trichogramma, European corn borerEuropean corn borer
1981- IOBC WGQC (AMRQC)1981- IOBC WGQC (AMRQC)
1988- Whitefly parasites, Europe glasshouses1988- Whitefly parasites, Europe glasshouses
1990- ANBP established in California1990- ANBP established in California
1995- Commercial artificial diet for predators1995- Commercial artificial diet for predators
1995- IBMA established in France1995- IBMA established in France
Biological Control Organizations with Biological Control Organizations with Commercial AffiliationsCommercial Affiliations
IOBC
The Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers (ANBP) is a professional, non-profit association representing the biological pest management industry. Members of ANBP are expected to adhere to a code of ethics which encourages the highest standards in the production and marketing of natural enemies. www.anbp.orgwww.anbp.org
Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Commercial Natural Enemies and Commercial Natural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida and Other States Biopesticides in Florida and Other States
(EDIS IPM-146 IN849) (EDIS IPM-146 IN849)
Commercial Natural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida
• 56 commercial invetrebrate biological control products available in Florida (230 species invertebrates globally)
• 21 biopesticides available in Florida• 51 suppliers for Florida (~250 globally)• ~20 producers in North America, 0 in Florida
(5/20 produce >3 species, 10 employees average)• Revenue = $20-25 million for invertebrate
products produced in North America , 3 companies > $1.5 million (~$200 million globally)
Global SalesGlobal Sales
2%2%
Table 1. Habitats, pests, natural enemies and reference number
Tables 2-7. Number of natural Tables 2-7. Number of natural enemy products and sourcesenemy products and sources
Table 2- Nematodes (8, 30)
Table 3- Predatory mites (10, 26)
Table 4- Predatory insects (15, 31)
Table 5- Parasitic wasps (23, 31)
Table 6- Biopesticides (21, 29)
Table 7- Companies and websites (51)
Nematodes and MitesNematodes and Mites
NEMATODES Heterorhabditidae- Heterorhabditis (2 spp)
Steinernematidae- Steinernema (3 spp)
ARACHNIDS Laelapidae- Hypoaspis (1 spp)
Phytoseiidae- Amblyseius, Galendromus, Mesoseiulus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus (9 spp)
Predatory InsectsPredatory Insects Coleoptera Coccinellidae- Cryptolaemus, Delphastus,
Hippodamia, Rhyzobius, Stethorus
Cybocephalidae- Cybocephalus
Histeridae- Carcinops
Staphylinidae- Dalotia (also called Atheta)
Diptera Cecidomyiidae- Aphidoletes, Feltiella
Hemiptera Anthocoridae- Orius
Pentatomidae- Podisus
Neuroptera Chrysopidae- Chrysoperla
Thysanoptera Thripidae- Scolothrips
Parasitic WaspsParasitic Wasps
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae- Aphelinus, Aphytis, Encarsia,
Eretmocerus (5 spp)
Braconidae- Aphidius, Cotesia, Dacnusa (5 spp)
Encyrtidae- Leptomastix, Metaphycus (2 spp)
Eulophidae- Diglyphus, Pediobius (2 spp)
Pteromalidae- Muscidifurax, Nasonia, Spalangia (6 spp)
Trichogrammatidae- Trichogramma (3 spp)
Major Commercial Natural Major Commercial Natural EnemiesEnemies
Major Commercial Natural Major Commercial Natural EnemiesEnemies
Predators!Predators!
Aspect Chemical Control Biological Control
Number of ‘‘ingredients’’ tested >3.5 million 3,500
Success ratio 1:140,000 1:10
Developmental costs $256 million $2 million
Developmental time 10 years 10 years
Benefit/cost ratio 2:1 2.5–20:1
Risks of resistance Large Nil/small
Specificity Small Large
Harmful side-effects Many Nil/small
Comparison of Chemical and Biological Control
Van Lenteren, J. C. 2011. The state of commercial augmentative biological control: plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. Biocontrol.
Incentives to Use of Biological Control
• Effective against pest• Safe for environment• High benefit/cost• Reduced long-term cost• Reduced risk to growers• Reduced compliance• Attitude of consumers• Residue demands by food retailers
and supermarket chains
Limitations to Use of Biological Control
• Attitude of the pesticide industry• Attitude of farmers• Attitude of governmental institutions• Influence of guidelines and regulations• Attitude of biological control community
Requirements for Commercialization • Incorporation into IPM system• Distirbution system and marketing• Expertise (training)• New markets and products• Research support (team versus solo)
Improved rearing and release methods
Field tests to determine effectiveness
Compatibility with pesticides
Taxonomic expertise
Quality control• Supportive regulatory structure
Resistant Crop
Competitors
Natural enemies
Resistant varieties Vulnerable Crop
Invasive Pest
Integrated pest management program
• Cultural practices• Scouting, ID of pests & NEs• Conservation of NEs• Augmentation of NEs• Reduced-risk insecticides• Resistance management
Pesticide program
• New insecticides• New formulations• New application methods• Resistance management
IPM TransitionIPM Transition
Natural EnemyNatural Enemy Sales IncreasesSales Increases
• Pesticide resistance• Transgenic crops• Loss of pesticides (regulatory)• New more selective pesticides• Cost of pesticides (registration)• Alien invasive species• Cropping systems (pollinators, organic)
0
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Year
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New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
Amblyseius swirskii
Western Flower Thrips Control Western Flower Thrips Control in Cucumbersin Cucumbers
0
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600
900
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T. p
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A. c
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Treatment
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Predatory mites
F. occidentalis larvae
Mite Species
Bemisia tabaciBemisia tabaci Control Control on Hibiscuson Hibiscus
0
5
10
15
20
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30
35
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
week
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Mean number of A. swirskii/plant A. swirskiiControl without A. swirskii
1 2 3
A. swirskii per plantB. tabaci with A. swirskiiB. tabaci without A. swirskii
Release dates
Amblyseius swirskii Amblyseius swirskii EffectivenessEffectiveness
Very high numerical response to availability of food Highly efficacious against western flower thrips,
greenhouse whiteflies and tobacco whiteflies In combination with:
• Orius spp. against western flower thrips• Whitefly parasites against whiteflies• P. persimilis or A. californicus against two-spotted
spider mites Good establishment on pollen Whiteflies can substitute for pollen in peppers Good results in North and South Europe May replace A. cucumeris, depending on release permits
Pesticide Side EffectsPesticide Side Effects
Global QC ProgramsGlobal QC Programs
• Individual CompaniesCustomers
• International StandardsISO 9000 IOBC Guidelines (European Community)
• The Marketplace Quality Products
Customer ServiceCustomer Service
• Many companies provide detailed information on how to use their products.
• The best companies deliver excellent customer service for site-specific biocontrol.
• The marketplace ultimately determines the usefulness of commercial natural enemies.
Information on CommercialInformation on Commercial
Biological Control Biological Control
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.eduhttp://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu
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