Climate Change: The Implications for Carbon Accounting and Management in the Tourism Sector Paul Hooper & Rachel Dunk Centre for Aviation, Transport and.
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Climate Change: The Implications for Carbon
Accounting and Management in the
Tourism Sector
Paul Hooper & Rachel Dunk
Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment
Manchester Metropolitan University
8th International Conference on Responsible
Tourism
MMU 4th April 2014
Outline
• Mandate of action
• Guidance and options for footprinting and accounting procedures
• The ‘tourism system’
• Implications for carbon accounts and emissions mitigation
Tourism & Climate Change
Tourism
Creates
Impacts
Affect
Tourism Growth
UNWTO (2011)
Erxleben and Sallwey (2007)
Global Tourism and Climate Change
• Tourism (including day-trips) is responsible for 4.95% of global CO2 emissions – Up to 14% if measured as radiative forcing (The
warming caused by CO2 and other GHGs).• If tourism was a country it would be the
5th biggest polluter worldwide (similar to Japan).
• Global tourism emissions projected to grow by 152% by 2035.
Sources: Peeters and Dubois (2010); UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008)
Air transport
40%
Car32%
Other transport
3%
Accommoda-tion21%
Other activities4%
Breakdown of tourism emissions
Radiative forcing
Air transport
72%
Car15%
Other transport
2%
Accom-modation
9%
Other activities2%
Implications for Tourism
• Growing CC emissions from tourism in the context of policy commitments to radical cuts in GHG emissions
• Need to take efficient and effective actions
• Important to demonstrate carbon responsibility
• Case for growth is getting more difficult – credibility crucial
Carbon account……
Activity data to carbon account
Determining carbon emissions requires data on:
– The activity generating the carbon emissions (quantity, type, organisation)
– The carbon output per unit activity. This is usually expressed as an emissions/conversion factor
Units of activity x EF = total CO2 generated
So what should be included in a carbon account?
Scope Options – GHG Protocol
• Define three scopes (or boundaries) for GHG/carbon emissions accounting
1. Direct GHG emissions from all sources owned by the company (stationary and mobile combustion)
2. Plus indirect GHG emissions from purchase of electricity
3. Optional step – indirect emissions from company’s upstream and downstream activities (provides an ‘opportunity to be innovative in GHG management’)
How far is far enough?
• Carbon Reduction Commitment – mandates reporting for larger
organisations (>6000MWh)– Focuses on fuels and electricity consumed
(i.e. Scope 1 & 2 emissions)• However DEFRA Guidance:
– Sets no minimum size threshold– Covers wider range of emissions– Does not specify a minimum level of
reporting (emphasises completeness)
So what should be done about Scope 3 Emissions
• Challenging given the variety of organisations in the tourism sector
• Best to start with an appreciation of the ‘tourism system’ for completeness
• ICARB identified a range of system carbon emission sources from:– Inputs– Outputs– Outsourcing
Scope 3 Emissions for Tourism
• Inputs– Food & drink– Cleaning materials– Visitor travel– Water supply
• Outputs– Water
discharge/treatment– Solid waste:
• Green waste• Recyclates• Landfill
• Outsourcing– Laundry– Accounting– Maintenance/
grounds keeping– Cleaners– Catering– Entertainment
But this is too difficult, isn’t it?
So why take on Level 3?
• ACI International (2009) have something to offer:
Guidance Manual: Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Management
References• ACI (International) (2009) Guidance Manual: Airport GHG Emissions
Management, ACI World Environment Standing Committee• DEFRA (2013) Environmental Reporting Guidelines: including mandatory
GHG emissions reporting guidance. • DEFRA GHG Conversion Factor Repository available at
www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk/• Erxleben, T. and Sallwey, L. (2007) The impact of current developments
on the baggage flow at airports and derived trends in airport logistics. Elektroniczne czasopismo naukowe z dziedziny logistyki, 3 (1), No. 5.
• Peeters, P. And Dubois, G. (2010) Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, 18 (3),447-457.
• UNWTO (2011) Tourism Highlights 2009 Edition. http://unwto.org• UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008) Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to
Global Challenges. UNWTO, Madrid.• WBCSD and WRI (2004) The Greenhouse Gas Protocol.
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