Class lectures available .

Class lectures available

http://geology.uprm.edu/cavosie.html

World Lithospheric Plates

Source: After W. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey.

Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.htmli

North American Plate

Caribbean Plate

Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.html

Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.html

Tectonic plates ‘drift’ over a ‘mantle plume’

Hot Spot VolcanismHot Spot Volcanism

Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates

Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates

Midway Island (Pacific Plate)

~ 25 Million years old, 2700 km from Hawaii

2700 km/25 Ma

At what rate is the Pacific plate moving?

Plate Tectonics and the Rock Plate Tectonics and the Rock CycleCycle

• What drives plate tectonics?

• Rock Formation at Plate Boundaries

Mantle Convection

Different rocks form in different environments

Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

OverviewOverview

• Earthquakes–Basic Theory• Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity• Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their

Reduction• Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting• Earthquake Control?

– Awareness, Public Response

• Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes

Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

SeismicSeismic WavesWaves andand EarthquakeEarthquake SeveritySeverity

• Locations faults occur

• Types of Faults

• Seismic Waves

• Locating the Epicenter

• Magnitude and Intensity

Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

Earthquake–Related Hazards Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reductionand Their Reduction

• Ground Motion (shaking)– Influenced by bedrock vs. sediments

• Ground Failure (landslides, liquefaction)

• Tsunamis and Coastal Effects

• Fire

Ground Shaking — Loma Prieta Earthquake

Source: R.A. Page et. al., Goals, Opportunities, and Priorities for the USGS Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, p. 7.

Hollow Clay Brick Walls in Iran

Source:Photograph by M. Mehrain, Dames and Moore, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Timber-Frame Buildings in Turkey

Source:Photograph by Roger Bilham, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Landslide from Seattle Earthquake, 1965

Source:Photograph courtesy University of California at Berkeley/NOAA.

Effects of Soil Liquefaction, Japanese Quakes (Nigata), 1964

Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

Sand Boils after Loma Prieta Earthquake

Source:Photograph by J. Tinsley, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687.

Collapse of I-880 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

Source:Photograph by D. Keefer, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687.

Marina District Damage from Loma Prieta Quake

Source:Photograph by M. Bennette, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687

Tsunami Damage in Kodiak, Alaska

Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

Tsunami Travel Times to Hawaii

Source: After U.S. Geological Survey.

Earthquake Prediction and Earthquake Prediction and ForecastingForecasting

• Seismic Gaps

• Earthquake Precursors and Prediction

• Current Status of Earthquake Prediction

• The Earthquake Cycle and Forecasting

California Earthquake Probabilities Map

Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig, 15, p. 29.

Parkfield, CA: USGS Prediction of Earthquakes

Source: Data from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079.

Prediction: 1988 ± 5 years

The “Earthquake Cycle” Concept

Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig 6, p. 15.

Earthquake Control?Earthquake Control?

• Releasing the energy: is it possible?

• Observations: Denver, CO (1960’s)

• Fluid Injection to allow smaller slip

Waste Disposal Correlated with Quakes in Denver

Source: Adapted from David M. Evans, “Man-Made Earthquakes in Denver,” Geotimes, 10(9):11-18, May/June 1966. Used by permission.

Earthquake: Public ResponseEarthquake: Public Response

Freeway Damage — 1971 CA Earthquake

Source:Photograph by E.V. Leyendecker, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Freeway Damage — 1994 CA Earthquake

Source:Photograph by M. Celebi, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes

• Areas of Widely Recognized Risk

• Other Potential Problem Areas

U.S. Seismic-Risk Map

Source: Photo courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project.

Seismic Waves Propagation

Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1240-B.

Zones of Mercalli Intensity from Charleston Quake

Source:Data from U.S. Geological Survey.

Earthquake Scrapbook

Pancake-Style Collapse — 1985 Mexico City Quake

Source:Photograph by M. Celebi, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

Mission district — San Francisco Earthquake, 1906

Source:Photograph by G.K. Gilbert, courtesy U.S. Geological Survey.

Source: http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/Chapter4/Chapter4_index.html

Fourth Ave Landslide — Anchorage, Alaska, 1964

Source:Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

Wreckage of Gov’t Hill School, Anchorage, 1964

Source:Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

Damage from 1886 Charleston, SC Earthquake

Source: Photograph by J.K. Hillers, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.