CIVIL WAR CH.14 The Disunion of the United State of America.
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CIVIL WARCH.14
The Disunion of the United State of America
Why did it come this???“The real issue in this controversy- the one
pressing upon every mind- is the sentiment on the part of one class that looks upon the institution of slavery as wrong, and of another that does not look upon it as wrong.”
-Lincoln 1858
Four main causes for war1)Slavery(As a growing moral issue in the North, versus its defense
and expansion in the South)2) Constitutional Disputes(Over the nature of the federal Union and states’
rights)3) Economic Differences(Between the industrializing North and the agricultural
South over such issues as tariffs, banking, and internal improvements)
4) Political Blunders and Extremism(On both sides, which some historians conclude resulted in an
unnecessary war.)
Withdrawal of the South South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
And the War begins… Seceding states seized federal property,
forts, arsenals, governments offices in their boundaries.
But couldn’t seize two forts (Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens)
Problem with Fort Sumter Fort Sumter was running out of supplies Lincoln sends food to the Fort.
Confederates must decide what to do about this food. What do they do?
Fort Sumter Southern guns fire on April 12, 1861 and
officially start the Civil War.
Significance of Shots at Fort Sumter
Upper South states join the Confederacy(Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas)
Must preserve the Border States
Four slave states remain in the Union(Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and
Kentucky)
Lincoln felt keeping these states out of the Confederacy was essential.
*Possibly why Lincoln held off on emancipation of slaves for a long time”
North vs. the SouthWho has the Advantage?
North v. South Population Industry Transportation Materials Communication Navy
Only had to hold on
More spirited support
Better Military leaders
Better knowledge of the land.
Less traveling
NORTHERN UNIONTheir perspective in the Civil War
Republican Economic PolicyGoes Unchallenged
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)-Raised tariff rates to increase revenue and
protect American manufacturers.
The Homestead Act (1862)-Promoted settlement of the Great Plains by
offering 60 parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm the land for at least 5 years.
Republican Economic PolicyGoes Unchallenged
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)-Encouraged states to use the sale of federal
land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges.
Pacific Railway Act (1862)-Authorized the building of a
transcontinental railroad to link California and western territories with the eastern states.
(Union Pacific Railroad Company, Central Pacific)
Financing the War National Bank Acts of 1863-1864-Created a new national banking system. New or existing banks could join if they were
willing to invest 1/3 of their capital. Helped created unified national bank
notes
Financing the WarHow to pay for the war?
-Levying taxes- (levied the 1st income tax)
-Issuing paper currency (greenbacks)-Worth less than a gold dollar because it was backed by the good faith and credit of the government.
-Borrowing-War bonds or loans from the American people. *First example of mass financing a war in US history*Most used way to finance the war.
Raising the Union ArmiesOver 2 million men served the Union in the war.
Started with volunteers of 16,000*Thought it would be a short and easy war*
1863- Congress passed a national draft law called the Conscription Act
-Could get out of the draft if you found a replacement or paid $300.
-Draft riots- Immigrants, laborers, and Democrats opposed the war and draft (Peace Democrats or Copperheads). New York City riots started
Lincoln the PresidentControversial decisions by LincolnWar Powers of the President
Sent troops into battle without asking Congress. Called it an insurrection
Increased the size of the regular army without receiving legislative authority.
Made the naval blockade of the South.
Lincoln the President Democrats were upset that agriculture
was losing out to industry in the Northwest.
Lincoln ordered the military to arrest civilian dissenters
Suspended Habeas Corpus (The right of an arrested person to a speedy trial.)
-All persons who discouraged enlistments or were disloyal would be subject to Martial Law.
Lincoln the President Clement L. Vallandigham (Copperhead)-
Sent out of the Union to the Confederacy for treason.
Lincoln defied the Supreme Court order for him to release an imprisoned Maryland secessionist leader. Lincoln ignored Taney.
Election of 1864 Republicans hadn’t done well in 1862 Called themselves the Union Party to get more
support. Lincoln v. George B. McClellan (called for peace)
Lincoln won 212 electoral votes but only took 55% popular.
Politics of Emancipation Radicals (Thaddeus Stevens, Charles
Sumner, Benjamin Wade) ConservativesLincoln was cautious of emancipation. 1861 Congress passed the Confiscation
Act-All slaves used for “insurrectionary”
purposes would be considered freed. Abolished slavery in the District of
Columbia
Emancipation Proclamation Slowly the North began to accept emancipation and that it was
part of the fight in the war.
Radicals increased influence in Republican Party.
Sep 22, 1862 Union victory at Antietam, Lincoln used his war powers to issue an executive order freeing all slaves in the Confederacy.
January 1, 1863- Formally signed the Emancipation Proclamation
Why just in the Confederacy??? **Proclamation significant because it made it clear the war
was being fought to preserve the Union and end slavery.
African Americans & Union Cause
Emancipated blacks lined up to join the Union
Usually given awful and menial jobs
War and Economic Development
War improved the economy of the North. Loss of farm labor led to further
technological advancements in farming. Railroads improved.
Prices rose because of inflation and wages lowered.
Women, Nursing, and the War Far more women go into nursing. Women are forced to help in the war, at home,
on the farm, or get a job. *Independence of women increases
because of the war.*
US Sanitary Commission- Led female nurses onto the battlefields.
Sanitation improves in this war, but a majority (2 times as man) of men still die from disease and infection.
SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY
Confederacy moves their capital
Once the other southern states secede, the Confederacy move their capital to Richmond, Virginia.
Confederate Government Confederate Constitution(almost
identical to the Constitution of the US)Exceptions:1)Acknowledged the sovereignty of
individual states. 2) Sanctioned slavery in all states3) 6 year presidential terms
Davis as President Unsuccessful Cautious to use his power. No formal political parties in the Confederacy
but there was a lot of dissension
* Backcountry- poor whites generally refused to recognize the Confederate government and sometimes would fight for the Union.
Money and Manpower Financing the war was almost impossible
for the Confederacy. Small and unstable banking system. Most wealth was in land and slaves.
Financing the WarSolutions to pay for the war
Tax- Not everyone would pay Borrowing- issued bonds but gave out so many the
public lost faith and quit buying. Borrowing overseas with cotton as collateral didn’t
work either.
*Made paper currency*- $1.5 Billion (double the Union) and no uniform currency like the Union
*Creates insane inflation (Union experienced 80% inflation while the Confederacy had 9,000%)
Manpower Called for volunteers 1862- Conscription Act- All white males 18-35.
-Had to get a substitute to avoid the draft. Repealed in 1863- Opposition from poor whites
Plantation owners of 20 or more could be exempt from fighting.
“It’s a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
States’ Rights vs. Centralization Fear of centralization often kept the
South from making decisions that could help win the war.
Wouldn’t let Davis use Martial Law or suspend Habeas Corpus
Confederate government ironically did use many centralization techniques.
Economic and Social Effects of the War
Cut off southern planters from the Northern Markets.
Cotton overseas dropped significantly Ag and Industry decreased in the South Most of the fighting was in the South -Destroys railroads, farmland, plantations.
*Northern Naval blockade- South had massive shortages*
Economic and Social Effects of the War
Doctors had to leave local hospitals and go to war.
Food riots took place. Inflation was insane. Southern women had to control the
plantations Fear of slave riots during the war.
The Commanders Lincoln- Most important Union military
commander. Wanted to destroy Confederate armies not get
their territory.Generals for Union were awful
-General Winfield Scott was not prepared for the Civil War
-George McClellan- Too sluggish, fired, then re-hired, then fired again.
-William W. Halleck- Poor strategist.*Ulysses S. Grant- Very good and willing to do
whatever to win.
The CommandersConfederacy
Davis had professional experience in battle.
*Makes most of the decisions* Made General Robert E. Lee his military
adviser.General Braxton Bragg- Not much help.
The Role of Sea Power Union dominated in naval power. Blockades and assisting the Union armies in field
operations.
Confederates made moves to stop the blockade. Used an old Union frigate (Merrimac) and made it
into and ironclad and named it (Virginia) Virginia and the Monitor (Union ironclad)
battle but Confederacy can’t break the blockade.
*Ends the use of wooden ships*
Europe and the Disunited States
King Cotton Diplomacy-South thought foreign nations would
support them because they needed their cotton.
Poor in Britain and France supported Union
Aristocracy supported Confederacy-Britain is able to adjust without the South. -No one would join the South unless they
looked likely to win.
Trent Affair Britain and France being neutral upset the US
Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell went on an English ship the Trent to negotiate with England.
Charles Wilkes captured them without permission and arrested them.
British demanded the release of them. Lincoln apologized and sent them back. Confederacy also bought ships from British
(Alabama, Florida, & Shenandoah).
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