Transcript
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Citing your Sources
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Challenges in Academic Writing Develop a topic based on what has
already been said and written but write something new and original
Rely on opinions of experts and authorities on a topic but improve upon and/or disagree with those same opinions
Give credit to researchers who have come before you but make your own significant contribution
Fit into the discourse by building upon what you hear and read but use your own words and your own voice
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Research & Scholarship in the University
does not take place in a vacuum; is a “community” endeavor; is built upon: it evolves, morphs,
(withers?) Built on the values of responsibility,
integrity, academic freedom, respect, critical thinking, engagement, communication, community etc.
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What is citing? Citing means giving credit to the person whose
idea you are using. This means providing information so someone else can locate the specific article, book, or web site that you used in your research.
A citation usually includes: AUTHOR, TITLE, PUBLICATION information, DATE of publication and URL (if your source is electronic).
Everything you use in research, (books, an article from a full text database or a page from the Internet) must be cited.
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What is Plagiarism?
Taking and using as one’s own, the ideas, or the expression of the ideas (literary, artistic, musical, etc.) of another. (From the Oxford English Dictionary.)
This means, either intentionally or unintentionally, using the words or ideas of someone else without giving credit.
If you’re not citing your work you are plagiarizing.
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Chicago Style Footnotes or endnotes, usually in addition to a
bibliography. For notes, order them numerically, in
superscript1
For the bibliography, order them alphabetically.
Example: One author comments that “Writing well is a Example: One author comments that “Writing well is a skill, just like skiing well or playing the saxophone well.”skill, just like skiing well or playing the saxophone well.”11
NotesNotes1 1 ConstanceConstance Rooke, Rooke, The Clear Path: A Guide to Writing The Clear Path: A Guide to Writing English EssaysEnglish Essays (Toronto: Nelson, 1995), ix. (Toronto: Nelson, 1995), ix.
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Chicago Style (cont.)
For subsequent references to the same work, a shortened version is acceptable:
5 Rooke, Clear Path, 12.Rooke, Clear Path, 12.
Bibliography
Rooke, Constance. Rooke, Constance. The Clear Path: A Guide to Writing The Clear Path: A Guide to Writing English EssaysEnglish Essays. Toronto: Nelson Canada, 1995.. Toronto: Nelson Canada, 1995.
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Quotes: Whenever you quote, immediately write
down the citation. Author, date and page are required next
to the quotation (or use a number for endnotes or footnotes).
Different disciplines require different information in the reference list. The reference list or bibliography is the place where you are required to provide a full citation.
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Quotes (11.2)
“Quoting other writers and citing the places where their words are to be found,” Jacques Barzun and Henry F. Graff point out, “are by now such common practices that it is pardonable to look upon the habit as natural, not to say instinctive. It is of course nothing of the kind, but a very sophisticated act, peculiar to a civilization that uses printed books, believes in evidence, and makes a point of assigning credit or blame in a detailed, verifiable way.”1
_______________________________________________________________________
1. The Modern Researcher, 5th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 273.
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Quotes
Quoted material of more than a paragraph is best set off as a block quotation. (11.23)
Material set off as a block quotation is not enclosed in quotation marks. Any quoted matter within the block quotation is enclosed in double quotation marks. (11.35)
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Paraphrasing: Many people inadvertently commit plagiarism
when paraphrasing others' words and ideas, believing they only have to change a few words around. Not true. Paraphrasing is OK when:
you do not follow the original source too closely AND you give credit to the original writer
Hint: If you are going to paraphrase a section, read the passage over several times very carefully and then write your notes from memory.
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Paraphrasing exampleOriginal passage:
"But life is never all hardship for a growing boy. The surrounding country was wild enough for any imaginative youngster to find adventure in” 1
Unacceptable paraphrase: For a growing boy, life is never all hardship. For anyone with imagination, the countryside was wild enough for adventures.
Acceptable paraphrase: According to Robert Bryce, in a countryside like the one Cook grew up in, an adventurous boy could compensate for life's hardships. 1
_______________________________________________________________1. Bryce, Robert M. Cook & Peary: the Polar Controversy, Resolved.
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Press, 1997), 23.
This example is modified from: www.montgomerycollege.edu/library/paraphrasing.htm
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Paraphrase or Quote?
Either method may be acceptable. Some general tips: Cite the original source when
paraphrasing. Do not overuse direct quotes. Long quotes are formatted differently.
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When not to cite:
When you are writing up your own original observations, thoughts, or opinions.
When you are discussing items of common knowledge such as the year of Canadian confederation or the fact that Ottawa is the capital of Canada.
Common knowledge is subjective and will vary by discipline.
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Book
Author. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Date. Page (include page only in note entry).
Note 1. Richard Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 38.
BibiliographyOvery, Richard. War and Economy in the Third Reich. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
2 or 3 authorsNote: Susan Benton and Jennifer Grieg. Bibliography: Benton, Susan, and Jennifer Grieg
4 or moreNote: Susan Benton et al. .Bibliography: Benton, Susan, Jennifer Grieg, Paul Axton, Jeremy Briggs, and Keith Fletcher
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Chapter or section of a book Author. "Title of Article/Essay." In Title of Book, ed.
Editor's Name, pages. Place of publication: Publisher, Date.
Note 2. Renne Heller. "The Tale of the Universe for Others," in Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs, ed. Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti (New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996), 75.
BibliographyHeller, Renne. "The Tale of the Universe for Others." In Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs, ed. Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti, 72-87. New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996.
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Journal article (print) Author. "Title of Article." Journal / Magazine
Title Vol (Date): Pages. Note
3. Eva Topinkova and Daniel Callahan, "Culture, Economics, and Alzheimer's Disease: Social Determinants of Resource Allocation," Journal of Applied Gerontology 18 (1994): 411.
BibliographyTopinkova, Eva and Daniel Callahan. "Culture, Economics, and Alzheimer's Disease: Social Determinants of Resource Allocation." Journal of Applied Gerontology 18 (1994): 411-22.
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Journal article (online) Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal / Magazine
Vol (Date). Journal on-line. Available from url address, (accessed date).
Note 4. Rob Fairmichael, " Northern Ireland Chooses New Possibilities," Peace Magazine 14 (1998), [journal on-line]; available from http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/ v14n4p23.htm (accessed 15 July 2005).
BibliographyFairmichael, Rob. "Northern Ireland Chooses New Possibilities." Peace Magazine 14 (1998). Journal on-line. Available from http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v14n4p23.htm (accessed 15 July 2005).
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Journal article (online database) Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal / Magazine Vol
(Date). page(s). Database on-line. Available from Service, Name of Database, url address, (accessed date).
Note 5. Marlene de Monchy, Sip Jan Pijil, and Tjalling Zandberg. "Discrepancies in Judging Social Inclusion and Bullying of Pupils with Behaviour Problems." European Journal of Special Needs Education v19, no. n3 (2004): 317. EBSCOhost, ERIC http://web.ebscohost.com (accessed February 23, 2007).
Bibliographyde Monchy, Marleen, Pijil, Sip Jan, and Tjalling Zandberg. "Discrepancies in Judging Social Inclusion and Bullying of Pupils with Behaviour Problems." European Journal of Special Needs Education v19, no. n3 (2004): p317. EBSCOhost, ERIC http://web.ebscohost.com (accessed February 23, 2007).
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Indirect Sources (17.274)
If you can find and quote the original text and evaluate the context of the original quote, this is always best. However, if quoting from the secondary author, cite both works as follows:
11. Laurie Jenkins, Conflict and Crisis (New York: Hill and Wong, 1996), 132; quoted in Ann Li, Studies in Art (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 13.
BibliographyJenkins, Laurie. Conflict and Crisis. New York: Hill and Wong, 1996, 132. Quoted in Ann Li, Studies in Art, 13. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
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Resources
Chicago Manual of Style http://
www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.www.msvu.ca:2048
Refworks http://www.msvu.ca/library/refworks.asp
MSVU Writing Resource Centre http://www.msvu.ca/writing
MSVU Library Citation Guides http://www.msvu.ca/library/citing.asp
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