Chpt 1 - How to teach Speaking ( by Scott Thornberry )

Pós-Graduação em Língua InglesaOral Practice – Professor: Raquel Oliveira

Por: Rachel MouraSetembro/2012

TOPICS

introduction

speech production

conceptualization and formulation

articulation

self-monitoring and repair

automaticity

fluency

managing talking

The skill of speaking is complex and it involves:→ a command of certain skills;→ several types of knowledge;

_______________________________________

Speech production, in the way of utterance (sentences), is linear and happens in real time.It relies on spontaneity.

conceptualization and formulation

• discourse type• topic• purpose

Conceptualization

• discourse• sintax• vocabulary

Formulation

utterances and their parts

topic

• what is talking about – matter→ given information

comment

• what wants to say about the topic → something new

Pronunciation

intonation(pitch direction)

stress(prominence)

articulation

air lungs Vocal cords

tongue teeth lips

In the way of producing sounds, we use some organs.

conceptualization

articulation

formulation

Self-monitoring

formulation• Planning time – input process• utterances in a slow-down or

pause or re-phrasing.

articulation• Expressing time – output process• wrong word or pronunciation’s

correction

Immediate

correction

Retrace-and- repair

repairs

automaticity

fluency

articulation

Pre-fabricated

chunks

planning

automaticity

Pauses(natural / unnatural)

speed

syllabesblocks

fluency

Speakers use some production strategies (tricks)

pause fillers

vagueness expressions

repeats

Features of fluency

pauses

May be long, not frequent

Usually filled

Occur at meaningful

transiion points

Words and syllabes between

them

• Interaction

managing-talking

turns

engagement

• The fundamental rule is that the speakers have to respect the other’s turn, not both speaking at once in fact.

→ Long silences must to be avoided;

→ listen when other speakers are speaking.

Turn-taking

more rules

→ recognize your turn time and the other speaker’s turn.

→ signalling when you want to say something and also that you’re listening to.

→ holding the floor when it’s your turn

→ yelding the turn

discourse markers(speaker’s intention on a conversation)

paralinguistics

Gestures during the conversation (face-to-face) that confirm speaker’s intention.

On the phone, where we can’t see the other speaker’s face, expression, gestures, we have to rely on intonation, tempo and pausing, and still respecting the turn.

conceptualization

formulation

articulation

self-monitoring

speaking’s conclusions

FLUENCY

production strategies

automaticity