Transcript
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
SYLLABUS FOR
THREE YEARS B.Sc. (Honours)
BIOCHEMISTRY
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
2021-2022
JIS UNIVERSITY
81, NILGUNJ ROAD, AGARPARA, KOLKATA-700109
2
Credit Distribution across the Course
Course Type Total Papers
Credit Total Credit
Theory Practical
CC 14 14×4 = 56 14 × 2 = 28 84
DSE 4 4×4 =16 4×2 = 8 24
GE 4 4×4 =16 4×2 = 8 24
SEC 2 2x2=4 4
AECC 4 4x2=8 8
TOTAL 144
NON-CGPA
SEMINAR/MOOKS/OTHER ACTIVITIES
6 1 6
SKILLX/NSS 6 1 6
Abbreviations used:
CC = CORE COURSES
DSE = DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES
GE = GENERAL ELECTIVES
SEC = SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES
AECC = ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORY COURSES
3
List of Core Courses
(14 Papers for the Students of Biochemistry)
Semester
SEMESTER I
CORE I MOLECULES OF LIFE
I
CORE II ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
SEMESTER II
CORE III ENZYMOLOGY
II CORE IV ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
SEMESTER III
CORE V INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
III CORE VI CELL BIOLOGY
CORE VII METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES
SEMESTER IV
CORE VIII PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
IV CORE IX RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
CORE X BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE
SEMESTER V
CORE XI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
V
CORE XII IMMUNOLOGY
SEMESTER VI
CORE XIII CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
VI
CORE XIV MICROBIOLOGY
4
Choices for DSE
(2 Papers each to be selected by the Students of Biochemistry Sem V and Sem VI)
DSE I BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES XBC5003
DSE II INHERITANCE BIOLOGY XBC5004
DSE III NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY XBC5005
DSE IV BIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES XBC6003
DSE V PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY XBC6004
DSE VI MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS XBC6005
Choices for SEC
(Any one per semester in semesters 3-4)
SEC I HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY XBC3004
SEC II BIOINFORMATICS XBC3005
SEC III BIOENERGETICS AND MEMBRANE BIOLOGY XBC4004
SEC IV BIOSTATISTICS XBC4005
Choices for AECC
(Any one per semester in semesters 1-4)
AECC I English
AECC II Environmental Science
AECC III Entrepreneurship Development
AECC IV Values and Ethics
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Scheme for Biochemistry (Honours) CBCS Curriculum
SEMESTER COURSE
OPTED
COURSE
CODE
COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT
HOURS
MARKS
I
CORE I XBC1001 MOLECULES OF LIFE 4 4 100
CORE II XBC1002 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I 4 4 100
GE I GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100
CORE I
PRACTICAL XBC1101 MOLECULES OF LIFE LAB 2 3
50
CORE II
PRACTICAL XBC1102 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I LAB 2 3
50
GE I
PRACTICAL
GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT
LAB 2 3
50
AECC I ENGLISH 2 2 50
TOTAL 20 23 500
SEMESTER COURSE
OPTED
COURSE
CODE
COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT
HOURS
MARKS
II
CORE III XBC2001 ENZYMOLOGY 4 4 100
CORE IV XBC2002 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 4 4 100
GE II GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100
CORE III
PRACTICAL XBC2101
ENZYMOLOGY LAB 2 3
50
CORE IV
PRACTICAL XBC2102
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II LAB 2 3
50
GE II
PRACTICAL
GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT
LAB 2 3
50
AECC II ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2 2 50
TOTAL 20 23 500
6
SEMESTER COURSE
OPTED
COURSE
CODE
COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT
HOURS
MARKS
III
CORE V XBC3001 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4 4 100
CORE VI XBC3002 CELL BIOLOGY 4 4 100
CORE VII XBC3003 METABOLISM OF
MACROMOLECULES 4 4
100
GE III GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100
CORE V
PRACTICAL XBC3101
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB 2 3
50
CORE VI
PRACTICAL XBC3102
CELL BIOLOGY LAB 2 3
50
CORE VII
PRACTICAL XBC3103
METABOLISM OF
MACROMOLECULES LAB 2 3
50
GE III
PRACTICAL GENERAL ELECTIVE LAB 2 3
50
SEC I SKILL ENHANCEMENT
COURSE 2 2
50
AECC III ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT 2 2
50
TOTAL 28 32 700
7
SEMESTER COURSE
OPTED
COURSE
CODE
COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT
HOURS
MARKS
IV
CORE VIII XBC4001 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 4 4 100
CORE IX XBC4002 RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY 4 4
100
CORE X XBC4003 BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE 4 4 100
GE IV GENERAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT 4 4 100
CORE V
PRACTICAL XBC4101
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LAB 2 3
50
CORE VI
PRACTICAL XBC4102
RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY LAB 2 3
50
CORE VII
PRACTICAL XBC4103
BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE
LAB 2 3
50
GE III
PRACTICAL GENERAL ELECTIVE LAB 2 3
50
SEC II SKILL ENHANCEMENT
COURSE 2 2
50
AECC IV VALUES AND ETHICS 2 2 50
TOTAL 28 32 700
8
SEMESTER COURSE
OPTED
COURSE
CODE
COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT
HOURS
MARKS
V
CORE XI XBC5001 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4 4 100
CORE XII XBC5002 IMMUNOLOGY 4 4 100
DSE I DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE I 4 4
100
DSE II DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE II 4 4
100
CORE XI
PRACTICAL XBC5101
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB 2 3
50
CORE XII
PRACTICAL XBC5102
IMMUNOLOGY LAB 2 3
50
DSE I
PRACTICAL
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE I LAB 2 3
50
DSE II
PRACTICAL
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE II LAB 2 3
50
TOTAL 24 28 600
9
SEMESTER COURSE
OPTED
COURS
E
CODE
COURSE NAME CREDIT CONTACT
HOURS
MARKS
VI
CORE XIII XBC60
01
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 4 4
100
CORE XIV XBC60
02
MICROBIOLOGY 4 4
100
DSE III DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE III 4 4
100
DSE IV DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE IV 4 4
100
CORE XIII
PRACTICAL
XBC61
01
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
LAB 2 3
50
CORE XIV
PRACTICAL
XBC61
02
MICROBIOLOGY LAB 2 3
50
DSE III
PRACTICAL
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE III LAB 2 3
50
DSE IV
PRACTICAL
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE IV LAB 2 3
50
TOTAL 24 28 600
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Detailed Syllabus
A) CORE COURSES
CORE I: MOLECULES OF LIFE CREDIT-4
Water: Unique properties, weak interactions in aqueous systems, ionization of water,
buffers,
water as a reactant and fitness of the aqueous environment.
Carbohydrates and glycobiology: Monosaccharides - structure of aldoses and ketoses, ring
structure of sugars, conformations of sugars, mutarotation, anomers, epimers and
enantiomers, structure of biologically important sugar derivatives, oxidation of sugars.
Formation of disaccharides, reducing and non- reducing disaccharides. Polysaccharides –
homo- and heteropolysaccharides, structural and storage polysaccharides. Applications of
carbohydrate.
Introduction to amino acids, peptides and proteins.
Amino acids: Definition, classification & structures. Physico-chemical properties of amino
acids(amphoteric molecules, ionisation, zwitterions, pk values, isoelectric point, Lambert-
Beer’s law, optical density, absorption spectra), titration of amino acids (glycine, glutamic
acid, lysine, histidine), Formol titration of glycine (only reaction and principle), reaction of
amino acids: reaction due to amino groups (reaction with mineral acids,alkyl halides, acetyl
chloride, acetic anhydride in presence of base, nitrous acid, ninhydrin and fluorescamine),
reaction due to carboxylic acid group (reaction with base, alcohol, LiAlH4, metal oxide),
separation and analysis of amino acids by paper & thin layer chromatography and HPLC.
Peptides & Proteins: Peptide bond: Definition, structure and geometry of peptide bond,
example of biologically important peptide and its functions in brief (glutathione-peptide of
non protein origin), Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis using protection/ deprotection
protocol (brief outline). N-terminal amino acid determination (Edman degradation, dansyl
chloride reagent, Sanger’s reagent) and C-terminal amino acid determination
(carboxypeptidase and using hydrazine). Proteins: Definition of structure, primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary
structure (definition and example), structure of globular protein (albumin, globulin,
haemoglobin & myoglobin – Structure, function and occurrence in brief) and fibrous protein
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(keratin, collagen -role of Vitamin C in hydroxylation, elastin- Structure, function and
occurrence in brief ), Forces that stabilise structure of proteins, behaviour of proteins in
solutions, salting in and salting out, absorbance of proteins, example of metalloprotein,
lipoprotein. Biuret and Folin-Lowry test for protein. Biologically important peptides -
hormones, antibiotics and growth factors. Multimeric proteins, conjugated proteins and
metallo-proteins. Diversity of function (Specific examples of Proteins/Peptides may be
included under each category).
Lipids: Building blocks of lipids - fatty acids, glycerol, ceramide. Storage lipids - triacyl
glycerol and waxes. Structural lipids in membranes – glycerophospholipids, galactolipids and
sulpholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, structure, distribution and role of membrane lipids.
Lipids as signals, cofactors and pigments (preliminary ideas only)
Nucleic acids: Nucleotides - structure and properties. Nucleic acid structure – Watson-Crick
model of DNA. Structure of major species of RNA - mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Nucleic acid
Chemistry - UV absorption, effect of acid and alkali on DNA. Other functions of nucleotides
-
source of energy, component of coenzymes, second messengers (examples & functions only)
Suggested Readings:
1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2013) 6th ed., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., W.H.
Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN: 13: 978-1-4641-0962-1 / ISBN: 10:1-4292-
3414-8.
2. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) 7th ed., Devlin, T.M., John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York), ISBN: 978-0-470-28173-4.
3. Biochemistry (2012) 7th ed., Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer L., W.H. Freeman and
Company (New York), ISBN:10:1-4292-2936-5, ISBN:13:978-1- 4292-2936-4
MOLECULES OF LIFE LAB CREDIT-2
1. Separation of amino acids by thin layer chromatography.
2. Qualitative test for carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids & proteins.
3. Assay of proteins using Lowry method, standard curve preparation
4. SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins (BSA, Lysozyme, Ovalbumin)
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CORE II: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I CREDIT-4
Unit-1: Fundamental of Organic Chemistry
Physical Effects, Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance
and Hyperconjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis. Structure, shape and
reactivity of organic molecules: Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates:
Carbocations, Carbanions and free radicals. Strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative
study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values.
Unit-2: Stereochemistry
Concept of constitution, stereochemical representation: Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse, Flying-
wedge and their inter conversions, Optical Activity, Specific Rotation, Enantiomerism &
Diastereoisomerism, Stereogenic centers involving C=C, C=N; D/L, R/S, E/Z, syn/ anti,
cis/trans, meso/dl,threo/erythro nomenclature with CIP rules. Types of cycloalkanes and their
relative stability, Baeyer strain theory, Conformation analysis of alkanes: Relative stability:
Energy diagrams of cyclohexane: Chair, Boat forms.
Unit-3: Chemistry of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Chemistry of alkanes: Formation of alkanes, Wurtz Reaction, Wurtz-Fittig Reactions, Free
radical substitutions: Halogenation-relative reactivity and selectivity. Formation of alkenes
and alkynes by elimination reactions, Mechanism of E1, E2, E1cb reactions. Saytzeff and
Hofmann eliminations.
Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic additions their mechanisms (Markownikoff/ Anti-
Markownikoff addition), mechanism of oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-
oxidation, ozonolysis, reduction (catalytic and chemical), syn and anti-hydroxylation
(oxidation). 1,2-and 1,4-addition reactions in conjugated dienes and, Diels-Alder reaction;
Allylic and benzylic bromination and mechanism, e.g. propene, 1-butene, toluene,
ethylbenzene.
Reactions of alkynes: Acidity, Electrophilic and Nucleophilic additions. Hydration to form
carbonyl compounds, Alkylation of terminal alkynes.
Unit-4: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aomaticity: Aromaticity: Benzenoids and Hückel’s rule. Hückel’s rule, aromatic character of
arenes, cyclic carbocations/carbanions and heterocyclic compounds with suitable examples.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft’s
alkylation/acylation with their mechanism, Directing effects of the groups.
13
Suggested Readings:
1. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd.(Pearson Education).
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry
ofNatural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
4. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley:
London,1994.
5. Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism, New Age
International,2005.
6. McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning
IndiaEdition, 2013.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I LAB CREDIT-2
Group-A
1. Checking the calibration of the thermometer
2. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:
a. Water, b. Alcohol, c. Alcohol-Water
3. Determination of the melting points of above compounds and unknown organic
compounds (electrically heated melting point apparatus)
4. Effect of impurities on the melting point – mixed melting point of two unknown
organiccompounds
5. Determination of boiling point of liquid compounds. (boiling point lower than and
morethan 100 °C by distillation and capillary method)
Group-B
Detection of elements (N, S, Cl/Br) and functional groups (-CO2H, phenolic-OH, -CHO/CO,
-NO2, -NH2, -CONH2) in given known/Unknown organic compounds.
Suggested Readings:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education(2009)
2. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical
OrganicChemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012)
14
CORE III: ENZYMOLOGY CREDIT-4
Enzymes: Definition, historical perspective, general characteristics, co-factors – coenzymes
and metal ions.
Classification and units of enzymes: Based on IUB with examples. Unit of enzyme activity
– definition of IU, enzyme turn over number and nature of non-enzymatic and enzymatic
catalysis. Specific activity. Enzyme specificity. Concept of active site, ES complex,
specificity,
Theories of enzyme catalysis: Lock and key model, Koshland’s induced fit theory. Enzyme
kinetics: Factors affecting rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Characterization: Effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH and
temperature. Michaelis – Menten equation, Lineweaver – Burk(L-B) plot. Determination of
Vmax& Km from L-B plot and their significance. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non-
competitive and uncompetitive. Graphical representation by L-B plot. Evaluation of Km, Ki
and Vmax in presence of inhibitor.
Chemical modification of active site groups. Site directed mutagenesis of enzymes.
Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin
Allosteric enzymes: Sigmoidal curve, positive and negative modulators, qualitative
description of “concerted” & “sequential” models for allosteric enzymes. Half site reactivity,
Flipflop mechanism, positive and negative co-operativity with special reference to aspartate
Trans carbamylase and phosphofructokinase.
Isoenzymes: Detection, nature, importance. Lactate dehydrogenase as an example. Multi
enzyme complex – Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. – Composition, subunits, assembly,
enzymatic reaction functions. RNA as an enzyme. (Ribozymes). Industrial and medical
application of enzymes.
Applications of Enzymes: Enzymes as reagents, Marker enzymes in diagnostics,
Immobilized
enzymes, Industrial applications of enzymes.
Suggested readings:
1. Fundamentals of Enzymology (1999) 3rd ed., Nicholas C.P. and Lewis S., Oxford
University Press Inc. (New York), ISBN:019 850229X.
2. R.K.Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell, HARPER’S
BIOCHEMISTRY, 22nd edn. (1990), Prentice-Hall, International, USA.
15
3. P.K. Stumpf, OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th edn. (1994), Wiley Eastern, New
Delhi, (Chapters7 & 8).
4. Nelson and Cox, LEHNINGER’s PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2000), Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana /Worth Publishers, Inc., New York.
5. L. Stryer BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1995) W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, USA
6. G.L. Zubay BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1998) W.C. Brown Publishers, USA.
ENZYMOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Isolation of urease and demonstration of its activity
2. Isolation of acid phosphatase and demonstration of its activity
3. Determination of specific activity of salivary amylase by DNS
4. Purification of urease
5. Time course of urease reaction
6. Influence of substrate concentration and pH on the rate of enzymatic reaction
7. Determination of Km and Vmax of salivary amylase
8. Determination of initial velocity [time kinetics] of salivary amylase
9. Determination of optimum temperature of salivary amylase
16
CORE IV: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II CREDIT-4
Unit-1: Carbonyl Chemistry
Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group- Aldehydes and ketones: Addition to HCN,
NaHSO3, water, alcohol, thioalcohol (Umpolung), derivatives of ammonia, ylides (Wittig
reaction), nucleophilic addition to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (general principles).
Quinones, reactions of p-benzoquinone, Hydride addition (LiAlH4, NaBH4 reduction), MPV
reduction, Wolff-Kishner, dissolving metal (Clemenson reduction)
Acidity of α-Hydrogen: Reaction via enols and enolate ion (carbanions), aldol condensation,
Knovenagel reaction, Claisenester condensation, Perkin reactions, Darzen’s reaction,
halogenations of ketones, α-halogenation of acids (HVZ reaction).
Carbonyl compounds without α-Hydrogen: Cannizaro reaction, Tischenko reaction, benzoin
condensation.
Unit-2: Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Mechanism orientation and reactivity (including free
energy profiles) of halogenations, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Craft reactions,
chloromethylation, formylation (Gatterman-Koch, Gatterman, Reimer-Tiemann and
Vilsmeyer-Haack), Kolbe-Schmidt reaction, Houben-Hoesch reaction, IPSO substitution.
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Addition-elimination mechanism, reactivity and
orientation in activated aromatic substitutions, elimination-addition, mechanism, benzyne
intermediate, SN1 mechanism.
Unit-3: Organometallics
Preparation of Grignard reagent and organolithium. Reactions: addition of Grignard and
organolithium to carbonyl compounds, substitution on –COX, conjugate addition by Gilman
cuprates, Reformatsky reaction.
Unit-4: Heterocyclic Chemistry
Classification and nomenclature, Structure, aromaticity in 5-numbered and 6-membered rings
containing one heteroatom; Synthesis, reactions and mechanism of substitution reactions of:
furan, pyran, pyridine, pyrrole, furanose, pyranose, purines, pyrimidines.
Suggested Readings:
1. Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd.(Pearson Education).
17
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry
ofNatural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
4. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley:
London,1994.
5. Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism, New Age
International,2005.
6. McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning
IndiaEdition, 2013.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II LAB CREDIT-2
Organic Preparations: (at least six experiments should be conducted)
i. Acetylation of one of the following compounds: amines (aniline, o-, m-, ptoluidinesand o-,
m-, p-anisidine) and phenols (β-naphthol, vanillin, salicylicacid) by any one method:
a. Using conventional method.
b. Using green approach
ii. Benzolyation of one of the following amines (aniline, o-, m-, p- toluidines and o-,m-, p-
anisidine) and one of the following phenols (β-naphthol, resorcinol, pcresol)by Schotten-
Baumann reaction.
iii. Oxidation of ethanol/ isopropanol (Iodo form reaction).
iv. Bromination of any one of the following: a. Acetanilide by conventional methods, b.
Acetanilide using green approach (Bromate-bromide method)
v. Nitration of any one of the following:a. Acetanilide/nitrobenzene by conventional method,
b. Salicylic acid by green approach (using ceric ammonium nitrate).
vi. Selective reduction of metadinitrobenzene to m-nitroaniline.
vii. Reduction of p-nitrobenzaldehyde by sodium borohydride.
viii. Hydrolysis of amides and esters.
ix. Semicarbazone of any one of the following compounds: acetone, ethyl methylketone,
cyclohexanone, benzaldehyde.
x. Aldol condensation using either conventional or green method.
xi. Benzil-Benzilic acid rearrangement.
The above derivatives should be prepared using 0.5-1g of the organic compound. The solid
samples must be collected and may be used for recrystallization, melting point and TLC.
Suggested Readings:
1. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education(2009)
2. Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G. & Tatchell, A.R. Practical
OrganicChemistry, 5th Ed. Pearson (2012)
3. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press (2000).
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CORE V: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY CREDIT-4
Unit-1: Atomic Structure
Review of: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de
Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a new
approach to Atomic structure.
What is Quantum mechanics? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of
various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2, Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial
and angular parts of the hydogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s,
2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes and
their significance. Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum
numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes, Electronic
configurations of the atoms.
Unit-2: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic
bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability
and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of
lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability.
Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and
percentage ionic character.
Covalent bonding:
VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and
hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral,
trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements, Concept of resonance.
MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their
characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination
of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd periods
(including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and
NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.
Unit-3: Coordination Chemistry
IUPAC Nomenclature, Werner’s theory, isomerism, Chelate effect, polynuclear complexes,
labile and inert complexes, stereochemistry of coordination compounds with coordination
noumbers 4, 5 and 6.
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Sedgwick’s EAN concept and Valence Bond theory (inner and outer orbital complexes),
electroneutrality principle and back bonding, limitations of valence bond theory, crystal-field
theory, measurement of 10 Dq (Δo), CFSE in weak and strong fields, pairing energies, factors
affecting the magnitude of 10 Dq (Δo, Δt), Jahn-Teller theorem.
Unit-4: Bioinorganic Chemistry
Metal ions present in biological systems, classification of elements according to their action
in biological system, Geochemical effect on the distribution of metals. Sodium / K-pump,
carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase, Excess and deficiency of some trace metals.
Toxicity of metal ions (Hg, Pb, Cd and As), reasons for toxicity, Use of chelating agents in
medicine. Iron and its application in bio-systems, Haemoglobin; Storage and transfer of iron.
Unit-5: Redox Reaction
Complementary/non-complementary redox reactions, standard/formal electrode potentials,
influence of pH, complex formation and precipitation reaction on formal potential, principles
of redox titration, redox indicator, disproportionation, comproportionation.
Suggested Readings:
1.Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J. D. Lee, 5th Edition (1996), Chapman & Hall, London.
2 Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter and R.L. Keiter.
3. Inorganic Chemistry, Asim K. Das
4. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F. A Cotton, G. Wilkinson, and Paul L. Gaus, 3rd Edition
(1995),John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Inorganic Chemistry, A. G. Sharpe, 3rd International Student Edition (1999), ELBS
/Longman, U.K.
6.Inorganic Chemistry, D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, 3rd Edition (1999), ELBS, London
CORE V: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2
A. Titrimetric Analysis
(i) Calibration and use of apparatus
(ii) Preparation of solutions of different Molarity/Normality of titrants
B. Acid-Base Titrations
(i) Estimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in mixture.
(ii) Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture.
(iii) Estimation of free alkali present in different soaps/detergents
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C. Oxidation-Reduction Titrimetry
(i) Estimation of Fe(II) and oxalic acid using standardized KMnO4 solution.
(ii) Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture.
(iii) Estimation of Fe(II) with K2Cr2O7 using internal (diphenylamine, anthranilicacid) and
external indicator.
D. Inorganic Preparations: (any two)
(a) Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.H2O
(b) Cis and trans K[Cr(C2O4)2.(H2O)2] Potassium dioxalatodiaquachromate (III)
(c) Tetraamminecarbonatocobalt (III) ion
(d) Potassium tris(oxalate)ferrate(III)
Suggested Readings:
1. Mendham, J., A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Pearson, 2009.
2. Ghosal, Mahaparta and Nad, An Advanced Course in Practical chemistry
3. G. N. Mukherjee, Handbook of Practical Chemistry
21
CORE VI: CELL BIOLOGY CREDIT-4
Origin of life, Cell theory- Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Differences in
Animal and Plant cell. Mycoplasma, viruses, viroids, prions.
Structure and function of subcellular organelles –Composition of biological membranes.
Nucleus: Structure of nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex nucleolus and chromatin.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: RER - Brief overview of co-translational and post-translational
transport of proteins; SER – Lipid synthesis, brief overview of export of proteins from ER;
Golgi apparatus: organization, brief overview of glycosylation of proteins within Golgi, lipid
and polysaccharide metabolism in Golgi apparatus.
Cell Fractionation techniques- Centrifugation, Sedimentation Coefficient, Differential and
Density Gradient (isopycnic and rate zonal) centrifugation. Cell Visualization techniques:
Principle of Light microscope, Phase Contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope,
Confocal microscope and Electron microscope; Staining techniques for microscopy studies.
Principles of identification of sub cellular organelles.
Lysosomes- Different forms of lysosomes, role in cellular digestion, lysosomal storage
diseases.
Peroxisomes: assembly, functions, glyoxysomes.
Mitochondria: structure, endosymbiont theory, genome.
Chloroplast: structure, endosymbiont theory, genome.
Cell Wall: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell wall; ECM components– proteins,
polysaccharides and adhesion proteins; concept of anchoring junctions, tight junctions and
communication junctions (gap junctions and plasmodesmata).
Cytoskeleton. Microtubules: Axonemal and cytoplasmic microtubules (cilia, flagella,
centrioles, basal bodies). Microfilaments: Actin and Myosin Filaments. Role of cytoskeletal
elements in the entry of infectious agents.
Cell Cycle, Cell Division (mitosis and meiosis); Apoptosis and necrosis; Types and potency
of Stem Cells, Cancer – types, salient features of a transformed cell, causes of cancer.
Apoptotic death in relation to cell cycle.
Suggested Readings:
1. The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2013) 6th ed., Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E., ASM
Press & Sunderland (Washington DC), Sinauer Associates, MA, ISBN:978-0- 87893-300- 6.
2. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. (2010). Karp, G., 6th ed. John
Wiley and Sons. Inc. ISBN: 978-1-118-65322-7
3. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: - Ed. K. Wilson and J.
Walker, Cambridge University Press.
22
4. Physical Biochemistry- Application to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Friefelder D.
WH Freeman and Company.
5. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) 7th ed., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. W.H.
Freeman & Company (New York), ISBN:13: 9781464126116 / ISBN:10- 1464126119.
6. Molecular Biology of the Gene (2008) 6th ed., Watson, J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann,
A., Levine, M. and Losick, R., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor
(New York), ISBN:0-321-50781 / ISBN: 978-0-321-50781-5.
CELL BIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. To study different parts of microscope
2. Cytochemical staining of proteins by Methylene blue
3. Cytochemical staining of polysaccharides by PAS
4. Cytochemical staining of RNA by Methyl Green
5. Study of stages of Mitosis using onion root tip
6. Study of stages of Meiosis in onion flower buds/ grasshopper testes
7. To study cell organelles using electron micrographs
8. To study the effect of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on cells
23
CORE VII: METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES CREDIT-4
Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and Glycogen metabolism:
Glycolysis - a universal pathway, reactions of glycolysis, fermentation, fates of pyruvate,
feeder pathways for glycolysis, galactosemia. Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
sources, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway
and its importance. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, regulation of glycogen metabolism,
glycogen storage diseases.
Citric acid cycle: Production of acetyl CoA, reactions of citric acid cycle, anaplerotic
reactions, amphibolic role, regulation of citric acid cycle, glyoxalate pathway, coordinated
regulation of glyoxalate and citric acid pathways.
Fatty acid oxidation: Digestion, mobilisation and transport of cholesterol and triacyl
glycerols, fatty acid transport to mitochondria, β oxidation of saturated, unsaturated, odd and
even numbered and branched chain fatty acids, regulation of fatty acid oxidation,
peroxisomal oxidation, ω oxidation, ketone body’s metabolism, ketoacidosis.
Fatty acid synthesis: Fatty acid synthase complex. Synthesis of saturated, unsaturated, odd
and even chain fatty acids and regulation. Eicosanoids, cholesterol, steroids and isoprenoids
Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of prostagladins, leukotrienes
and thromboxanes. Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of
Cholesterol, steroids and isoprenoids.
Membrane lipids: Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of of
membrane phospholipids in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respiratory distress syndrome,
Precursor, regulation, functions and physiological importance of triacylglycerol,
plasmalogens, sphingolipids and glycolipids, lipid storage diseases.
Suggested Readings:
1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2013) 6th ed., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., W.H.
Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN: 13:978-1-4641-0962-1 / ISBN: 10:1-4641- 0962-
1.
2. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) 7th ed., Devlin, T.M., John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New Jersey), ISBN: 978-0-470-28173-4.
3. Biochemistry (2012) 7th ed., Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer L., W.H. Freeman and
Company (New York), ISBN:10:1-4292-2936-5, ISBN:13:978-1- 4292-2936-4
24
METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES LAB CREDIT-2
1. Assay of amylase by Kit method.
2. Estimation of cholesterol from known source (Mustard oil)
3. Isolation of serum LDH by kit method.
4. Estimation of pure glucose by Nelson-Somogyi method.
25
CORE VIII: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CREDIT-4
Unit-1: Thermodynamics
Introduction, systems: (isolated, closed, open) and surrounding, diathermal and adiabatic wall,
extensive and intensive properties, different processes, state function and path function, concept of
thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
First law of thermodynamics: concept of heat, work, internal energy and statement of first law,
IUPAC sign convention of heat and work, nature of work: reversible, irreversible, isothermal and
adiabatic, Joule's experiment and its consequences, enthalpy, heat capacities, relation between CP and
CV for ideal gas, van der Wall’s gas, and for all state of matter, Thermo-chemistry.
Second law of thermodynamics: limitation of first law, spontaneous processes and statement of the
second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle and refrigeration, Carnot’s theorem, thermodynamic
scale of temperature, concept of entropy, entropy changes of an ideal gas in different processes,
entropy of an ideal gas, entropy changes in mixture of ideal gases, entropy and unavailable work,
Joule-Thomson’s experiment and its consequences, inversion temperature, Gibbs and Helmholtz
energy, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium, free energy of mixing,
Maxwell's relations, thermodynamic equation of state, Clapeyron-Clausius equation and its
applications, chemical potential.
Third Law of thermodynamics: Statement of Nernst heat theorem and third law, concept of residual
entropy.
Unit-2: Chemical Equilibrium and Ionic Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium: Law of mass action, criteria of thermodynamic equilibrium, degree of
advancement of reaction and Le-Chatelier’s principle, various equilibrium constants (Kp, Kc and Kx)
from thermodynamics and their quantitative dependence on temperature, pressure and concentration,
van’t Hoff isotherm, isobar and isochore.
Ionic Equilibrium: Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting
degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and
bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly
soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle.
Unit-3: Chemical Kinetics &Catalysis
Kinetics: Order and molecularity, rate law, integrated rate law, kinetics of zero, first, second and
fractional order reactions, determination of order by half-life and differential method, opposing,
consecutive and parallel reactions, concept of steady state and rate determining step, chain reactions,
temperature dependence of reaction rates, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, collision theory of
bimolecular reactions, Lindemann theory, theory of absolute reaction rate and its thermodynamic
formulation, primary kinetic salt effect.
26
Catalysis: Types of catalyst, specificity and selectivity, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions at solid
surfaces, effect of particle size and efficiency of nanoparticles as catalysts, acid-base catalysis, and
Enzyme catalysis: Properties of enzymes, Michaelis–Menten equation, Lineweaver–Burk equation,
turnover frequency, catalytic efficiency, effect of temperature and pH.
Unit-4: Electrochemistry
Conductance: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for
weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law, Transport number, Ionic mobility. Applications of
conductance measurements: determination, conductometric titrations.
Cell: Reversible and irreversible cells, Concept of EMF of a cell, Measurement of EMF of a cell,
Nernst equation and its importance, Types of electrodes, Standard electrode potential,
Electrochemical series, Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic
properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data.
Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone
electrode. Potentiometric titrations.
Suggested Readings:
1. P. W. Atkins, & J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University Press
(2006).
2. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
3. R. G. Mortimer, Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (2009).
4. P.C. Rakshit, Physical Chemistry 7th Ed. Sarat book distributors, Calcutta (2001)
5. Rastogi, R.P. Mishra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics.
6. K.J. Lailder, Chemical Kinetics, 3rd Edition, Pearson
7. Samuel Glasstone, An Introduction To Electrochemistry, Affiliated East-West
Press Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi (2000)
CORE VIII: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2
Thermochemistry
(a) Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter for different volumes using change of
enthalpy data of a known system (method of back calculation of heat capacity of calorimeter
from known enthalpy of solution or enthalpy of neutralization).
(b) Determination of heat capacity of the calorimeter and enthalpy of neutralization of
hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide
pH-metry
(a) Study the effect on pH of addition of HCl/NaOH to solutions of acetic acid,sodium
acetate and their mixtures
(b) Preparation of buffer solutions of different pH
27
(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid
(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide
(c) pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base
Kinetics
(a) Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid
(b) Saponification of ethyl acetate
Conductometry
(a) Determination of cell constant
(b) Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation constant
of a weak acid.
(c) Perform the conductometric titration: Strong acid vs. strong base; Weak acid vs. strong
base
Suggested Readings:
1. Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R.Chand
& Co.: New Delhi (2011).
2. Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical
Chemistry8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York (2003).
3. Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.;
W.H.Freeman & Co.: New York (2003).
4. Ghosal, Mahaparta and Nad, An Advanced Course in Practical chemistry
28
CORE IX: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY CREDIT-4
Molecular tools and applications- restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, alkaline
phosphatase. Gene Recombination and Gene transfer: Transformation, Episomes, Plasmids
and other cloning vectors (Bacteriophage-derived vectors, artificial chromosomes),
Microinjection, Electroporation, Ultrasonication, Principle and applications of Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), primer-design, and RT- (Reverse transcription) PCR.
Restriction and modification system, restriction mapping. Southern and Northern
hybridization. Preparation and comparison of Genomic and cDNA library, screening of
recombinants, reverse transcription,. Genome mapping, DNA fingerprinting, Applications of
Genetic Engineering.
Genetic engineering in animals: Production and applications of transgenic mice, role of ES
cells in gene targeting in mice, Therapeutic products produced by genetic engineering-blood
proteins, human hormones, immune modulators and vaccines (one example each).
Random and site-directed mutagenesis: Primer extension and PCR based methods of site
directed mutagenesis, Random mutagenesis, Gene shuffling, production of chimeric proteins,
Protein engineering concepts and examples (any two).
Genetic engineering in plants: Use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, Ti
plasmids, Strategies for gene transfer to plant cells, Direct DNA transfer to plants, Gene
targeting in plants, Use of plant viruses as episomal expression vectors.
Suggested Readings:
1. Brown TA. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 5th edition. Blackwell Publishing,
Oxford, U.K.
2. Clark DP and Pazdernik NJ. (2009). Biotechnology-Applying the Genetic Revolution.
Elsevier Academic Press, USA.
3. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications
of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington
4. Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics,
7th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.
5. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T. (2001). Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual.
3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from plant cells
2. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from E.coli
29
3. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA using spectrophotometer
4. Plasmid DNA isolation
5. Restriction digestion of DNA
6. Making competent cells
7. Transformation of competent cells.
8. Demonstration of PCR
30
CORE X: BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE CREDIT-4
Chromatography: General Principles of chromatography – adsorption and partition.
Techniques: Paper chromatography –Ascending, descending and circular, 2D –
chromatography, Rf values, column chromatography, principle of gel filtration, ion-exchange
chromatography, affinity chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC. Thin layer
chromatography (TLC) – Principle, procedure and applications.
Electrophoresis, Paper and gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, 2D gel electrophoresis
Centrifugation: Principle of differential centrifugation. Types of Rotors, Ultra centrifuge –
construction and applications in sub-cellular fractionation.
Radiochemistry: Natural and artificial radioactivity, characteristics of radioactive elements,
units of radioactivity, disintegration constant, half-life, α, β and γ radiation. Detection of
radioactivity by GM counter. Applications of radioisotopes – 3H, 14C, 131I, 60Co and 32P.
Biological effects of radiations. Safety measure in handling radio isotopes.
Spectrometry–Beer and Lamberts law, Principals of colorimeter, spectrophotometer.
Nephelometry and turbidimetry and its applications. Basics of CD, IR, NMR, Mass
spectroscopy.
Suggested Readings:
1.Biophysical Chemistry, Principles & Techniques – Upadhyay, Upadhyay and Nath –
Himalaya Publ. House.
2. Principles & Techniques of Practical Biochemistry – Wilson, Walker- Cambridge Univ.
Press.
3. Chromatography – G. Abbott.
4. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: - Ed. K. Wilson and J.
Walker, Cambridge University Press.
BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUE LAB CREDIT-2
1. Identification of amino acids by paper chromatography.
2. Ascending paper chromatography of amino acids.
3. Separation of plant pigments using paper chromatography.
4. Separation of plant pigments by column chromatography using silica gel-G.
5. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins.
31
6. SDS-PAGE
7. Demonstration of separation of lipids by TLC.
8. Demonstration of two-dimensional chromatography of amino acids
32
CORE XI: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CREDIT-4
DNA structure and replication: DNA as genetic material, Structure of DNA, Types of
DNA, Replication of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Semiconservative nature of DNA
replication, Bi-directional replication, DNA polymerases, The replication complex: Pre-
primming proteins, primosome, replisome, Rolling circle replication, Unique aspects of
eukaryotic chromosome replication, Fidelity of replication.
DNA damage, repair and homologous recombination: DNA damage and repair: causes
and types of DNA damage, mechanism of DNA repair: Photoreactivation, base excision
repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, translesion synthesis, recombinational
repair, nonhomologous end joining. Homologous recombination: models and mechanism.
Transcription and RNA processing: RNA structure and types of RNA, Transcription in
prokaryotes: Prokaryotic RNA polymerase, role of sigma factor, promoter, Initiation,
elongation and termination of RNA chains
Transcription in eukaryotes: Eukaryotic RNA polymerases, transcription factors,
promoters, enhancers, mechanism of transcription initiation, promoter clearance and
elongation RNA splicing and processing: processing of pre-mRNA: 5’ cap formation,
polyadenylation, splicing, rRNA and tRNA splicing.
Regulation of gene expression and translation: Regulation of gene expression in
prokaryotes: Operon concept (inducible and repressible system), Genetic code and its
characteristics, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation: ribosome structure and assembly,
Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, Mechanism of initiation, elongation and
termination of polypeptides, Fidelity of translation, Inhibitors of translation.,Posttranslational
modifications of proteins.
Suggested Reading:
1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI Edition. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc.
2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. VIII
Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the
Cell. VII Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.
4. Watson, J. D., Baker T.A., Bell, S. P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R., (2008)
Molecular Biology of the Gene (VI Edition.). Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Pub.
33
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Preparation of solutions for Molecular Biology experiments.
2. Isolation of chromosomal DNA from bacterial cells.
3. Isolation of Plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis method
4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA & plasmid DNA
5. Preparation of restriction enzyme digests of DNA samples
6. Demonstration of AMES test or reverse mutation for carcinogenicity
34
CORE XII: IMMUNOLOGY CREDIT-4
Immune Response - An overview, components of mammalian immune system, molecular
structure of Immuno-globulins or Antibodies, Humoral & Cellular immune responses, T
lymphocytes & immune response (cytotoxic T-cell, helper T-cell, suppressor T-cells), T-cell
receptors, genome rearrangements during B-lymphocyte differentiation, Antibody affinity
maturation class switching, assembly of T-cell receptor genes by somatic recombination.
Regulation of immunoglobulin gene expression – clonal selection theory, allotypes &
idiotypes, allelic exclusion, immunologic memory, heavy chain gene transcription, genetic
basis of antibody diversity, hypotheses (germ line & somatic mutation), antibody diversity.
Major Histocompatibility complexes – class I & class II MHC antigens, antigen processing.
Immunity to infection – immunity to different organisms, pathogen defense strategies,
avoidance of recognition. Autoimmune diseases , Immunodeficiency-AIDS.
Vaccines & Vaccination – adjuvants, cytokines, DNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines,
bacterial vaccines, viral vaccines, vaccines to other infectious agents, passive & active
immunization. Introduction to immunodiagnostics – RIA, ELISA.
Suggested Reading:
1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2007). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6 th
edition Saunders Publication, Philadelphia.
2. Delves P, Martin S, Burton D, Roitt IM. (2006). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 11th edition
Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
3. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. (2007). Kuby’s Immunology. 6th edition W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York.
4. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. (2008). Janeway’s Immunobiology. 7th edition Garland
Science Publishers, New York.
5. Peakman M, and Vergani D. (2009). Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd edition
Churchill Livingstone Publishers, Edinberg.
6. Richard C and Geiffrey S. (2009). Immunology. 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell Publication.
35
IMMUNOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Isolation of lymphocytes from blood / spleen.
2. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (DID)
3. Radial immunodiffusion
4. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
5. Demonstration of Western Blotting
6. Assays based on agglutination reactions - Blood typing (active) and passive agglutination.
7. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) & DOT ELISA
36
CORE XIII: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY CREDIT-4
Urine: Normal composition of urine – volume, pH, colour, specific gravity. Constituents-
urea,
uric acid, creatinine, pigment. Abnormal constituents – glucose, albumin, ketone bodies,
variations in urea, creatinine, pigments and their clinical significance in brief.
Abnormalities in Nitrogen Metabolism – Uremia, hyperuricemia, porphyria and factors
affecting nitrogen balance.
Blood: Normal constituents of blood and their variation in pathological conditions - urea, uric
acid, creatinine, glucose, bilirubin, total protein, albumin/globulin ratio. Lipid profile –
cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins - HDL and LDL.
Blood Clotting – Disturbances in blood clotting mechanisms – haemorrhagic disorders –
haemophilia, von Willebrand’s disease, purpura, Rendu-Osler-Werber disease, thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acquired prothrombin
complex disorders, circulating anticoagulants.
Diagnostic Enzymes – Enzymes in health and diseases. Biochemical diagnosis of diseases
by
enzyme assays – SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, CPK, cholinesterase, LDH
Disorders of liver and kidney – Jaundice, fatty liver, normal and abnormal functions of liver
and kidney. Inulin and urea clearance.
Electrolytes and acid-base balance – Regulation of electrolyte content of body fluids and
maintenance of pH, reabsorption of electrolytes.
Biochemistry of Cancer, Cellular differentiation in cancer, carcinogens and cancer therapy
Inborn errors of metabolism: Sickle cell anaemia, phenyl ketonuria, Neimann – Pick
disease
and Gaucher’s disease.
Suggested Readings:
1. Concise Medical Physiology – Choudhary – New Central Book Agency – Calcutta.
2. TextBook of Medical Physiology – Guyton – Prism Books Pvt. Ltd. – Bangalore.
3. Harper’s Biochemistry – Murray, Granner, Mayes, and Rodwell – Prentice Hall
International Inc.
37
4. Textbook of medical physiology: A. C. Gyton, and J. E HallSaunders Elsevier
Publications, A division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt .Ltd.New Delhi ISBN 81-8147-084-2
5. T.M. Delvin (editor), Text book of biochemistry with clinical correlation, (1982), John
Wiley & Sons Inc. USA.
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine : proteins, Bence-Jones proteins, Cl-, Ca
2. Qualitative analysis of abnormal constituents in urine - glucose, albumin, bile pigments,
bile salts and ketone bodies.
3. Experiments on blood
(a) Estimation of haemoglobin by cyanmethemoglobin method
(b) Determination of A/G ratio in serum
4. Isolation and estimation of serum cholesterol
5. Serum enzyme assays: alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT
6. Gel Electrophoresis of serum proteins
38
CORE XIV: MICROBIOLOGY CREDIT-4
Morphology and structure of bacteria, gram positive and gram-negative organisms.
Microscopy (Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast and Fluorescence microscopy),
sterilization, nutritional requirements and growth characteristics of bacteria, media for
growing bacteria and fungi.
Staining of micro-organisms – principle and procedure of gram stain and acid-fast stain.
Microbial nutrition: Growth of micro-organisms, measurement of growth, factors
influencing growth – Nutrition, carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH and oxygen.
Batch and continuous culture. Growth curve, phases of growth curve. Synchronous growth.
Bacterial toxins – Classification, structure and mode of action of bacterial protein toxins
Industrial microbiology: Production and importance – Alchoholic beverages (Beer and
wine), fermented products of milk cheese, antibiotic production – penicillin, single cell
protein – Spirulina. Fermentors – types and components.
Antibiotics: Definition, mechanism of action of penicillin streptomycin, and
chloramphenicol, antibiotic resistance in brief.
Viruses: Classification based on genetic material with examples. Plant viruses – TMV,
morphology, general characteristics and its replication.
Bacteriophages: Morphology, general characteristics, life cycle (lysogeny and lytic cycle) of
T-even bacteriophage.
Suggested Readings:
1. M. Pelczar, E.C.S. Chan and M.R. Krieg, MICROBIOLOGY, McGraw Hill Inc.,
Singapore (1997).
2. General Microbiology, Vol. I & II – Powar, Daginawala – Himalaya Publishing House.
(2015).
3. General Microbiology – Stanier, Adelberg, Ingraham – The Macmillan Press – London
(1987)
39
MICROBIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Preparation and sterilization of culture media
2. To perform culture transfer techniques: Solid to solid (streaking), liquid to solid
(spreading), liquid to liquid, solid to liquid and determine CFU/ml
3. To stain bacteria using methylene blue.
4. To perform gram staining
5. Isolation of microbes from soil and sewage water.
6. To prepare temporary mount of algae (Spirogyra)
7. To prepare temporary mount of fungi (Penicillium)
8. Study of different shapes of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa using permanent slides
9. To prepare growth curve of bacteria.
40
B) DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES
DSE I: BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES CREDIT-4
Hormones: Chemical classification of hormones, Functions of hormones and their
regulation. Chemical signaling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, intracrine and
neuroendocrine mechanisms. General introduction to Endocrinology. Hormone receptors -
extracellular and intracellular. Receptor - hormone binding, G protein coupled receptors,
second messengers - cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+, Effector systems - adenylcyclase,
guanylcyclase, PDE, PLC. Protein kinases (PKA, PKB, PKC, PKG). Receptor tyrosine
kinases - EGF, insulin and Ras - MAP kinase cascade. Non receptor tyrosine kinase-
erythropoietin receptor JAK - STAT pathway. Steroid hormone Receptor. Receptor
regulation and crosstalk.
Hypothalamic-Hypophysial system, Pituitary: anatomy, histology, vasculature and
secretions. Physiological and biochemical actions of hypothalamic hormones and anterior
pituitary hormones; Feed- back regulation.Posterior pituitary hormones – structure,
physiology and biochemical actions of AVP and Oxytocin.
Thyroid gland - Histology; Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone and its regulation: Role of TRH
and TSH in T4 synthesis and response. Physiological and biochemical action of Thyroxine.
Pathophysiology of thyroxine secretion: Hyper and hypothyroidism, Goiter, Graves’ disease,
Cretinism, Myxoedema.
Regulation of calcium homeostasis: PTH, Vitamin D and calcitonin. Mechanism of Ca2+
regulation. Regulation of Growth: growth hormone and somatomedin, Endocrine disorders -
gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, pygmies. Physiology and biochemical actions of Growth
factors- EGF, PDGF and Erythropoietin.
Hormones of adrenal gland: Physiology and action of Aldosterone; the Renin Angiotensin
System. Physiology and Biochemical actions of Cortisol. Adrenal medullary Hormones:
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. General adaptation syndrome: acute and chronic stress
response. Pathophysiology – Addison’s disease, Conn’s syndrome.
Cells involved in the release of gastrointestinal hormones; the gastrin family of hormones
and CCK: the secretin family of hormones; Incretins; Ghrelin; Summary of hormone
metabolite control of GI function. Hormones of the Pancreas: Structure, synthesis, physiology
and biochemical actions of insulin and glucagon. Adipocyte hormones: Adiponectin and
leptin; Appetite and satiety control.
41
Male and female sex hormones. Hormones during ovarian and uterine phases of menstrual
cycle; Placental hormones; role of hormones during parturition and lactation.
Suggested readings:
1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017)7th ed Nelson,D.L.andCox,M.M. W.H.
Freeman & Company (New York
2. Vander’sHumanPhysiology(2019)15thed.,Widmaier,E.P.,Raff,H.andStrang, K.T. McGraw
Hill International Publications (USA)
3. Endocrinology (2007) 6thed., Hadley, M.C. and Levine, J.E. Pearson Education (New
Delhi), Inc.
4. The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2009) 5th Ed. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. ASM
Press & Sunderland, (Washington DC), Sinauer Associates. (MA).
BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES LAB CREDIT-2
1. Estimation of serumCa2+.
2. Estimation of serum T4
3. HCG based pregnancy test.
4. Estimation of serum electrolytes.
5. Case studies
42
DSE II: INHERITANCE BIOLOGY CREDIT-4
Mendelism & Chromosome Theory – Mendel’s principles, applications of Mendel’s
principles, Chromosome Theory of Heredity (Sutton-Boveri), Inheritance patterns,
phenomenon of Dominance, Inheritance patterns in Human (Sex-linked, Autosomal,
Mitochondrial, Unifactorial, Multi-factorial). Pedigree analysis – Symbols of Pedigree,
Pedigrees of Sex-linked & Autosomal (dominant & recessive), Mitochondrial, Incomplete
dominance & Penetrance.
Extension of Mendelism – Deviation from Mendel’s Dihybrid phenotype, Linkage, Sutton’s
view on linkage, Morgan’s view on linkage, Bateson & Punnet’s Coupling & Repulsion
hypothesis.
Linkage & Crossing over - Chromosome theory of Linkage, kinds of linkage, linkage
groups, types of Crossing over, mechanism of Meiotic Crossing over, kinds of Crossing over,
theories about the mechanism of Crossing over, cytological detection of Crossing over,
significance of Crossing over.
Allelic Variation & Gene function – Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epiststic
interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, Penetrance
(complete & incomplete), Expressivity, Pleiotropism, Modifier/Modifying genes.
Non-Mendelian inheritance – Evidences for Cytoplasmic factors, cytoplasmic inheritance,
extranuclear inheritance (mitochondrial, chloroplast), non-chromosomal inheritance, maternal
inheritance, uniparental inheritance.
Chromosomal variation in Number & Structure – Euploidy, Non-disjunction &
Aneuploidy, Aneuploid segregation in plants, Aneuploidy in Human, Polyploidy in Plants &
Animals, Induced Polyploidy, applications of Polyploidy, Chromosomal Mosaics, Polytene
chromosome in Diptera, Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position Effect,
Centromeric & Non-centromeric breaks in chromosomes, chromosomal rearrangements in
Human being, Chromosomal aberrations & evolution.
Chromosome Mapping - Haploid mapping (2 point & 3point cross), Diploid mapping
(Tetrad analysis), determination of linkage groups, determination of map distance,
determination of gene order, cytological mapping.
Human Cyto-Genetics – Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of
Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous
abortions, viable monosomies & trisomies, chromosomal deletions & duplications, genetics
of chromosomal inversions & translocations, human traits, Genomic position effects on Gene
expression.
43
Suggested Reading:
1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (2006). Principles of Genetics. VIII Edition
John Wiley & Sons.
2. Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2009). Principles of Genetics. V Edition. John Wiley and
Sons Inc.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. IX Edition.
Benjamin Cummings.
4. Russell, P. J. (2009). Genetics- A Molecular Approach. III Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
5. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Lewontin, R.C. and Carroll, S.B. IX Edition. Introduction
to Genetic Analysis, W. H. Freeman & Co.
INHERITANCE BIOLOGY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Permanent and temporary mount of mitosis.
2. Permanent and temporary mount of meiosis.
3. Mendelian deviations in dihybrid crosses
4. Demonstration of - Barr Body -Rhoeo translocation.
5. Karyotyping with the help of photographs
6. Pedigree charts of some common characters like blood group, color blindness and PTC
tasting.
7. Study of polyploidy in onion root tip by colchicine treatment.
44
DSE III: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY CREDIT-4
Basic concepts of nutrition, Nutrients,Function of nutrients. Measurement of the fuel values
of foods. Basal metabolic rate: factors affecting BMR, measurement and calculation of BMR.
Elements of nutrition – Dietary requirement of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Balanced
diet, Concept of protein quality. Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and their
physiological functions.
Minerals – Nutritional significance of dietary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, iodine,
zinc and copper.
Vitamins – Dietary sources, biochemical functions, requirements and deficiency diseases
associated with vitamin B complex, C and A, D, E and K vitamins.
Malnutrition –Recommended dietary allowances, nutritive value of common foods. Protein-
calorie malnutrition.
Obesity – Definition, Genetic and environmental factors leading to obesity.
Suggested readings:
1. Nutritional Biochemistry. Author, Tom Brody. Edition, 2. Publisher, Harcourt Braces,
1999.
2. Principles of Nutritional Assessment (2005) Rosalind Gibson. Oxford University Press.
3. Krause’s Food and Nutrition Care process.(2012);Mahan, L.K Strings, S.E, Raymond, J.
Elsevier’s Publications.
4. The vitamins, Fundamental aspects in Nutrition and Health (2008); G.F. Coombs Jr.
Elsevier’s Publications.
NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Determination of moisture content of foods
2. Determination of Vitamin C content in lemon juice
3. Estimation of minerals in food samples
4. Estimation of amino acid by titration.
5. Estimation of reducing sugars by Hedgedon and Jensen method.
6. Determination of saponification value of oil or fat.
7. Determination of iodine value of oil.
45
DSE IV: BIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CREDIT-4
Infectious diseases: Classification, Nosocomial infections; Past and present emerging and re-
emerging infectious diseases and pathogens. Source, reservoir and transmission of pathogens.
Safety measures when working with pathogens, biosafety levels, infection and evasion.
Bacterial diseases: classification of bacterial pathogens, virulence factors and host pathogen
interaction. Bacterial toxins, enterotoxins and their mode of action, diarrhea, cholera;
Tuberculosis, infection and pathogenicity, diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, drug
resistance. Other bacterial diseases such as - Typhoid, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus,
Botulism Anthrax and Pneumonia; their virulence factors and host pathogen interactions.
Viral diseases: Structure and classification of viruses, viral virulence factors, host pathogen
interactions; AIDS: history, causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnostics, drugs; Other viral
diseases such as Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies, Dengue and Polio; Chicken Pox, Herpes Virus.
Parasitic diseases: Classes of parasites and diseases caused by them, Malaria: causative
agents, vectors, etiology, diagnostics, drugs, vaccine development. Leishmaniasis and
Amoebiasis, Giardiasis and Trypanosoma infections.
Fungal diseases: Etiology, characteristics and diagnosis of Candidiasis, Sporotrichosis,
Aspergillosis and Ring worm.
Role of drugs, vaccines and sanitation in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
Suggested Readings:
1. Jawetz, Melnick and Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 27th ed., McGraw Hill Education
2. Klien's Microbiology (2008) 7th ed., Prescott, Harley, Wiley, J.M., Sherwood, L.M.,
Woolverton, C.J. McGraw Hill International Edition (New York)
3. Sherris Medical Microbiology: An introduction to infectious diseases (2010) Kenneth J.
Ryan, C.,George Ray, Publisher: McGraw-Hill.
46
BIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LAB CREDIT-2
1. Grams staining for bacteria
2. Isolation and culture of bacteria from water/sewage samples.
3. Demonstration of various media for bacterial culture
4. Isolation and enumeration of bacteriophages (PFU) from water/sewage samples
5. WIDAL test
6. Acid fast staining
7. Permanent slides of pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania, Plasmodium
falciparum
8. Fungal staining
47
DSE V: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY CREDIT-4
Electron transport system in plants: oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiratory
complexes, order and organization of electron carriers, electrochemical gradient,
chemiosmotic theory, ATP synthase and mechanism of ATP synthesis.
Nitrogen metabolism: assimilation of nitrate,structural features of nitrate reductase and
nitrite reductase, incorporation of ammonia into organic compounds, regulation of nitrate
assimilation. Biological nitrogen fixation by free living and in symbiotic association;
structure and function of the enzyme nitrogenase.
Photosynthesis – Photosynthetic apparatus, pigments of photosynthesis, role of carotenoids,
photosystems I and II, their location; Hill reaction, photosynthetic electron transport and
generation of NADPH & ATP, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylations, complexes
associated with thylakoid membranes; light harvesting complexes, path of carbon in
photosynthesis – C3 and C4 pathway of carbon reduction and its regulation, Photorespiration.
Special features of secondary plant metabolism, terpenes (classification, biosynthesis),
lignin, tannins, pigments, phytochrome, waxes, alkaloids, biosynthesis of nicotine, functions
of alkaloids, cell wall components.
Toxins of plant origin – mycotoxins, phytohemagglutinins, lathyrogens, nitriles, protease
inhibitors, protein toxins.
Stress metabolism in plants – Environmental stresses, salinity, water stress, heat, chilling,
anaerobiosis, pathogenesis, heavy metals, radiations and their impact on plant growth and
metabolism, criteria of stress tolerance.
Antioxidative defense system in plants – reactive oxygen species and their generation,
enzymic and non-enzymic components of antioxidative defense mechanism.
Suggested readings:
1. Buchann (2015), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2nded. Publisher: I
KInternational. ISBN-10: 8188237116, ISBN- 978047 0714218
2. Taiz and Zeiger, Plant Physiology, 5thedition, Sinauer Associates Inc.ISBN-13: 978-
0878938667, ISBN-10:0878938664
3. Caroline Bowsher, Martin steer, Alyson Tobin (2008), Plant Biochemistry, Garland
science ISBN978-0-8153-4121-5.
4. P.M Dey and J.B. Harborne (Editors) (1997), Plant Biochemistry, Publisher: Academic
Press ISBN-10:0122146743,ISBN-13:978-0122146749
48
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CREDIT-2
1. Estimation of chlorophylls and carotenoids from grass/spinach leaves
2. Estimation of ascorbic acid, phenols, tannins in fruits and vegetables
3. Determination of radical scavenging activity of plant extracts
4. Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in tissue extracts
5. Extraction and assay of urease from Jackbean
6. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by TLC and determination of absorption Spectra
49
DSE VI: MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CREDIT-4
Diagnostic Enzymes: Principles of diagnostic enzymology; Clinical significance of aspartate
aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase,
enzyme tests in determination of myocardial infarction, enzymes of pancreatic origin and
billiary tract.
Immunodiagnostics: Introduction, antigen-antibody binding and assays; Immunoassays –
types [RIA, ELISA, Chemiluminescent IA, FIA] and specific applications;
Immunohistochemistry-principle and techniques. Immunodiagnostics for detection of
infectious agents, cancer, and autoimmune diseases; Immunosensors.
Molecular Diagnostics: Introduction to DNA based diagnostic techniques; Polymerase chain
reaction in diagnostics and analysis; Analysis of DNA in forensic science and archaeology.
Applications of DNA finger printing, Techniques of chromosome analysis. Application of
genetic test. Karyotyping, chromosome banding and fluorescence In-situ hybridization
techniques.
Disease identification and Genetic tests for following disorders: Thalassemia, Sickle Cell
anemia, Down Syndrome, Sex-linked inherited disorders, Allelic susceptibility test for
multifactorial disorders (Male infertility).
Suggested readings:
1. Medical Laboratory Technology - a Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests Vol. I
(2010), Mukherjee, K.L., Tata Mc Graw–Hill Publishing Company Limited (New Delhi).
ISBN:9780070076594 / ISBN:9780070076631
2. Medical Biochemistry (2005) 2nd ed., Baynes, J.W. and Dominiczak, M.H., Elsevier
Mosby Ltd. (Philadelphia), ISBN:0-7234-3341-0.
3. Recombinant DNA by Watson
4. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student Companion
5. Harper's Biochemistry
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS LAB CREDIT-4
1. Estimation of Surface antigen of Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C virus.
2. Lipid profile: triglycerides and total cholesterol.
3. Permanent slides of pathogens: Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum
4. Estimation of serum Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase.
50
C) SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES
SEC I: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY CREDIT-2
Neurotransmission: Types of neurons, generalized structure of multipolar neuron. Resting
membrane potential, Action potential, Transmission of nerve impulse along an axon and
across a synapse. Neurotransmitters and inhibitors of neurotransmission.
Muscle: Types of muscles and their structure. Ultra structure of skeletal muscle. Contractile
and regulatory proteins of muscle. Sliding filament model of skeletal muscle contraction.
Bone: Composition and structure of long bone, growth and remodelling of long bone. Factors
affecting its growth.
Excretory system: Structure of the nephron, formation of urine – Glomerular filtration,
tubular reabsorption and secretions.
Body fluids: Blood volume, composition and functions, RBC, WBC and platelets, their
structure and functions. Mechanism of blood coagulation. Biochemical events in transport of
CO2 and O2 in blood. Cerebrospinal fluid, lymph and its function. Blood brain barrier.
Heart and lungs –Structure and function of cardiac tissue and lungs
Endocrine system: Endocrine organs, classification of hormones. Hierarchy, interplay and
dynamic balance and regulation of hormone secretions. Functions of the hormones of
hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas and gonads.
Suggested Readings:
1. Human Physiology, Vol. I & II, - C. C. Chatterjee – Medical Allied Agency – Calcutta.
2. Concise Medical Physiology – Choudhary – New Central Book Agency – Calcutta.
3. TextBook of Medical Physiology – Guyton – Prism Books Pvt. Ltd. – Bangalore.
4. Harper’s Biochemistry – Murray, Granner, Mayes, and Rodwell – Prentice Hall
International Inc.
5. Textbook of medical physiology: A. C. Gyton, and J. E HallSaunders Elsevier
Publications, A division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt .Ltd.New Delhi ISBN 81-8147-084-2
6. Human physiology: Chatterjee, Medical Allied Agency.
51
SEC II: BIOINFORMATICS CREDIT-2
Bioinformatics: Introduction, Basics of Computer and operating systems, Hardware,
Software, Introduction to programming Languages and Paradigms, PERL/R programming,
role of supercomputers in biology,
Scope of bioinformatics - Genomics, Proteomics, comparative and functional genomics,
Genome annotation, gene prediction approaches and tools. Transcriptome and Proteome,
Tools of proteome analysis. DNA microarray: understanding of microarray data and
correlation of gene expression data to biological processes and computational analysis tools.
Computer aided drug design (CADD) and Systems Biology.
Biological databases: Introduction to biological databases - primary, secondary and
composite databases, useful programs, ClustalW, BLASTp. NCBI, EBI, ExPaSy nucleic acid
databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, NDB), protein databases (PIR, Swiss-Prot,TrEMBL,
PDB), metabolic pathway database (KEGG, EcoCyc).
Sequence alignment: Similarity, identity and homology. Concept of Alignment – Pair-wise
sequence alignment, gaps, gap-penalties, scoring matrices, PAM250, BLOSUM62, local and
global sequence alignment, multiple sequence alignment, Progressive Alignment Algorithm,
Application of multiple sequence alignment. BLAST and CLUSTALW.
Protein Structure: Methods for prediction of Protein structure, Homology modeling, Fold
recognition and ab-initio methods.
52
SEC III: BIOENERGETICS AND MEMBRANE BIOLOGY CREDIT-2
Bioenergetics: Concepts of free energy, state functions, equilibrium constant. Coupled
reactions, energy charge, ATP cycle, phosphorylation potential. Standard energy of
hydrolysis of ATP, PEP, 1,3 BPG and thioesters. Redox reactions, standard redox potentials
and Nernst equation. Universal electron carriers.
Biomembranes: Historical background, membrane models. Membrane functions.
Composition of biomembranes: Lipids -Phospholipids, Glycolipids, sterols; Proteins -
Peripheral Proteins, Integral Membrane Proteins and Lipid-Anchored proteins, and
carbohydrates. Comparison of the composition of various cellular and subcellular
membranes. Role of Flippase, Floppase and Scramblase.
Model systems to study membranes: Lipid Monolayers, Planar Bilayer and Liposome, and
their application. Polymorphic Lipid-Water Systems. The various determinants of
polymorphic phases: CMC, lipid shape, critical packing parameter.
Membrane fluidity: lateral, transverse and rotational motion of lipids and proteins. Factors
affecting membrane fluidity- composition, barriers (tight junctions), cytoskeleton
interactions, microdomains – rafts, caveolae. Fence and gate model. Techniques to study
membrane dynamics: FRAP, TNBS, SPT.
Transport across membranes: Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Passive transport-
glucose transporter and anion transporter. Primary active transporters- P type ATPases, V
type ATPases, F type ATPases. Secondary active transporters – lactose permease, Na+ -
glucose symporter. ABC family of transporters – MDR and CFTR. Bacteriorhodopsin. Ion
channels: voltage-gated ion channels (Na+ /K+ voltage-gated channel) and ligand-gated ion
channels (acetyl choline receptor), and aquaporins. Ionophores: valinomycin, gramicidin.
Oxidative phosphorylation: The electron transport chain - its organization and function.
Sequence of electron transport, Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotictheory and Proton gradient.
FoF1 ATP synthase, mechanism of ATP synthesis. Transporters in mitochondria. Regulation
of oxidative phosphorylation.
53
SEC IV: BIOSTATISTICS CREDIT-2
Data Collection and Presentation: Biological data management using statistical tools.
Concepts of population and sample, advantages of sampling, Basic concepts in sampling and
designing experiments, Estimation of sample size for biological experiments, sources of
errors. Sampling schemes – Simple Random sampling, Systemic sampling, Stratified
sampling, Cluster sampling, Non probability sampling; Estimation of mean proportion and
standard error in cluster sampling, Multistage and multiphase sampling, Types of numerical
data – nominal data, ordinal data, ranked data, discrete data, continuous data; Modes of
presenting data: Frequency distributions, Relative frequency.
Analysis of variance: Mean, median, mode; Co-efficient of variation and standard deviation;
Range and interquartile range; Grouped mean and grouped variance; Frequency distributions;
One-way ANOVA; Two-way ANOVA; AMOVA; student’s t test.
Probability: Operations on events, Venn diagrams, Conditional Probability; Probability
distributions.
Hypothesis testing: General concepts – Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, Rejection of
hypothesis; Type I and Type II errors; P value and sample size estimation.
Regression and Correlation: Chi Square Test – Observed and expected frequencies,
Calculating p values, assumptions of a chi square goodness of fit;
Correlation –Two-way scatter plot, Pearson’s correlation coefficient; Regression –
regression concepts, simple linear regression; Calculation of R2 and ρ.
54
D) ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORY COURSES
AECC I: ENGLISH CREDIT-4
Unit 1: Communication: Interface in a Globalized World
a .Definition of Communication& Scope of Communication
b. Process of Communication—Models and Types
c. Verbal—Non-Verbal Communication, Channels of Communication
d. Barriers to Communication & surmounting them [to be delivered through case studies
involving intercultural communication]
Unit 2: Vocabulary and Reading
a. Word origin—Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes, Word Families, Homonyms and Homophones
b. Antonyms and Synonyms, One-word substitution
c. Reading—Purposes and Skills
d. Reading Sub-Skills—Skimming, Scanning, Intensive Reading
e. Comprehension Practice (Fiction and Non fictional Prose/Poetry)
Texts:
(i) Isaac Asimov, I Robot (“Robbie” OR “Little Lost Robot”)
(ii) George Orwell, “Shooting an Elephant”
(iii) Ruskin Bond, “The Cherry Tree” OR “The Night Train at Deoli”
(iv) Robert Frost, “Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening.”
f. Precis Writing (Use of daily newspapers for reading practice is recommended)
Unit 3: Functional Grammar and Usage
a. Articles, Prepositions, Verbs
b. Verb-Subject Agreement
c. Comparison of Adjectives
d. Tenses and their Use
e. Transformation of Sentences (Singular-Plural, Active-Passive, Direct-Indirect, Degrees of
Comparison)
f. Error Correction
Unit 4: Business writing [10L]
a. Business Communication in the Present-day scenario
b. Business Letters (Letters of Inquiry, Sales Letters, Complaint and Adjustment Letters, Job
Application Letters)
c. Drafting of a CV and Résumé
55
d. Memo, Notice, Advertisement, Agenda, Minutes of Meetings
e. E-mails (format, types, jargons, conventions)
AECC II: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CREDIT-4
UNIT 1. General
1.1 Natural Resources: Forest Resource, water resource, mineral resource, energy resources
(renewable,non-renewable, potentially renewable)
1.2 Population Growth: Exponential Growth, logistic growth, Maximum sustainable yield
1.3 Disaster Management: Types of disasters (Natural & Man-made), Floods,
Earthquake, Tsunamis, Cyclones, landslides (cause, effect & control)
1.4 Ecology & Ecosystem: Elements of ecology, definition of ecosystem- components
types and function, Food chain & Food web,
Structure and function of the following ecosystem: Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem,
Desert ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystems
1.5 Environmental Management: Environmental impact assessment, Environmental laws and
protection act of India, Different international environmental agreement.
UNIT 2. Air pollution and control
2.1 Sources of Pollutants: point sources, nonpoint sources and manmade sources primary
& secondary pollutant
2.2 Types of air pollutants: primary & secondary pollutant ; Suspended particulate
matter, oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur, particulate, PAN, Smog
(Photochemical smog and London smog),
2.3 Effects on human health & climate: Greenhouse effect, Global Warming, Acid rain,
Ozone Layer Depletion
2.4 Air pollution and meteorology: Ambient Lapse Rate, Adiabatic Lapse Rate, Atmospheric
stability & Temperature inversion
2.5 control of air pollution (ESP, cyclone separator, bag house, catalytic converter, scrubber
(ventury),
UNIT 3. Water Pollution
3.1 Classification of water (Ground & surface water)
56
3.2 Pollutants of water, their origin and effects: Oxygen demanding wastes, pathogens,
nutrients, Salts, heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds.
3.3 Surface water quality parameters: pH, DO, 5 day BOD test, BOD reaction rate constants,
COD. Numerical related to BOD Lake: Eutrophication [Definition, source and effect].
3.4 Ground water: Aquifers, hydraulic gradient, ground water flow (Definition only),ground
water pollution (Arsenic & Fluoride; sources, effects, control)
3.5 Quality of Boiler fed water: DO, hardness , alkalinity, TDS and Chloride
3.7 Layout of waste water treatment plant (scheme only).
UNIT 4. Land Pollution
4.1 Types of Solid Waste: Municipal, industrial, commercial, agricultural, domestic,
hazardous solid wastes (bio-medical), E-waste
4.2 Solid waste disposal method: Open dumping, Land filling, incineration, composting,
recycling (Advantages and disadvantages).
UNIT 5. Noise Pollution
5.1 Definition of noise, effect of noise pollution on human health,
5.2 Average Noise level of some common noise sources
5.3 Definition of noise frequency, noise pressure, noise intensity, noise threshold limit value,
equivalent noise level, L10 (18 hr Index) .
5.4 Noise pollution control.
57
AECC III: ENTERPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT CREDIT-4
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
Meaning, Needs and Importance of Entrepreneurship, Promotion of entrepreneurship, Factors
influencing entrepreneurship, Features of a successful Entrepreneurship.
UNIT II: ESTABLISHING AN ENTERPRISE
Forms of Business Organization, Project Identification, Selection of the product, Project
formulation, Assessment of project feasibility.
UNIT III: FINANCING THE ENTERPRISE
Importance of finance / loans and repayments, Characteristics of Business finance, Fixed
capital management: Sources of fixed capital, working capital its sources and how to move
for loans, Inventory direct and indirect raw materials and its management.
UNIT IV: MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Meaning and Importance, Marketing-mix, product management – Product line, Product mix,
stages of product like cycle, marketing Research and Importance of survey, Physical
Distribution and Stock Management.
UNIT V: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Meaning of International business, Selection of a product, Selection of a market for
international business, Export financing, Institutional support for exports.
58
AECC IV: VALUES AND ETHICS CREDIT-4
Unit – 1: Ethics and Human Values – Definition – Good Behaviour, Conduct and Character;
Importance, Respects for Elders, Use and Relevance in Present-day Society.
Unit – 2: Indian Constitution and Values – Fundamental Rights and Duties -Freedom,
Equality, Fraternity, Justice; Directive Principles of State Policy; Our National Emblem.
Unit – 3: Individual and Society – Desirable Basic Human Characters - Honesty,
Truthfulness, Respect, Punctuality, Responsibility, Courtesy, Discipline, Kindness, courage,
Character, Forgiveness, Friendship, Compassion, Consideration, Contentedness, Simplicity,
Empathy, Avoiding Greed; Family responsibilities; Duties as a Member of the Society;
Social Concerns – Evils of Dowry, Caste System, Racial Discrimination; Participation in
NCC, NSS, Scouts & Guides, NGC.
Unit – 4: Life Skills – Goal-setting; Self-esteem and Self-Confidence; Problem Solving;
Decision Making; Time Management; Stress Management; Positive Thinking; Assertiveness;
Teamwork; Interpersonal Relationships; Coping with Life Stresses; Suicidal Tendencies;
Peer Pressure; Substance Abuse and Addiction.
Unit – 5: Environmental Concerns – Respect for Natural Environment – Land, Trees, Air,
Water, Animals; Unethical Practices – Depletion of Natural Resources (Soil Erosion,
Pollution, Mining, Deforestation); Use of Plastics and Pesticides; EcoClubs.
Unit – 6: Professional Ethics–Need and Importance – Goals – Dignity of Labour – Ethical
Values in Different Professions – Management, Business, Teaching, Civil Services, Politics,
Medicine, Policing, Judiciary.
Unit – 7: Ethics, Values and Thinking–Right Thinking, Right Understanding, Reflective
Thinking, Rational / Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking.
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