Child Psychology Module 4 birth and the Neonate
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Birth & the NeonateModule 4
Children
1. Monty Pythonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arCITMfxvEc&NR=1&feature=fvwp
4.1
Variations in Birthing Practices
Birthing Methods & Delivery Options
Birthing Practices 99% of U.S. births in hospitals Other options
– Often no access to emergency care Freestanding birth center Home delivery
What Happens During Birth?
Who helps varies across cultures– 91% U.S. births physicians– Some exclude fathers – Some family members – Open to community
Birthing Practices
Birthing PracticesMidwives
–Norm, most of world–U.S. Attend 8% births–U.S. certified nurse midwives
Deliver babies– More time with patient in prenatal visits– Counseling, education– Emotional support
What Happens During Birth?
Birthing Practices Doulas
– No medical care Do not deliver babies
– Support before, during, & after childbirth Physical Emotional Educational
– U.S. work independently Part of ‘birthing team’
What Happens During Birth?
Birthing Practices Natural childbirth
– Goal: reduce pain by reducing fear Education Breathing techniques Relaxation techniques
Prepared childbirth (Lamaze method)– Similar to natural childbirth– Special breathing technique in final stages of
labor
What Happens During Birth?
Birthing Methods & Delivery Options
Other methods to reduce pain & stress during labor & childbirth– Waterbirth– Massage– Acupuncture– Hypnosis– Music therapy
What Happens During Birth?
2. Water Birthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Syqe3CygOEk
3. Inside pregnancy: Labor & Birth
http://www.babycenter.com/stages-of-labor
3.a. Bad Boyshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw5ayibQ-E0
STAGES OF BIRTH4.2
Stages of Birth3 stages of birth
–Stage 1 @ 12 - 24 hrs.
–Stage 2 @ 45 min’s - 1 hour
–Stage 3 Minutes
Effacement of the CervixBecomes
–Thinner–Shorter
Starts–Couple weeks before delivery
Stages of Birth 1st stage: Dilation & Effacement of
the Cervix– @ 12 - 24 hrs.
Longest stage– Contractions @ 15–20 min’s apart
Closer together as birth nears– Contractions dilate cervix to open @ 4
inches. Allows baby to move into birth canal
What Happens During Birth?
Stages of Birth 2nd stage : Delivery of the Baby
– @ 45 min’s - 1 hour– Begins when:
baby’s head moves through cervix & birth canal
– Ends when: baby completely emerges
– Mother pushes down, contractions come @ every minute
What Happens During Birth?
Stage 2
3rd stage: Placenta (afterbirth)–Placenta, umbilical cord, & other
membranes detached & expelled–Fastest stage
minutes
Stages of Birth
Stage 3 Placenta
Placenta
4. Cooking up Placentahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ceBxQSRLrg&feature=related
For the stranger members of this class!
5. Cesarean Sectionhttp://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=xyN48VnRYUY
Cesarean SectionCesarean Delivery
–Baby removed from uterus through incision in abdomen when Baby is in breech or crosswise position Head too large for mother’s pelvis Vaginal bleeding has occurred in
pregnancy–U.S. births by C-sections increased
since 2002
What Happens During Birth?
NEWBORN ASSESSMENT4.3
7. Xavier's Apgarhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bHCbG_JwTA
Apgar scale
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration**************
Abigail's Placenta Gave Arthur Rabies
PRETERM, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, SMALL-FOR-DATE INFANTS4.4
Preterm & Small-for-Date Infants
Low-birth-weight under 5.5 lbs– Very low - under 3 lbs– Extremely low - under 2 lbs
Small-for-Date Ex: Born full term yet 5 lbs.
–May be preterm/full term–Birth weight below normal
Increased use of progestin to prevent preterm births
– Lowered preterm births 1/3
Small-for-Date
8. aPremature Baby 1st Minutes
Premature Baby 1st Minutes
28 weeks 2 days, 2.95 lbs. Premature babies highly prone to
infection and one tiny germ can kill them .
Plastic around the baby protect body heat
Blue light is used for jaundice Quiet in the nursery sleeping which is
very important to their overall health and development .
Preterm & Small-for-Date Infants
Consequences of preterm & LBW Most low birth weight infants
– normal & healthy As a group
– More developmental & health problems– Risk increases as gestation age decreases Potential problems include
brain injuries lung & liver diseases learning disabilities breathing problems
Norwegian study– Preterm-birth adolescents higher risk
for: language delays learning problems behavior problems/delinquency involvement
Consequences of Preterm & LBW
EARLY INFANT CARE4.5
Bonding Close connection, especially physical
bond, between parents & newborn in period shortly after birth– Doctors suggest:
“rooming in”– Newborn kept in mother's hospital room
Immediate bonding – Not necessary for emotional health
Adoption?
The Postpartum Period
Postpartum Depression Period after childbirth
– Mother adjusts physically & psychologically to process of childbearing
– Lasts about @ 6 weeks Involution
– Process by which uterus returns to pre-pregnant size
– 5 - 6 weeks
The Postpartum Period
8. How to deal with postpartum pregnancy
Postpartum Depression Emotional & Psychological
Adjustments– Emotional fluctuations due to:
Hormonal changes Fatigue Inadequate rest Inexperience or lack of confidence Extensive demands may cause
– Anxiety, depression, coping difficulties
The Postpartum Period
Emotional & Psychological Adjustments
Postpartum depression– Strong feelings of
Sadness Anxiety Despair
– Gets worse without treatment
Emotional and Psychological Adjustments
Postpartum depression treatments– Antidepressants– Psychotherapy; cognitive therapy is best
Postpartum depression affects– Mother-infant interaction– Risk of additional psychological
disorders
The Postpartum Period
“Baby Blues” Symptoms appear 2 to 3 days after
delivery and subside within 1 to 2 weeks
Postpartum depression Symptoms linger for weeks or months and interfere with
daily functioning
No symptoms
% of U.S. women
experiencing “Baby Blues” &
Postpartum Depression
Emotional and Psychological Adjustments
Father’s adjustment– Considerable adjustment & stress
Attention on infant decreases couple’s time May feel unneeded
– Father’s postpartum reactions Prenatal involvement can lessen feelings of
depression
The Postpartum Period
9. Signs of Postparden Depression in Menhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc8rPkaPz5k
10. Postpartum Depression in Men http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54Wd69U-EE4
INFANT NUTRITION & HEALTH
4.6
Infant Nutrition & Health• Infants in 1 yr.
Triple weight– Increase length
50% – 50 calories per
day per lb. of weight
– High-calorie, high-energy foods & fats very important NO NONFAT FOODS
Infant Nutrition & HealthHealthy infants need:
–Loving, supportive feeding environment
–Breast milk –Gradual increase of chew-&-
swallow–More fruits & vegetables, less junk
food–Demand feeding becoming more
popular–Poor dietary patterns can cause
overweight
Co-sleepingCulture and Sleeping
Arrangements–Sharing bed common in many
cultures–American Academy of Pediatrics– Discourages co-sleeping
because of Stress
SIDS risk
How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Infant stops breathing, usually during night, and dies without apparent cause– Highest cause of infant death in U.S.– Highest risk is 2 - 4 mo.'s of age– Sleeping on back reduces risk– Less common in:– bedroom with fan– infant who sleeps with pacifier
How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Thoughts?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Highest risks– Lower birth weight– Siblings with SIDS– Sleep apnea – Lower SES groups– Exposure to cigarette smoke– Placement in soft bedding– Abnormal brain stem functioning– African American & Inuit infants
How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?
Breast Versus Bottle Feeding
Breast milk – Fewer gastrointestinal infections– Lower respiratory tract infections– Reduces effects of asthma in first 3 mo’s– Reduce risk of skin inflammation – May lessen likelihood of obesity– Lowers risk of childhood & adult diabetes– Less risk of experiencing SIDS– Claims of no link to allergy prevention
How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?
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