Chapter Seven: Interest Groups and Political Parties.
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Chapter Seven: Chapter Seven:
Interest Groups and Interest Groups and Political PartiesPolitical Parties
Learning OutcomesLO 1 Describe the basic characteristics of interest groups, and explain
why Americans join them.
LO 2 List the major types of interest groups, especially those with economic motivations.
LO 3 Discuss direct and indirect interest group techniques, and describe the main ways in which lobbyists are regulated.
LO 4 Cite some of the major activities of U.S. political parties, and discuss how they are organized.
LO 5 Explain how the history of U.S. political parties has led to the two major parties that exist today.
LO 6 Give reasons why the two-party system has endured in America, and evaluate the impact of third parties and independents on U.S. politics.
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A Nation of JoinersInterest Groups and Social MovementsReasons to Join—or Not Join
Three reasons to joinSolidary incentivesMaterial incentivesPurposive incentives
Those who do not join
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Types of Interest GroupsEconomic Interest Groups
BusinessAgriculturalLabor
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Decline in Union Membership, 1948 to Present
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Types of Interest GroupsEconomic Interest Groups
Public employee unionsThe political environment faced by laborInterest groups of professionalsUnorganized poor
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Types of Interest GroupsEnvironmental Groups
Today’s environmental groupsGlobal warming
Greenhouse gases
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Types of Interest GroupsPublic-Interest Groups
The consumer movementOther public-interest groups
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Types of Interest GroupsAdditional Types of Interest Groups
Ideological GroupsIdentity Groups
Foreign Interest Groups
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Interest Group StrategiesDirect Techniques
Lobbying techniquesThe ratings gameCampaign assistance
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Georgia governor Nathan Deal (on the left) meets with a lobbyist during a session of the state’s legislature. Why would he willingly be photographed with lobbyists?
These women are leaders of a new lobbying firm called Chamber Hill Strategies. Do lobbyists spend their time supporting political candidates? Why or why not?
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Interest Group StrategiesIndirect Techniques
Generating public pressureUsing constituents as lobbyists
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Interest Group StrategiesRegulating Lobbyists
Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act 1946The Lobbying Disclosure ActRecent legislationHonest Leadership and Open Government
Act
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Governor Scott Walker Confronts Protesters in Wisconsin
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Click picture to play video
Governor Scott Walker Confronts Protesters in Wisconsin
Taking a closer look:1. These demonstrators represent which type
of interest group?
2. Why do the Democratic senators appear to be sympathetic to the protestors?
3. What other tactics might be successful for this interest group?
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Political Parties in the United StatesFunctions of Political Parties in the United
StatesRecruiting candidatesOrganizing and running electionsPresenting alternative policies to the electorateAccepting responsibility for running the governmentActing as the organized opposition to the party iin
power
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Political Parties in the United StatesParty Organization
The national party organizationConvention delegatesThe national committeeThe state party organization
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Political Parties in the United StatesParty Organization
Local party machinery: The grassrootsPatronage
The party-in-government
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A History of Political Parties in the United StatesThe Formative Years: Federalists and
Anti-FederalistsFederalists and RepublicansOne-Party Interlude
Democrats and Whigs
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A History of Political Parties in the United StatesThe Civil War CrisisThe Post-Civil War Period
Cultural politicsThe triumph of Republicans
The Progressive Interlude
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A History of Political Parties in the United StatesThe New Deal EraAn Era of Divided Government
The parties in balanceRed state, blue state
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A History of Political Parties in the United StatesThe Parties Today
Wave elections sweep out the RepublicansDemocrats in troubleRepublican overreachThe 2012 elections
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Governor Susana Martinez (R., N.M.) addresses the Republican National Convention in 2012. Why do political parties often choose governors as presidential candidates?
U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D., N.Y.) attends Lifetime Television’s 2012 “Every Woman Counts” campaign at Hofstra University. Why are an ever-greater number of women serving in Congress?
The 2012 Presidential Election Results by State
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Why Has the Two-Party System Endured?The Historical Foundations of the Two-
Party SystemPolitical Socialization and Practical
Considerations
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Why Has the Two-Party System Endured?The Winner-Take-All Electoral System
Presidential votingElectoral College
Popular election of governors and the president
Proportional representation
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Why Has the Two-Party System Endured?State and Federal Laws Favoring the Two
PartiesThe Role of Minor Parties in U.S. Politics
Ideological third partiesSplinter partiesThe impact of minor parties
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Gary Johnson, a former Republican governor of New Mexico, ran as the Libertarian Party presidential candidate in 2012. How much support do minor parties usually receive?
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Why Has the Two-Party System Endured?The Rise of the Independents
Party identificationStraight-ticket voting
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Party Identification from 1944 to the Present
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Tea Party Express: Party or Movement?
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Click picture to play video
Tea Party Express: Party or Movement?
Taking a closer look:1. What distinguishes a political party from an
interest group?
2. In recent months, does the Tea Party movement appear to be growing or declining?
3. Which demographic groups are underrepresented in this movement?
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