CHAPTER 7 LECTURE OUTLINE THE GEOGRAPHY OF LANGUAGE & MAXEINER & 205 Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan Copyright.

CHAPTER 7 LECTURE OUTLINE

THE GEOGRAPHY OF LANGUAGE & MAXEINER & WWW2.GODBY.LEON.K12.FL.US/.../CH%205

Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan

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Chapter 7 Modules

• 7A Basic Components of Language• 7B Dialects, Accent, Linguae Francae, Pidgins, &

Creoles• 7C Language Families• 7D Geography of English• 7E Language Isolation and Language

Extinction• 7F Toponymy• 7G Language ConflictCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-2

Language Defined

Organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with one another with mutual comprehension (Getis, 1985).

• Languages subtly gradate one to another. Dialects and other regional differences may eventually lead to incomprehensibility - a new language.

• Migration and Isolation explain how a single language can later become two or more.

Geographer’s Perspective on Language

• Language is an essential element of culture, possibly the most important medium by which culture is transmitted.

• Languages even structure the perceptions of their speakers. Attitudes, understandings, and responses are partly determined by the words available.

• Languages are a hallmark of cultural diversity with distinctive regional distributions.

Language and Perception - Eskimo Words for Snow

Inuit - 10 Words or more

'ice' sikko

'bare ice' tingenek

'snow (in general)' aput

'snow (like salt)’ pukak

'soft deep snow' mauja

'snowdrift' tipvigut

'soft snow' massak

'watery snow' mangokpok

'snow filled with water' massalerauvok

'soft snow' akkilokipok

West Greenlandic - 49 Words

'sea-ice' siku (in plural = drift ice) 'pack-ice/large expanses of ice in motion' sikursuit, pl. (compacted drift ice/ice field = sikut iqimaniri) 'new ice' sikuliaq/sikurlaaq (solid ice cover = nutaaq.) 'thin ice' sikuaq (in plural = thin ice floes) 'rotten (melting) ice floe' sikurluk 'iceberg' iluliaq (ilulisap itsirnga = part of iceberg below waterline) '(piece of) fresh-water ice' nilak 'lumps of ice stranded on the beach' issinnirit, pl. 'glacier' (also ice forming on objects) sirmiq (sirmirsuaq = Inland Ice) 'snow blown in (e.g. doorway)' sullarniq 'rime/hoar-frost' qaqurnak/kanirniq/kaniq 'frost (on inner surface of e.g. window)' iluq 'icy mist' pujurak/pujuq kanirnartuq 'hail' nataqqurnat 'snow (on ground)' aput (aput sisurtuq = avalanche) 'slush (on ground)' aput masannartuq 'snow in air/falling' qaniit (qanik = snowflake) 'air thick with snow' nittaalaq (nittaallat, pl. = snowflakes; nittaalaq nalliuttiqattaartuq = flurries) 'hard grains of snow' nittaalaaqqat, pl. 'feathery clumps of falling snow' qanipalaat 'new fallen snow' apirlaat 'snow crust' pukak 'snowy weather' qannirsuq/nittaatsuq 'snowstorm' pirsuq/pirsirsursuaq 'large ice floe' iluitsuq 'snowdrift' apusiniq 'ice floe' puttaaq 'hummocked ice/pressure ridges in pack ice' maniillat/ingunirit, pl. 'drifting lump of ice' kassuq (dirty lump of glacier-calved ice = anarluk) 'ice-foot (left adhering to shore)' qaannuq 'icicle' kusugaq 'opening in sea ice imarnirsaq/ammaniq (open water amidst ice = imaviaq) 'lead (navigable fissure) in sea ice' quppaq 'rotten snow/slush on sea' qinuq 'wet snow falling' imalik 'rotten ice with streams forming' aakkarniq 'snow patch (on mountain, etc.)' aputitaq 'wet snow on top of ice' putsinniq/puvvinniq 'smooth stretch of ice' manirak (stretch of snow-free ice = quasaliaq) 'lump of old ice frozen into new ice' tuaq 'new ice formed in crack in old ice' nutarniq 'bits of floating' naggutit, pl. 'hard snow' mangiggal/mangikaajaaq 'small ice floe (not large enough to stand on)' masaaraq 'ice swelling over partially frozen river, etc. from water seeping up to the surface' siirsinniq 'piled-up ice-floes frozen together' tiggunnirit 'mountain peak sticking up through inland ice' nunataq 'calved ice (from end of glacier)' uukkarnit 'edge of the (sea) ice' sinaaq

Eskimo Words for Snow

Language as Element of Cultural Diversity

• 6000+ Languages spoken today, not including dialects• 1500+ Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone• 400+ in New Guinea alone• 100+ in Europe

However, this diversity is diminishing:• 2000+ Threatened or Endangered Languages

Roots of Language

Spoken LanguagesWritten Languages

- Sumerian 3000 B.C., Mesopotamia (Iraq)- Soon also the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites.- Libraries established by 2500 B.C.

(more than 200,000 of the tablets have been preserved.

- Connection to Neolithic Revolution?

How to write down a language?

• 1. Ideograms, Hieroglyphics

• Chinese, • Sumerian• Egypt

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Figure 7A.2The Rosetta Stone

How to write down a language?

• 2. Phonemes

• Phoenician GreekRoman

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Write your name in Phoenican

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Why isn’t English phonetic?• Mark Twain’s answer to Esperanto: • For example, in Year 1 that useless letter c would be dropped to be

replased either by k or s, and likewise x would no longer be part of the alphabet. The only kase in which c would be retained would be the ch formation, which will be dealt with later.

• Year 2 might reform w spelling, so that which and one would take the same konsonant, wile Year 3 might well abolish y replasing it with i and Iear 4 might fiks the g/j anomali wonse and for all.

• Jenerally, then, the improvement would kontinue iear bai iear with Iear 5 doing awai with useless double konsonants, and Iears 6-12 or so modifaiing vowlz and the rimeining voist and unvoist konsonants.

• Bai Iear 15 or sou, it wud fainali bi posibl tu meik ius ov thi ridandant letez c, y and x — bai now jast a memori in the maindz ov ould doderez — tu riplais ch, sh, and th rispektivli.

• Fainali, xen, aafte sam 20 iers ov orxogrefkl riform, wi wud hev a lojikl, kohirnt speling in ius xrewawt xe Ingliy-spiking werld.

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Phonemes

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http://www.asha.org/practice/multicultural/Phono/ See for phonetic tables of languages

1.[b]-big 2.[C]-chip 3.[d]-door 4.[D]-then 5.[f]-fish 6.[g]-goat 7.[h]-house 8.[j]-jack 9.[k]-cat, kit 10.[l]-lamp 11.[m]-map 12.[n]-near 13.[N]-sing 14.[p]-pear 15.[r]-road 16.[s]-state 17.[S]-sheep 17.[t]-truck 18.[v]-vent 19.[w]-wet 20.[y]-yet 21.[z]-zoo 22.[Z]-genre, vision, measure 23.[a]-cat 24.[e]-set 25.[i]-sit 26.[o]-corn, fork, four 27.[u]-cut, stuck, struck, front 28.[A]-plate 29.[E]-meet 30.[I]-fight 31.[O]-boat 32.[jU]-mute 33.[oo]-wood 34.[U]-food 35.[ou]-loud 36.[oi]-void 37.[A:]-shot, caught, father, balm, talk, tall, law,

slaw, follow, dollar, car, hard, part, sharp

38.[3r']-bird, word, burn, fern 39.[..]-arrest, again, away, afire 40.[..r']-center, theater, realtor, inventor

7B: Dialects, etc.

• Dialect– Variations of sounds &

vocabulary in a language

• Accent– Differences in how a

language sounds or is spoken

• Idiom– A language peculiar to a

certain group or region

• Patois– Generally refers to rural

or provincial speech

• Vernacular– Also refers to a local

form of a language

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7B: Lingua Franca• Lingua Franca

– A common language used for cross-cultural communication or for trade

– Examples include Kiswalhili, Russian, French,• Pidgin

– A simplified language used by people who don’t speak the same language

• Different from a lingua franca because it generally refers to a language that is nobody’s native language

• Usually has a simplified vocabulary

• Creole– A pidgin that is adopted by a group as its primary language

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Key TermsPIDGIN - a form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from a lingua franca, used for communication between speakers of two different languages.

Examples include Hawaiian Pidgin and the creoles of West Africa that resulted from the slave trade.

“No eat da candy, Bruddah, it's pilau. Da thing wen fall on da ground.”

Give us da food we need fo today an every day.Hemmo our shame, an let us goFo all da kine bad stuff we do to you,Jalike us guys let da odda guys go awready,And we no stay huhu wit demFo all da kine bad stuff dey do to us.No let us get chance fo do bad kine stuff,But take us outa dea, so da Bad Guy no can hurt us.Cuz you our King.You get da real power,An you stay awesome foeva.Dass it!”

Matthew 6:9-13 “The Lord’s Prayer”

- Taken from Da Jesus Book, a twelve year effort by 6 linguists to translate the New Testament into Hawaiian Pidgin, published 2001

Key Terms CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins.

a. mo pe aste sa bananb. de bin alde luk dat big tric. a waka go a wosud. olmaan i kas-im cheke. li pote sa bay mof. ja fruher wir bleibeng. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket

I am buying the bananathey always looked for a big treehe walked homethe old man is cashing a checkhe brought that for meYes at first we remainedthis little pig went to market

Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples?

New Orleans’ French Quarter

Key Terms CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins

a. mo pe aste sa bananb. de bin alde luk dat big tric. a waka go a wosud. olmaan i kas-im cheke. li pote sa bay mof. ja fruher wir bleibeng. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket

French based Seychelles Creole English based Roper River Creole English based SaranEnglish based Cape York Creole French based GuyanaisGerman based Papua New Guinea Pidgin German English based Cameroon Pidgin

Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples?

New Orleans’ French Quarter

Key Terms DIALECT - a regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary.Social Dialects - can denote social class and standing.

Vernacular Dialects - the common, slang, speech of a region.

TermIs he fair dinkum? Why I declare!Down by the crickbludger mosquito hawknappies

MeaningIs he real or genuine? That’s remarkable!Down by the stream (creek)freeloader; welfare dragon flydiapers

LocationAustraliaDeep South (U.S.)Middle Atlantic StatesAustraliaSouth (U.S.)Britain; Brit. Colonies

Sounds Familiar - English Dialects Website

Common American Slang

7C: Language Families• Language Family

– Collection of languages with a common ancestor

• Today, 6,800 languages grouped into about 120 language families

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Figure 7C.3Major Language Families

English Sanskrit      

Greek Latin Armenian Old Irish Lithuanian

me mam eme me is - manefather pitar       pater pater hayr athair -mother matar       mater mater mayr mathair motinabrother bhratar       - frater elbayr brathair brolis

daughter duhitar thugater- - dustr - duktercow gav- bous bos kov bo guovs(Latv)eoh (OE ) asvas hippos equus - ech asva, marehound svan kuon canis sun con sunfoot pad pod- ped- otn - -new navas ne(w)os novus nor nue naujasbears bharati     pherei  fert bere berid -two duva duo duo erku do duthree trayas treis tres erek tri trys

Which languages share a common ancestor?

Many Indo-European languages have common words for snow, winter, spring; for dog, horse, cow, sheep bear but not camel, lion, elephant, or tiger; for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm or banyan tree.

Some Indo-European Shared Words

Why do so many people in the world speak an Indo-European language?

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Sino-Tibetan

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URAL-ALTAIC

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ALTAIC (Turkish-Mongolian)

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URALIC Languages(Finno-Ugrian)

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Barack/Baruch Salaam/Shalom

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Great Britain

• England• Home Counties• Yorkshire• Scotland• Wales• Cornwall

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History of Britain

• “Beaker peoples” Neolithic Stonehenge 3,100 B.C.E.

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Celts Iron Age 500 B.C.E.

French Gaul was Celtic also.

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Words of Celtic British origin

• basket from Ancient British*basc(i)-etto-, meaning "little wicker thing

• flannel from Ancient British *ŭlanello-, meaning "little woollen thing"..

• dad, daddy from Ancient British *tatV-, meaning "dad".

• gob, gobble from Ancient British *gobbo, meaning "mouth; lump, mouthful".

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Roman Britain 43 -410

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Words of Roman British origin

• port (harbor, gate, town) from Latin portus and porta

• munt (mountain) from Latin mons, montem;

• torr (tower, rock) possibly from Latin turris;

• cheese from Latin caseus

• Street from Latin strata via

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Anglo Saxon Invasion

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One half of commonly used words are of Old English origin

(English = Angles)a Germanic language

• In Southern England, the poorer people are of Old English origin.

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Danish Invasion= Yorkshire

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Norse Englishanger wrath

nay no

fro from

raise rear

ill sick

bask bathe

skill craft

skin hide

dike ditch

skirt shirt

scatter shatter

skip shift

Norman Conquest 1066 The Normans were Vikings who had

settled in France. French is derived from Latin and French Celtic.

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Until 1734 the language of the law courts was French!

• Upper classes spoke French

• Lower classes spoke English

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7D: Geography of English

“Standard” , “King’s” English is known as Received Pronunciation (RP)

The English of educated British speakers in the Home Counties

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Cockney– language of London—born to hear the sound of Bow Bells

• From Kentish Germanic tribe

• Plus Yiddish• Plus Romany• Plus rhyming slang

– Phone = Dog and Bone

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• American English starts splitting 500 years ago – from English Midlands

• Areas hurt in the Enclosure Movement of the 16th century, pushing

the peasantry off the land –to America

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Figure 7D.1English Today

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Figure 7D.2Dialect Areas in the U.S.

7F: Toponymy

• The study of place names• A place name can reflect:

– Physical features• Stony Point

– A function that happened at a place• Minersville, PA

– Current or past cultures in the area– Ideas such as Patriotism

• Independence, MO

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Figure 7F.2Classical Town NamesAfter Zelinsky

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Figure 7F.3Unusual Place Names

7E: Language Isolation & Extinction• Languages change over space & time• Language Divergence

• When a language splits into two new languages• Latin became French, Spanish, Romanian, etc.

• Language Convergence• When two languages merge into one

• Language Isolate• A language that belongs to no language family

• Language Extinction• The death of a language• 300 languages have died since the year 1500

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Endangered Languages

Why are they disappearing?

Globalization

Migration (Urbanization)

Economic Development

- Lingua FrancasMedia

Internet (Requires Arabic Character Set)

Lingua Franca - a language used for trade by two people who speak different native tongues.

Internet Hosts

Fig. 5-1-1: A large proportion of the world’s internet users and hosts are in the developed countries of North America and western Europe.

Internet Hosts, by Language

Fig 5-1-1a: The large majority of internet hosts in 1999 used English, Chinese, Japanese, or European languages.

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Figure 7E.2Nearly Extinct Languages

7G: Language Conflict• Conflict over language and place names is

common– Macedonia’s name angered Greece– Israelis and Palestinians have changed names to

indicated control of a space– Arabian Gulf or Persian Gulf?

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