Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition Chapter Preview 3.1 Changing Earth’s Surface 3.2 Water Erosion 3.3 Waves and Wind 3.4 Glaciers Table of Contents.
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Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview
3.1 Changing Earth’s Surface
3.2 Water Erosion
3.3 Waves and Wind
3.4 Glaciers
Table of Contents
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
1. The process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth’s surface is called
a. uniformitarianism.
b. weathering.
c. mountain building.
d. erosion.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
1. The process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth’s surface is called
a. uniformitarianism.
b. weathering.
c. mountain building.
d. erosion.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
2. What is the term for the mixture of rock particles, minerals,
decayed organic material, water, and air?
a. bedrock
b. humus
c. loam
d. soil
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
2. What is the term for the mixture of rock particles, minerals,
decayed organic material, water, and air?
a. bedrock
b. humus
c. loam
d. soil
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Which of the following is a cause of mechanical weathering?
a. abrasion
b. oxygen
c. acid rain
d. living organisms
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Which of the following is a cause of mechanical weathering?
a. abrasion
b. oxygen
c. acid rain
d. living organisms
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Conservation plowing, crop rotation, and contour plowing are methods of promoting
a. soil loss.
b. soil conservation.
c. loss of fertility.
d. loss of topsoil.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Conservation plowing, crop rotation, and contour plowing are methods of promoting
a. soil loss.
b. soil conservation.
c. loss of fertility.
d. loss of topsoil.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Suppose that you fill a jar halfway with layers of gravel, sand, and soil. Then you fill the jar with water, cover it tightly, and shake for 5 seconds. What effect would shaking the jar have on the soil, sand, and gravel? What would happen to them after the shaking stops? Explain your answer.
What are the forces of erosion and deposition that
shape our landscape?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Latin Word Origins
Word Meaning Examples
From, down, away Deflation, depositionde-
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Latin Word Origins
Word Meaning Examples
Blow Deflationflare
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Latin Word Origins
Word Meaning Examples
-mentum The act of, the result of Movement
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Latin Word Origins
Word Meaning Examples
positus Put Deposition
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Latin Word Origins
Word Meaning Examples
Sit, settle Sedimentsedere
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Apply It!
Review the Latin words and meanings. Look at the word sedere
and the second meaning of mentum. Predict the meaning of
sediment. Revise your definition as you read the chapter.
Sample: Sedere means “settle” and mentum means “the result of.”
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
End of Chapter Preview
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Section 1:Changing Earth’s Surface
What processes wear down and build up Earth’s surface?
What causes the different types of mass movement?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Wearing Down and Building Up
Weathering, erosion, and deposition act together in a cycle that wears down and builds up Earth’s surface.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Mass Movement
The different types of mass movement include landslides, mudflows, slump, and creep.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Mass Movement Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about mass movement.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
End of Section:Changing Earth’s
Surface
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Section 2:Water Erosion
What process is mainly responsible for shaping the surface of the land?
What features are formed by water erosion and deposition?
What factors affect a river’s ability to erode and carry sediment?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment in Motion
Streams carry sediment in several ways.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Runoff and ErosionPrecipitation over the United States averages about 75 cm per year. About 22.5 cm becomes runoff. Generally, more runoff means more erosion.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Runoff and Erosion
Water flowing across the land runs together to form rills, gullies, and streams.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion by Rivers
A waterfall forms where a flat layer of tough rock lies over a layer of softer rock that erodes easily. When the softer rock erodes, pieces of the harder rock above break off, creating the waterfall’s sharp drop.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion by Rivers
Erosion often forms meanders and oxbow lakes where a river winds across its floodplain.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Deposits by Rivers
Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
The Course of a River
The slope and size of a river, as well as the sediment it carries, determine how a river shapes the land.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
The Course of a River
The slope and size of a river, as well as the sediment it carries, determine how a river shapes the land.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river’s slope is usually greatest near the river’s source. As a river approaches its mouth, its slope lessens.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment on the Move
The speed, or velocity, of a stream affects the size of the sediment particles the stream can carry. Study the graph, then answer the following questions.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment on the Move
Stream velocity
Reading Graphs:
What variable is shown on
the x-axis of the graph?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment on the Move
Diameter of sediment particles
Reading Graphs:
What variable is shown on the y-axis of the graph?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment on the Move
About 50 cm/sec; about 90 cm/sec; about 800 cm/sec
Interpreting Data:
What is the speed at which a stream can move coarse sand? Small pebbles? Large boulders?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment on the Move
Small boulders
Predicting:
A stream’s speed increases to about 600 cm per second during a flood. What are the largest particles the stream can move?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment on the Move
The faster the speed of the flowing water, the larger the particles the stream is able to move.
Developing Hypotheses:
Write a hypothesis that states the relationship between the speed of a stream and the size of sediment particles it can move.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river erodes sediment from its banks on the outside curve and deposits sediment on the inside curve.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
More on Floods
Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about floods.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
End of Section:Water Erosion
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Section 3:Waves and WindWhat gives waves their energy?
How do waves shape a coast?
What are the causes and effects of wind erosion?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion by Waves
Waves shape the coast through erosion by breaking down rock and transporting sand and other sediment.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion by Waves
Erosion and deposition create a variety of features along a coast.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Deposits by Waves
Waves shape a coast when they deposit sediment, forming coastal features such as beaches, spits, and barrier beaches.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
How Wind Causes Erosion
Wind erosion moves sediment particles of different sizes in the three ways shown below.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Wind Deposition
Wind erosion and deposition may form sand dunes and loess deposits.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Links on Waves
Click the SciLinks button for links on waves.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Waves
Click the Video button to watch a movie about waves.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
End of Section:Waves and Wind
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Section 4:Glaciers
What are the two kinds of glaciers?
How does a valley glacier form and move?
How do glaciers cause erosion and deposition?
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
How Glaciers Form and Move
During the last ice age, a continental glacier covered most of northern North America.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
How Glaciers Shape the Land
As a glacier moves, plucking breaks pieces of bedrock from the ground.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
How Glaciers Shape the Land
Erosion by glaciers can carve a mountain peak into a sharp horn and grind out a V-shaped valley to form a U-shaped valley.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
How Glaciers Shape the Land
As glaciers advance and retreat, they sculpt the landscape by erosion and deposition.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
Links on Glaciers
Click the SciLinks button for links on glaciers.
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
End of Section:Glaciers
Chapter 3 Erosion and Deposition
QuickTake Quiz
Click to start quiz.
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