Chapter 3: Ecosystems
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CHAPTER 3: ECOSYSTEMS
What are they and how do they work?
Cell Review
Smallest functional unit of life Cell theory
All living things are made of cells
Single or multi-cellular Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
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Ecology
Study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment (matter and energy)
Connections in Nature
Levels of Organization
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Species
Set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring
Classification system KPCOFGS Genus species or Genus species
Population
Group of individuals of the same species hat live in the same place a the same time Variation – genetic diversity
Habitat – where they live
Community
Biological community All the populations of
different species that live in a particular place
Ecosystem
Community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment (soil, water, other forms of matter, and energy)
No clear boundaries Not isolated
Biomes
Large regions of land with distinct climates and certain species Especially vegetation
Aquatic Biomes Marine Freshwater (2%)
http://www.life.illinois.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/04Ecosystems/BiomeMap.gif
Biosphere
The Global ecosystem in which all organisms exist and can interact wit one another
Parts of the atmosphere hydrosphere and geosphere where life exists
Atmosphere
Thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earths surface Troposphere – greenhouse gases
Stratosphere – ozone layer
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Hydrosphere
All the water on or near the earth’s surface
Liquid, solid, gas forms 71% in Ocean
Geosphere
Earth’s core, mantel and outer crust
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4 SPHERES MAKE UP THE LIFE – SUPPORT SYSTEM
3 Factors work together within the Spheres
Gravity
Allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere
Enables movement and cycling of chemicals through air, water, soil and organisms
Recycling of Matter within and between Ecosystems
One way flow of high quality energy
2 components of an Ecosystem Abiotic
Nonliving components water, air, nutrients, rocks, heat, solar energy
Biotic Living and once living biological components
Plants, animals, microbes
Range of Tolerance
Different species and their populations thrive under different physical and chemical conditions
Limiting Factor Principle
Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance
Contributes to population control
Examples?
Trophic(feeding) levels
Producers Autotrophs “Self – feeders”
Photosynthesis6CO2 + 6H2O = light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chemosynthesis
Trophic(feeding) levels
Consumers Heterotrophs “Other – feeders” Herbivores, Carnivores, Higher-level Carnivores, Omnivores,
Decomposers, Detritivores
MANY OF THE WORLD’S MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES ARE INVISIBLE TO US
Page 61 Science Focus
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Food Chains
Sequence of organisms, each of which serves as a source of food or energy for the next
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Food Web
Complex network of interconnected food chains
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Useable energy decreases
Ecological efficiency % of usable chemical energy transferred from one tropic level to the next
Typically 10% Pyramid of Energy Flow
http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~mlowe/speds2o2b.html
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/ecological-pyramids
OWL PELLETS, FOOD WEBS, AND BIOMASS PYRAMIDS
NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE
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