CHAPTER 3 Communication and Self-Concept, Continued… Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press,
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CHAPTER 3Communication and Self-Concept, Continued…
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 1 COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF-CONCEPT
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Communication and the Self-Concept
Self-concept, defined: A relatively stable set
of perceptions you hold of yourself.
Imagine a special mirror that reflect physical features and allow you to view other aspects of yourself.
Reflection is your self-concept.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Communication and Self-Esteem
Self-esteem, defined: Part of the self-concept
that involves evaluations of self-worth.
How does high or low self-esteem affect communication behavior?
What do the authors mean by: “Although self-esteem has obvious benefits, it doesn’t guarantee interpersonal success”?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
How the Self-Concept Develops
Reflected appraisal, defined: A mirroring of the judgments
of those around you. “Significant others” are
people whose evaluations are especially influential.
How is the self-concept formed through reflected appraisal?
What are some potential pitfalls of reflected appraisal?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Social Comparison
Social comparison, defined: Evaluating ourselves in
terms of how we compare with others.
Reference groups People we use to evaluate
our own characteristics. How can social
comparison give a person an overly positive or overly negative self-concept?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 2CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF-CONCEPT
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The Self-Concept is Subjective
We inflate and/or underestimate our self-perception.
How may an individual’s self-perception be influenced by: obsolete
information? distorted feedback? the myth of
perfection? social expectations?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
A Healthy Self-Concept is Flexible
Why must our self-concept
change in order to stay realistic?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The Self-Concept Resists Change
Why do we resist revision of our self-perception?
Cognitive conservatism, defined: Seeking information
that conforms to an existing self-concept.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Changing Our Self-Concept
Four requirements: Trusting an appraisal by
someone we see as competent to offer it.
Appraisal must be perceived as highly personal.
Appraisal must be reasonable in light of what we believe about ourselves.
Appraisal must be consistent and numerous.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 3THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY AND COMMUNICATION
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication
Self-fulfilling prophecy, defined: When a person expectations of an event, and her or
high subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have true.
Four stages: Holding an expectation (for yourself or for
others) Behaving in accordance with that expectation The expectation coming to pass Reinforcing the original expectation
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Types of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Type #1: Self-imposed Your own expectations influence
your behavior. Research:
“Communicators who believed they were incompetent proved less likely than others to pursue rewarding relationships and more likely to sabotage their existing relationships.”
Type #2: When a person’s expectations govern another’s actions, whether positive or negative. “Pygmalion effect” = positive “Golem” effect = negative Observer must communicate
their belief for the prediction to have an effect.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Changing Your Self-Concept
Have realistic expectations.
Have a realistic perception of yourself.
Have the will to change.
Have the skill to change.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 4PRESENTING THE SELF: COMMUNICATION AS IDENTITY MANAGEMENT
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Identity Management
Identity management, defined: The communication
strategies people use to influence how others view them.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Public and Private Selves
Perceived self, defined: The person you
believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-reflection
Unlikely to reveal this self to another person.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Public and Private Selves
Presenting self, defined: An image (socially
approved) we want to present to others
“Facework” (Sociologist Erving Goffman) The nonverbal ways we
act to maintain our own presenting images and the image of others
How does Goffman’s concept of “face” relate to the presenting self?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Characteristics of Identity Management
We strive to construct multiple identities
What are some different contexts or situations in which you may construct different identities?
Explain whether or not a person can present different identities simultaneously.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Characteristics of Identity Management
Identity management is collaborative “Process theater” in
which we improvise scenes where our character reacts with others.
What happens when someone rejects or does not collaborate with our identity management attempts?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Characteristics of Identity Management
Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious What situations would
require deliberate identity management?
We unconsciously act in small public performances, making a particular facial expression or using a particular tone of voice.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Characteristics of Identity Management
People differ in their degrees of identity management
What are advantages to being a high self-monitor? Drawbacks?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 5WHY MANAGE IMPRESSIONS?
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Why Manage Impressions?
Social rules
Personal goals
Relational goals
It is impossible not to create impressions.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
How Do We Manage Impressions?
Face-to-face impression management Manner
Words Nonverbal actions
Appearance Personal items people use to
shape an image Clothing Hairstyle Personal affects
Setting Physical items people use to
influence how others view them “Artifacts” decorate the
space we live in Automobiles Artwork
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Identity Management in Mediated Environments
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) “One of the interesting
things about the Internet is the opportunity it offers people to present themselves in a variety of different ways.”
In mediated identity management, how do the factors of manner, appearance, and setting change?
How do these changes make it easier or more difficult to manage identity?
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Identity Management and Honesty
People sometimes misrepresent themselves to gain the trust of others.
What are examples of ethical or honest identity management?
Not only one honest way to behave in every circumstance.
Impression management involves deciding which face—which part of yourself—to reveal.
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
END OF SECTIONCHAPTER CONTINUES IN PART TWO
Interplay
Interplay, Eleventh Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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