Chapter 28 THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR America Past and Present Eighth Edition Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand Copyright 2007, Pearson.
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Chapter 28THE ONSET OF THE COLD WARAmerica Past and PresentEighth EditionDivine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
The Cold War Begins:Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R.
• Control of postwar Europe• Economic aid• Nuclear disarmament
The Division of Europe• 1945: Russians occupied eastern
Europe, American troops occupied western Europe
• Soviet Union sought eastern European buffer
• U.S. demanded national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe
• Stalin converted eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations
Europe after World War II
Withholding Economic Aid
• Russia devastated by World War II • Some Americans sought to influence
Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid• 1945: United States halted Lend-Lease
without Russian settlement• Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy
The Atomic Dilemma
• 1943: Nuclear race between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
• 1946: Baruch Plan – Rapid reduction of U.S. military force– Gradual reduction favored U.S. atomic
monopoly• Soviet Union
– Larger conventional army than U.S.– Immediate abolition of atomic weapons
Containment
• 1947: George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State
• Dean Acheson: England's former role as arbiter of world affairs
• George Kennan: Called for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies”
The Truman Doctrine
• 1947: Truman sought funds to keep Greece, Turkey in Western sphere of influence
• Truman Doctrine: “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure”
• Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union
The Marshall Plan
• 1947: George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding European industries
• Russia refused aid • 1948: Marshall Plan adopted by
Congress• Plan fostered western European
prosperity
Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948–1952
The Western Military Alliance
• 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization– Military alliance included U.S., Canada,
most of western Europe– U.S. troops stationed in Europe
• NATO intensified Russia's fear of the West
The Berlin Blockade
• June, 1948: Russians blockade of Berlin
• Truman ordered airlift to supply the city• 1949: Russians end blockade• U.S. political victory dramatized
division
The Cold War Expands
• 1947: U.S.-Russian arms race accelerated
• Conflict expanded to Asia
The Military Dimension
• 1947: National Security Act – Department of Defense unified armed
forces– Central Intelligence Agency coordinated
intelligence-gathering– National Security Council advised president
• Defense budget devoted to air power• 1949: First Russian atomic bomb
exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb development
The Cold War in Asia
• 1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific
• 1949: Victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit
• Truman refused recognition of Communist China, began building up Japan
The Korean War
• June 25, 1950: Communist North Korean forces invaded U.S.-influenced South Korea
• Truman made South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sent in U.S. troops– U.S. routed Korean forces in South– Attempt to unify Korea drew in China– U.S. pushed back to South, war a
stalemate• Result: Massive American rearmament
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Cold War at Home
• New Deal economic policies undermined
• Fears of Communist subversion• Republicans used anticommunism to
revive their party
Truman's Troubles
• Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal reforms– Apathetic public– Inflation– Labor unrest
• 1946: Republicans won Congress
Truman Vindicated
• Taft-Hartley Act outlawed certain union tactics
– Truman vetoed, Republicans overrode his veto• 1948 election: Truman thought unelectable
– Northern liberals supported Henry Wallace’s Progressive candidacy
– Southern Democrats supported “Dixiecrat” Strom Thurmond
– Republican Thomas Dewey overconfident and ran bland campaign, failed to challenge Truman on Cold War because of the Berlin Crisis
– Roosevelt coalition reelected Truman on domestic issues
The Loyalty Issue
• House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist subversion in government
• Truman responded with loyalty program
• Alger Hiss case• Democrats blamed for
– ”Losing" China to Communism – Russia's development of a hydrogen
bomb
McCarthyism in Action
• 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign
• Innocent overwhelmed by accusations • Attacks on privileged bureaucrats
– Supported by Midwest Republicans – Attracted Irish, Italian, Polish workers to
Republicans
The Republicans in Power
• 1952: Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party
• July 27, 1953: stalemate accepted in Korea
• Eisenhower dealt passively with McCarthy
• 1954: Attack on Army discredited McCarthy who is then censured
The Election of 1952
Eisenhower Wages the Cold War
• Eisenhower prefers to work behind-the scenes
• Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions with Soviets– Debt imposed by defense spending – Possibility of atomic warfare
• Eisenhower “new look” policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks
Entanglement in Indochina
• Eisenhower refused military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina
• Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompted intervention to prevent election
• Vietnam divided, election postponed• South Vietnam under U.S. puppet
regime
Containing China
• Tough line against China• Drove wedge between China, Russia• Strategy ultimately worked• Effects not immediately apparent
Turmoil in the Middle East
• 1956: Nasser nationalized Suez Canal• France, England invaded Egypt• Eisenhower won Middle East trust by
pressuring English, French withdrawal• 1958: Lebanon invited U.S. troops to
maintain order
Covert Actions
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives
• Iran: CIA restored the shah to power• Guatemala: CIA ousts leftist
government• Eastern Europe: Refused to help East
Germans or Hungarians
Waging Peace
• Nuclear test ban treaty– U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend
nuclear testing in the atmosphere
• October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik
• May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis
The Continuing Cold War
• January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex
• Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility
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