Chapter 21 Neuroscience and behavior Chapter 2. chapter 22 Biological psychology Branch of psychology concern with the links between biology and behavior.
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chapter 2 1
Neuroscience and behavior
Chapter 2
chapter 2 2
Biological psychology
Branch of psychology concern with the links between biology and behavior
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Neuron
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
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Dendrite
The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receives messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
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Axon
The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages passed to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
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Myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neuron; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulsive off from one node to the next.
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Action potential
1. And neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that troubles down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in an out of channels in the axon’s membrane.
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Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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Synapse
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron in the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
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Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transverse the synaptic gaps between neurons.
One released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across a synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
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Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction.
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Endorphins
Natural opiate like in neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
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Nerves
Neural cables containing many axons.These bundle axons, which are part of the
peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
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Sensory neurons
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
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Motor neurons
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glance.
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Interneuron's
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
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Somatic nervous system
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles.
Also called the skeletal nervous system.
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Autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs.
It’s sympathetic division arouses; it’s parasympathetic division calms.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
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Reflex
Is simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
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Neural networks
Interconnected neural cells.With experience, networks can learn, as
feedback strengthen or inhibits connections to produce certain results.
Computer simulations of neural network show analogous learning.
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Endocrine system
The bodies “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
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Hormones
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one’s tissue and affect another.
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Adrenal glands
A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys.
The adrenals secrete the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which helped to arouse the body in times of stress.
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Pituitary gland
The endocrine systems most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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Lesion
A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
and amplified recording of the ways of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface.
These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
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PET
Positron Emission TomographyA visual display of brain activity that
detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
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MRI
Magnetic resonance imagingA technique that uses magnetic fields and
radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
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fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imagingA technique for revealing blood flow and
therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.
MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function.
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Brainstem
The oldest part in central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is response for andautomatic survival functions.
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Medulla
The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
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Reticular formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
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Thalamus
The brain sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmit replies to the cerebellum and the medulla.
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Cerebellum
The (little brain) attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance.
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Limbic system
A doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the borders of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotion such as the fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex.
Includes a hippocampus, amygdala, the hypothalamus.
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Amygdala
Two lima beans size neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.
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Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus.
It directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
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Cerebral cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected normal cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
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Glial Cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourished, and protect neurons.
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Frontal lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind a forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
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Parietal lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
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Occipital lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
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Temporal lobes
A portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.
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Motor cortex
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
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Sensory cortex
The area in front of parietal lobes that register and processes body touch and movement sensations.
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Association areas
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
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Aphasia
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).
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Broca’s area
Controls language expressionAn area of the frontal lobe, usually in the
left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
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Wernicke’s area
Controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension expression; visually in the left temporal lobe.
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Plasticity
The brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.
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Corpus Callosum
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
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Split brain
A condition in which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers [mainly those of the corpus callosum] between them.
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