Chapter 16 States of Matter. Chapter 16: State of Matter Section 1: Kinetic Theory.
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Chapter 16
States of Matter
Chapter 16: State of Matter
Section 1:
Kinetic Theory
You will learn how to… Explain the kinetic theory of matter Describe particle movement in the 4 states of matter Explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling
points
This is important because:
You can use energy that is lost or gained when a substance changes from one state to another.
What is matter?
Matter- is anything that has mass and occupies space
Four States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory- an explanation of how
particles in matter behave
3 Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory
1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms,
molecules, and ions)
2. These particles are in CONSTANT, random
motion.
3. These particles are colliding with each other
and the walls of their container.
Thermal Energy Thermal Energy- the TOTAL energy of a
material’s particles.
Thermal Energy = kinetic energy (vibrations)
+ the potential energy (movement within and between the particles.)
Question
What do you think would happen to the speed of a substance’s particles, IF the TEMPERATURE was decreased ( )?
Answer……
When the temperature of a substance DECREASES ( ), the particles will have
LESS thermal energy and will vibrate
Question
What will happen to the speed of the particles IF you INCREASE ( ) the temperature?
Answer……
When the temperature of a substance INCREASES ( ), the particles will have MORE thermal energy and will vibrate
Average Kinetic Energy
Temperature is used to explain how HOT or COLD an object is.
In science, temperature means the average kinetic energy in the substance, or how FAST the particles are moving.
Average Kinetic EnergyLet’s Look….
Temperature 0C Speed of Particles
Average Kinetic Energy
HOT 1000C FAST HIGH
COLD 00C SLOW LOW
ABOLUTE ZERO
-273.150C VERY SLOW
VERY
LOW
Question?
TRUE OR FALSE
The molecules of frozen water have a HIGHER average kinetic energy than the
molecules of boiling water.
Answer……
The molecules of frozen water have a LOWER average kinetic energy than the molecules of
boiling water. The molecules of frozen water are moving slow so the average kinetic energy is low.
States Of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
Plasma
States of Matter
Solid State Definite Shape
Definite Volume The attraction between
the particles is STRONG
The particles are held CLOSE together
States of Matter
Liquid State NO definite Shape Definite Volume
The attraction between the particles is NOT
TOO strong The particles FLOW
past each other
States of Matter
Gas State NO definite Shape
NO definite Volume The attraction between
the particles is VERY WEAK
The particles are very FAR apart
States of Matter
Plasma State NO definite Shape
NO definite Volume The attraction between
the particles is EXTREMELY weak
The particles are very FAR apart
Plasma is matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles.
Plasma exists where the temperature is EXTREMELY HIGH (ex. lightning bolts, sun, neon and fluorescent tubes)
States of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
ADD HEAT
REMOVE HEAT
This graph shows the heating curve of water. At A and C the water is increasing in kinetic energy. At B and D the added energy is used to overcome the bonds between the particles.
Question?Can you find 3
states of matter in this
picture?
Melting Point
Melting Point- the temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy
SOLID LIQUID
Ex. Ice Water
Heat of Fusion- amount of energy needed to change a substance from solid phase to a liquid phase
Boiling PointBoiling Point- the temperature at which the pressure of
the vapor in the liquid equals the pressure of the vapor on the surface of the liquid
LIQUID GAS
Ex. Water Water Vapor
Heat of vaporization- the amount of energy needed to change a liquid at its boiling point to a gas
Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion- an increase in the size of the substance when the temperature is increased
Ex. Concrete walkwaysConcrete absorbs heat and expands, so some concrete walkways have expansion joints (gaps) to prevent it from cracking.
Contraction
Contraction- a decrease in the size of the substance when the temperature decreases (shrinks)
Ex. The liquid in a thermometer contracts (shrinks) as the temperature cools.
Expansion and ContractionHeating the air in a hot air balloon
causes the distance between the particles in the air to
expand. The air in the hot air balloon becomes less dense,
and it rises!
Question: What happens if the air inside of the balloon is cooled?
So Tell Me….
When the temperature INCREAES ( ), the particles of solids, liquids and gases will
expand.
When the temperature DECREAES ( ), the particles of solids, liquids, and gases will
contract.
Strange Behavior of Water
Question: What happens to a bottle of water when you put it in the freezer?
Water is the EXCEPTION!
Water expands when the temperature decreases.
Strange Behavior of WaterWater is an EXCEPTION to the thermal expansion
rule!
Water molecules are partially positive and partially negative, so when water freezes the molecules
orient themselves according to charge, and empty spaces occur in the structure.
Water EXPANDS when the temperature decreases ( )
Water CONTRACTS when the temperature increases ( )
Chapter 16: Section 2Properties of Fluids
You will learn about……… Properties of fluids
Viscosity Density Buoyancy
Definition of FLUID
Fluid- materials that flow. GASES and LIQUIDS are fluids.
Water = LIQUID
Water Vapor = GAS
ViscosityViscosity- a fluids RESISTANCE to flow
Ability to Flow Resistance Level Viscosity Level Example
Flows Fast Little to no resistance LOW Water
Flows Slow A lot of resistance HIGH Syrup
Some fluids move slowly. They have a high viscosity.
Syrup pours slowly.
It is very viscous.
Syrup flows SLOW, so it has a HIGH viscosity level.
Viscosity
Question: What happens to the viscosity of syrup after heating it?
Viscosity
Glue is also viscous.
Viscosity
Water pours quickly.
Some fluids move quickly. They have a low viscosity.
It is less viscous.
Density Density- mass per
unit volume of a material
Density of water 1 g/ml
The density of the object is LESS than water (1g/ml). FLOATS
The density of the object is MORE than water (1g/ml). SINKS
Density Column
True or False
Oil is more dense than alcohol and less dense than
water.
Water Density = 1g/mL
Oil
Density = .96 g/mL
Alcohol
Density = .75 g/mL
Answer….
Oil is more dense than alcohol and less dense than
water.Water Density = 1g/mL
Oil
Density = .96 g/mL
Alcohol
Density = .75 g/mL
Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the UPWARD force of a fluid on an object.
Buoyant Force
Buoyancy
Another example of buoyancy is a hot air balloon. The air, which is a fluid, buoys the balloon.
Buoyant Force
Buoyancy
Buoyant Force
Some organisms use buoyancy to move.
Activity Time
Chapter 16: States of Matter
Section 3
Behavior of Gases
What will you learn… How a gas exerts pressure on its container How a gas is affected when pressure,
temperature, or volume is changed
This is important because:
It helps explain and predict the behavior of gases. This is useful because we live in a sea of air.
Remember….
The atmosphere is a FLUID because it is composed of gases.
Particle Collision The gas particles in the air are constantly
colliding with anything in their path. The collisions of these particles in the air
result in atmospheric pressure.
Did you know… Balloons and bicycle tires remain inflated
because of collisions the air particles have with the walls of their container.
These collection of forces, caused by the collisions of the particles pushes the walls of the container outward.
Let’s Look…
What if…..
What would happen if more air was pumped into the balloon?
Answer..
If more air was pumped into a balloon, the number of air particles would INCREASE and the balloon would expand.
Pressure VS Volume
Question: If all of the air was collected from the gym and placed in a closet, what would
happen to the pressure in the closet?
Pressure VS Volume
Answer: If you squeeze gas into a smaller space, the gas particles will strike the walls of the container more often….causing an
INCREASE in pressure.
Pressure VS Volume
Question: If all of the air was collected from a closet and placed in the gym, what would happen to the pressure inside of the gym?
Pressure VS Volume
Answer: If you give the gas particles more space, they will hit the walls LESS often…
gas pressure will be REDUCED.
Boyle’s Gas LawBoyle’s Gas Law states:
DECREASE ( )in volume of container
INCREASE ( ) in pressure….
INCREASE ( ) in volume of container DECREASE ( ) in pressure.
Temperature is CONSTANT
Boyle’s Gas Law
Boyle’s Gas Law
(Initial Pressure X Initial Volume) = (Final Pressure X Final Volume)
P1V1 = P2V2
Temperature is Constant!
Pressure VS Temperature
Question: What do you think will happen if you increase the temperature of a pressurized
spray canister?
Ex. Hair spray
Pressure VS Temperature
Answer: If you increase the temperature of a pressurized spray canister (Hair spray), the
canister would EXPLODE due to the INCEASED pressure caused by the rapidly
moving gas particles against its walls.
Question?
How are hot air balloons inflated?
Answer….Hot air balloons are
inflated because heat causes the gases to expand. The gas particles in hot air are father apart than in the cool air, the hot air is less dense than the cool air so it rises!
Charles’s Gas Law
Charles’s Gas Law states:
Temperature DECREASES ( ) VOLUME DECREASES ( )
Temperature INCREASES ( ) VOLUME INCREASES ( )
Pressure is CONSTANT
Charles’s Gas Law
Charles’s Gas LawT1 / V1 = T2 / V2
1 = Initial or Start2 = Final
Video Time
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