CHAPTER 16

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CHAPTER 16WORLD WAR I

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Europe Before World War I

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THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM

TRIPLE ENTENTE GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIA THIS BEGAN IN 1894 WITH FRANCE

AND RUSSIA. GREAT BRITAIN JOINED IN 1907 TO

COMPLETE THE ALLIANCE.

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TRIPLE ALLIANCE GERMANY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ITALY THIS ALLIANCE BEGAN IN 1879 WITH

GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. IT WAS COMPLETED IN 1882 WHEN

ITALY JOINED.

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The following alliances developed as the war started or shortly afterwards.

THE ALLIES -GREAT BRITAIN -FRANCE -RUSSIA -JAPAN -ITALY (1915) -UNITED STATES (1917)

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CENTRAL POWERS -GERMANY -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY -OTTOMAN EMPIRE -BULGARIA

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FOUR MAJOR CAUSES OF WWI

NATIONALISM

IMPERIALISM

MILITARISM

SYSTEM OF ENTANGLING ALLIANCES

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NATIONALISM

A DEEP LOVE OR PRIDE IN ONE’S COUNTRY

CAN SERVE AS A UNIFYING FORCE -Germany competed with Great

Britain for industrial dominance. -France lost Alsace-Lorraine to

Germany in the Franco-Prussian war. -Austria-Hungary and Russia

(Balkans)

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IMPERIALISM

WHEN A STRONGER NATION TAKES CONTROL OF A SMALLER NATION ECONOMICALLY, SOCIALLY, AND POLITICALLY.

CREATED MISTRUST BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS (AFRICA / ASIA)

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MILITARISM

THIS IS THE GLORIFICATION OF WAR AND KEEPING AN ARMY READY FOR WAR. (GERMANY / PRUSSIA)

WHAT WAS THE REST OF EUROPE’S REACTION?

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ENTANGLING ALLIANCES

ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED TO KEEP PEACE

IN THE END IT CREATED WAR

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OTTO VON BISMARCK

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OTTO VON BISMARCK

GERMAN CHANCELLOR (OLD BLOOD AND IRON)

SAW FRANCE AS THE GREATEST THREAT TO PEACE AND WORKED TO ISOLATE FRANCE FROM POTENTIAL ALLIES

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KAISER WILHELM II

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KAISER WILHELM II

IN 1888, HE BECOMES GERMANY’S NEW RULER.

IN 1890, FORCES BISMARCK TO RESIGN

LETS TREATY WITH RUSSIA LAPSE RUSSIA AND FRANCE FORM A

DEFENSIVE MILITARY ALLIANCE BISMARCK’S GREATEST FEAR NOW

REALIZED (TWO FRONT WAR)

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THE “POWDER KEG OF EUROPE”

OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN DECLINE NEW NATIONS FORMING RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 1908, AUSTRIA ANNEXES BOSNIA

AND HERZEGOVINA

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THE “POWDER KEG” OF EUROPE

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“THE SPARK” THE ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE

FRANZ FERDINAND AND WIFE SOPHIE

19 YEAR OLD SERBIAN NATIONALIST, GAVRILO PRINCIP / “BLACK HAND”

THIS EVENT OCCURRED ON JUNE 28, 1914, AND IS CONSIDERED THE OFFICIAL START OF WWI (THE GREAT WAR)

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ARCH DUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND HIS WIFE SOPHIE

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FRANZ FERDINAND

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GAVRILLO PRINCIP

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EFFECTS OF THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM

AUSTRIA DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA ONE MONTH LATER (JULY 28, 1914).

AUGUST 1, 1914 – GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA.

AUGUST 3, 1914 – GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE.

AUGUST 4, 1914 – GREAT BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY AFTER THE INVASION OF BELGIUM

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“THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN” 1905

GERMANY’S PLAN FOR FIGHTING WWI

TWO PART PLAN 1. GERMANY WOULD STRIKE QUICK

TO THE WEST AGAINST FRANCE. 2. AFTER THE DEFEAT OF FRANCE,

GERMANY WOULD TURN EAST AND ATTACK RUSSIA.

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“THE WESTERN FRONT”

THE FIGHTING IN FRANCE THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE -FIRST MAJOR BATTLE -PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT

BATTLE OF THE WAR -FRANCE WON AND LEFT THE

SCHLIEFFEN PLAN IN RUINS TRENCH WARFARE / “NO MAN’S

LAND”

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GERMAN TRENCH

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WWI TRENCH

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NEW INVENTIONS OF WARFARE

POISON GAS MACHINE GUN TANK AIRPLANE SUBMARINE / U-BOAT

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GERMAN TANK

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ALLIED TANK

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GERMAN U-BOAT

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GAS MASK

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WWI GAS MASK

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GUNS OF WWI

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GERMAN MACHINE GUN

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WWI MACHINE GUN

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WWI AIRPLANES

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WWI PLANE

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“THE EASTERN FRONT”

ALONG THE GERMAN-RUSSIAN BORDER

RUSSIA -LACK OF INDUSTRIALIZATION -RUSSIAN ARMY SUFFERED AS A

RESULT (SUPPLIES) -GREATEST ASSET WAS ITS PEOPLE

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THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN

BRING AN END TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

SECURE THE DARDANELLES STRAIT ESTABLISH A SUPPLY LINE TO RUSSIA AN OVERALL FAILURE COST 250,000 LIVES

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HOW CAN THE ALLIES GET SUPPLIES TO RUSSIA?

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PACIFIC THEATER

JAPAN BEGINS TO OVERRUN GERMAN

OUTPOSTS IN CHINA CAPTURES GERMAN PACIFIC ISLAND

COLONIES

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PACIFIC REGION

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THE U.S. ENTERS WWI

THE MAIN REASON FOR U.S. ENTRY WAS THE USE OF UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE AGAIN!

-MAY 7, 1915 –LUSITANIA (BRITISH) -1916, SUSSEX (FRENCH), (PLEDGE) -EARLY 1917, GERMANY BEGINS TO USE

UNSTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE AGAIN AND SANK SOME U.S. MERCHANT SHIPS.

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THE LUSITANIA

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COFFINS FROM THE LUSITANIA

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FRENCH SHIP -- SUSSEX

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“THE ZIMMERMAN NOTE”

THIS WAS A 2nd REASON FOR U.S. ENTRY INTO WWI.

GERMAN FOREIGN MINISTER, ZIMMERMAN, TO THE GERMAN AMBASSADOR IN MEXICO

PERSUADE MEXICO TO DECLARE WAR ON THE U.S.

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THE MEXICAN CESSION

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GERMANY WOULD HELP MEXICO REGAIN THE LAND LOST TO THE U.S. IN THE MEXICAN WAR.

MESSAGE NEVER REACHED MEXICO

WHY DID AMERICANS SIDE WITH THE ALLIES? FELT A BOND WITH ENGLAND, COMMON ANCESTRY AND LANGUAGE, SIMILAR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

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WOODROW WILSON ASKS CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR

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APRIL 2, 1917, PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON ASKED CONGRESS FOR A DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST GERMANY.

WWI WARFARE WAS KNOWN AS “TOTAL WAR”

RATIONING / RATION STAMPS -FOOD, CLOTHING, GAS

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THE ROLE OF PROPAGANDA

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WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE

AS A RESULT OF THE EFFORT OF WOMEN DURING WWI, THE CONCEPT ABOUT WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE WAS CHANGED FOREVER.

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CZAR NICHOLAS II

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V.I. LENIN

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RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WWI

CZAR NICHOLAS II (ROMANOV) -GOVERNMENT COLLAPSING -REVOLUTION STIRRING -ARMY REFUSING TO FIGHT NOV. 1917, V.I. LENIN SEIZES POWER

& OFFERS GERMANY A TRUCE. MARCH 1918, RUSSIA AND GERMANY

SIGN TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK

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GERMANY CAN NOW FOCUS ALL OF ITS TROOPS ON THE WESTERN FRONT.

TROOPS ARE EXHAUSTED SUPPLIES VIRTUALLY GONE

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FRENCH MARSHAL FOCH

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GEN. JOHN J. “BLACKJACK “ PERSHING

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ALLIED FORCES

UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF FRENCH MARSHAL FOCH

JULY 1918, SECOND BATTLE OF THE MARNE

AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (AEF) LED BY JOHN J. “BLACKJACK” PERSHING (IMPACT ON OUTCOME)

BELLEAU WOOD, CHATEAU THIERRY, ARGONNE FOREST

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NOV. 9, 1918, KAISER WILHELM II IS FORCED OUT.

NOV. 11, 1918, ARMISTICE SIGNED ENDING WWI

NEW GERMAN GOVERNMENT -WEIMAR REPUBLIC

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NOVEMBER 11, 1918 SIGNING THE ARMISTICE ENDING THE FIGHTING

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THE FIGHTING IS OVER

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BILL STONE WWI VET DIES AT 108

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THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE/ THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

THE BIG FOUR -MEN THAT MADE THE MAJORITY OF THE

DECISIONS AT THE PEACE CONFERENCE 1. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE – PRIME

MINISTER – GREAT BRITAIN – WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY SOMEWHAT FOR THE WAR

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2. GEORGES CLEMENCEAU – PREMIER OF FRANCE – WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY HARSHLY FOR THE WAR.

3. VITTORIO ORLANDO – PREMIER OF ITALY – WAS THERE FOR THE LAND.

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4. WOODROW WILSON – PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES – WANTED A JUST AND LASTING PEACE.

THESE FOUR MEN WOULD DECIDE THE FATE OF GERMANY.

WILSON AND CLEMENCEAU WERE CONSTANTLY AT ODDS OVER HOW TO TREAT GERMANY.

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THE BIG FOUR

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“THE FOURTEEN POINTS”

THIS WAS WILSON’S PLAN FOR THE POSTWAR WORLD.

KEY POINTS:1)PUT AN END TO SECRET TREATIES2)FREEDOM OF THE SEAS3)FREE TRADE4)REDUCTION OF ARMIES & NAVIES

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5)ADJUSTMENT OF COLONIAL CLAIMS

6-13)COLLECTIVELY DEALT WITH SELF-DETERMINATION – THIS ALLOWS PEOPLE TO DECIDE WHAT FORM OF GOVERNMENT THEY WANT TO LIVE UNDER

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14TH POINT – THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

ACCORDING TO PRESIDENT WILSON, THIS WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT POINT.

THIS WOULD BE A GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF NATIONS THAT WOULD PEACEFULLY NEGOTIATE SOLUTIONS TO WORLD CONFLICTS.

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THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

ON JUNE 28, 1919, THE TREATY WAS SIGNED, OFFICIALLY BRINGING AN END TO WWI

A LEAGUE OF NATIONS WAS INCLUDED BUT GERMANY AND RUSSIA WERE DELIBERATELY EXCLUDED .

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ARTICLE 231

THIS WAS THE WAR GUILT CLAUSE.

IT PLACED SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WAR ON GERMANY.

GERMANY HAD TO PAY $33 BILLION IN REPARATIONS OVER THE NEXT 30 YEARS. ( WAS THIS FAIR? EXPLAIN.)

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ARTICLE 231