Chapter 15 Years of Crisis, 1919-1939. Postwar Uncertainty Will reason really prevail? Question traditional beliefs New science and technology Expanded.
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Chapter 15
Years of Crisis, 1919-1939
Postwar Uncertainty
Will reason really prevail? Question traditional beliefs New science and technology Expanded rights New ideas
Albert Einstein
German-born physicist Revolutionized theory of light Light is constant Space and time are not
Change approaching speed of light Known as relative motion
Theory of relativity
Albert Einstein
More uncertainty Surely time is constant? Even Newton was wrong
Absolute laws overthrown Spreads beyond science
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician Treats psychological problems
Starts with hypnosis Anna O “Talking Cure”
Human mind is irrational Unconscious
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious control drives Especially pleasure-seeking
Conscious mind unaware Weakens faith in reason Hugely influential by 1920s
Has tailed off
Literature in the 1920s
Affected by World War I Reason? Progress?
Sense of disillusionment Fears about the future Religious doubt Lots of great stuff
Literature in the 1920s
Franz Kafka The Trial and The Castle Inescapable situations Hopelessness People turn into cockroaches
Hugely popular Reflects post-war climate
James Joyce
Irish novelist Influenced by Freud Stream-of-consciousness Ulysses
Existentialism
Insert picture of Sartre here
Existentialism
Philosophers search for meaning Many turn to existentialism
No universal meaning Made by ourselves Choices and actions
No religion
Section 2
A Worldwide Depression
Review – 1920s
What were two major changes in science? What is existentialism? What were two new artistic movements? How did women’s roles change? What two media came to dominate popular
entertainment?
Cinderella Man (2005)
Great Depression era Boxing! Based on true story
James J. Braddock Lots of horrible stuff
But ultimately uplifting 3 Oscar nominations
Section Preview
Europe economies rebuilding Japan and U.S. prospering U.S. providing loans Great American confidence Booming stock market Trouble ahead
Postwar Europe
Europe practically bankrupt $338 billion Land devastation
Declines in world affairs Still lots of tension
Why?
Unstable New Democracies
Last absolute rules gone by 1918 What happened in Russia?
Most European nations democratic Citizens have little experience
Representative government?!?! Kings in Germany and A-H
Unstable New Democracies
Parliamentary troubles elsewhere France and Italy Political infighting Dozen or more parties One party can’t win support
Coalition governments Temporary alliance of parties How long do these last?
Unstable New Democracies
Frequent changes = instability Weak leadership No long-term planning
Worse in crises Mass panic Sacrifice freedoms Authoritarian leaders rise
Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
1919 – new German government Democratic!
National assembly meets in Weimar Doomed from start
No democratic tradition Many parties Blamed for WWI defeat
Hyperinflation
Many economic problems Reparations Minimal wartime taxes
Unlike Britain and France They printed more money
Terrible idea. Just terrible.
Hyperinflation
Mark plummets in value Severe inflation Cost of bread skyrockets
1918 – less than 1 mark 1923 – 200 billion marks
Is new government working?
Hyperinflation
Economic Stability
Bailed out from outside International committee
Charles Dawes U.S. banker Dawes Plan
How to handle reparations, inflation?
Dawes Plan
$200 million loan from U.S. banks Stabilize currency
American dollar more valuable Strengthen economy More realistic reparations payments
Dawes Plan
Put into effect in 1924 It works
Slows inflation Attracts U.S. loans, investments 1929 – producing at pre-war levels
This sounds like who?
Lasting Peace?
Lasting Peace?
Gustav Stresemann – Germany Aristide Briand – France 1925 – meet in Switzerland Sign a treaty
Never make war with each other Germany respects French, Belgian borders Admitted to League of Nations
Lasting Peace?
1928 – momentum builds Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact
Nearly every country signs Even Soviet Union!
Ambitious goal
“To renounce war as an instrument of national policy.”
Lasting Peace?
How to enforce? No League of Nations military U.S. refuses to join
Why is this a problem?
But a promising start At least they’re talking
Review
What were some problems with the transition to democracy in Europe?
How did inflation affect the German economy?
What was the Weimar Republic? Dawes Plan?
How did Germany and France attempt to make peace? Who else joined in?
Road to Perdition
Crime and revenge Based on graphic novel Tom Hanks as bad guy 6 Oscar nominations A downer Directed by Sam Mendes
Financial Collapse
U.S. carrying the world Great stock market Foreign investment International relations
If it collapses, the world follows What happens?
Flawed U.S. Economy
Richest 5% - 33% of wealth 60% earn less than $2,000
Too poor to buy goods Orders cut back Factories fire workers
The spiral begins
Flawed U.S. Economy
Uneven distribution of wealth Overproduction
Business and agriculture Decreased buying But increased production
50% of world’s industrial goods
Flawed U.S. Economy
Farmers can’t make profit Loans default Go out of business
Danger signs obvious Many provide warnings Don’t gamble in stock market
Widely ignored advice
The Stock Market Crashes
Wall St. – world’s financial capital New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
Investors optimistic Stock prices soar
Middle class buys on margin Small down payment Borrow the rest
The Stock Market Crashes
If prices rise, great If they fall, catastrophe
No money to pay banks September 1929 – panic sets in
Prices unnaturally high Begin selling off
The Stock Market Crashes
Thursday, Oct. 24 – uh oh Gradual lowering snowballs Panic sets in
Everyone wants to sell Who wants to buy?
October 29 – new low 16 million stocks sold And now we have a…?
Review
What were some root causes of the stock market crash?
What are coalition governments? Do they tend to work? (Hint: no)
What was the Weimar Republic? What two countries attempted a “lasting
peace”? Tell me 3 developments in science,
entertainment, and/or the arts.
Review
Three traits of Fascism? Mussolini. Hitler. Go. How does Nazism relate to Fascism?
Escape from Tomorrow (2013)
Filmed in Disney World Without permission iPhones, hidden cameras Customers filmed w/o consent Horror/thriller/drama
Brainwashing? Interested in watching in class?
The Great Depression
People can’t pay on margin Banks can’t call in loans Stocks worthless Unemployment rises
Production drops Wages drop Prices drop
This is the Great Depression
The Great Depression
Many other factors involved Crash simply accelerates process 1932 – 50% production Many businesses close Banks fail
9 million lose savings 1933 – 25% unemployment
A Global Depression
Reverberates around world Bankers demand repayment
Withdraw money from Europe U.S. sets high tariffs
Buy American goods Backfires catastrophically Other nations raise tariffs
World trade drops 65%
Effects Throughout the World
Germany, A-H in trouble Depend on loans, investments U.S. troubles = Europe troubles
1931 – Austria’s main bank fails Asia – value of exports decline 50%
1929-1931 Prices collapse in Latin America
No American demand for crops
Britain
Britain devastated National Government elected
Multiparty coalition High tariffs and taxes Regulated currency
Low interest rates Encourage growth
Britain
It works eventually Slow, steady recovery Unemployment cut in half
1937 Production above 1929 levels Avoids political extremes Preserves democracy
France
More self-sufficient Heavily agricultural Less dependent on foreign trade But things are still bad
1 million unemployed in 1935 Contributes to political instability
France
Coalition governments form, fail 5 in 1933
Antidemocratic forces forming France and abroad
1936 – large coalition Moderates, socialists, Communists
France
Popular Front Series of reforms Designed to help workers
There are wages gains But also price gains
Unemployment still high But democracy prevails!
Socialist Governments Find Solutions
Scandanavian countries succeed “Cooperative community action”
Sweden Public works projects Keeps people employed
Raise pensions for elderly Increased unemployment insurance Other welfare benefits
Socialist Governments Find Solutions
How to pay for these? Tax citizens
Like Britain and France… Democracy prevails!
U.S. Recovery
U.S. Recovery
FDR’s confidence appeals to voters Famous quote:
“let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”
Review
France weathered the Depression better than Britain because they were more……?
What effect did the U.S. tariff have on the world economy?
Britain created a multiparty coalition known as the….? What did it do?
The Popular Front was a coalition in _______ made up of which 3 groups?
In economics, wage gains can be offset by…?
Upstream Color (2013)
Director’s second film He does everything Hard to explain plot Limited dialogue Possibly the best movie ever On DVD in May
U.S. Recovery
New Deal initiatives Large-scale government reforms Public works projects Provide jobs Loans to businesses
Government spending Tighter regulations Reform business and stock market
U.S. Recovery
Reforms entire economic system Roosevelt succeeds as leader U.S. keeps faith in democracy Faith in leader will be important
More problems on horizon Like what?
What I Didn’t Cover Thursday
Dictators claiming power Eastern Europe, too First is in 1919 Admiral Miklos Horthy
Hungary Communists overthrown Military and aristocratic support
What I Didn’t Cover Thursday
Lots of countries follow Marshal Jozef Pilsudski
Poland – 1926 Constitutions suspended
Yugoslavia Bulgaria Albania Romania
What I Didn’t Cover Thursday
1935 – ONE democracy in Eastern Europe Czechoslovakia
Democracy survives in some nations Britain, France, Scandinavia
Why? Europe in 2 antagonistic groups Tell me what they are.
Section 4
Aggressors Invade Nations
(Brilliant Title)
Section Preview
Germany and Italy very angry World conquest? Democracies distracted
By what? Pins hope on League of Nations Fascism in Japan?
Japan Seeks an Empire
1920s – more democratic As in Europe
1922 – respect China’s borders Signs Kellogg-Briand Pact Weak Parliament
Limits on leaders Weak civilian control Military reports to emperor
Militarists Take Over
Prosperity helps maintain government Great Depression hits 1929 People blame government
Just like? Military leaders gain support
Win control shortly
Militarists Take Control
Different from Fascists No new system
Restore control to military Emperor symbol of power
Who was it in Italy, Germany? Hirohito
Wins support of army
Militarists Take Control
EXTREME nationalism Just like….?
Expansion will solve problems Pacific empire Conquer China
Have we talked about this?
Militarists Take Control
Why China? Raw materials New markets
Rising population New land
Japan will invade…… We talked about already
Japan Invades Manchuria
Heavy Japanese investment Rich in iron and coal
Seize Manchuria Despite objections
Set up puppet government Scientists arrive en masse
Mines and factories
Japan Invades Manchuria
What about League of Nations? All major democracies in 1932
Except…? Three greatest threats to peace
Who might they be? League protests invasion
Japan doesn’t care Withdraws in 1931
Japan Invades China
Escalates in 1937 Invade northern China 1,000,000 Japanese soldiers Wins fairly easily
Better trained and equipped China’s army led by…?
Beijing, Nanjing fall quickly
Japan Invades China
Massacre 10s of thousands Soldiers and civilians
Forced to retreat New capital at Chonqing Communists fight back
Led by….?
European Aggressors
League of Nations fails Fascists are tickled pink
We should invade too! Mussolini dreams of an empire
Jealous of Britain and France… …who have empires in?
Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
Ethiopia is independent 1 of 3 in Africa
Italy has attempted to conquer Mussolini wants revenge Massive invasion – 1935 Ethiopia outmatched
Spears and swords vs. WWI technology
Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
Haile Selassie Emperor
Makes plea to League They do nothing
Except condemn it. Yay. Britain looks the other way Italy cruises through Suez
Hope to keep peace
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
Long pledges to undo Versailles Limits size of army Hitler decides to violate this League does nothing
Except condemn. Yay. Hitler convinced to do more
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
Germany can’t enter zones 30 miles around Rhine River Buffer from France Ha!
Big industrial area Germany invades
March 7, 1936
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
French won’t risk war British push appeasement
Giving into aggressors Keep the peace
Hitler would have backed down Britain, France missed opportunity
Turning point
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
Strengthens Hitler’s power Balance of power changes
France, Belgium vulnerable Hitler speeds up expansion
Britain, France will stand by How about the League?
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