Chapter 11. MAIN IDEA: As World War I intensified, the United States was forced to abandon its neutrality and help the Allies achieve victory. WHY.

Chapter 11

M militarism: build-up of armed forces & use of armed forces as a tool of diplomacy

A alliance system: international defensive agreements; done to maintain a balance of power in Europe

I imperialism: strong nations competing for colonies

N nationalism: devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation (“my country is better than yours!”)

June 1914: Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian

Because of alliances, this caused a chain reaction

Allied PowersCentral Powers

Great Britain Germany

FranceAustria-Hungary

Russia Bulgaria

BelgiumOttoman Empire

The Death of Franz Ferdinand Video

most people believed it would be a short war

BUT, because of new technology, it was not

new weapons:machine guns, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, large cannon, submarines, barbed wire

effect: trench warfare was introduced to reduce losses

U.S. remained neutral at first, but eventually entered the war in 1917

isolationism: the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc.

huh?

Germany declared a war-zone around England this threatened U.S. shipping & led

to use of the convoy system to protect cargo ships

Germans responded with submarines (U-boats)

May 1915: German submarines sank the Lusitania killing 1,198 people

Germany apologized Sussex Pledge: will warn merchant ships

before sinking – effort to save livesGermany resumes unrestricted

submarine warfare in February 1917

Germany told Mexico: if Mexico joined Central Powers,

Germany would support an invasion of the U.S. & Mexico could gain back the land they lost in the Mexican War

1917: Bolshevik Revolution (communism)

Revolution + many defeats = Russia quit the war

1917: President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany

U.S. needed soldiers: 2 million voluntarily enlisted, 3 million drafted by lottery Selective Service Act (1917): draft

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run,On the run, on the run.Hear them calling, you and me,Every son of liberty.Hurry right away,No delay, go today,Make your daddy gladTo have had such a lad.Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice)Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue.

ChorusOver there, over there,Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingEv'rywhere.So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't come back till it's overOver there.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF): led by General John J. Pershing, nicknamed “doughboys”

Germany started a big offensive to win the war before U.S. troops could arrive in France

U.S. arrived in France in time to help stop advance and begin big Allied offensive that eventually won the war

Armistice Day: November 11, 1918*Later became Veterans Day

CH 11

Organizing Industry War Industries Board▪ regulated supply of raw materials and delivery of finished products▪ industrial capacity grew 20%▪without U.S. industry, war would have been lost

most labor unions cooperated (strikes were unpatriotic)

Financing the Wargovernment sold Liberty Bonds

Committee on Public Information: persuaded artists and advertising agencies to “sell the war” with posters, speeches, songs, etc.

Promoted Patriotism▪National Anthem sung at every public event▪German no longer taught in schools▪German measles became “Liberty Measles”▪ sauerkraut became known as “Liberty Cabbage”

Enforcing Loyalty Sedition Act: prohibited speech that was disloyal/ profane . . . about the government, flag, military, or the Constitution▪very controversial▪Why?

▪Schenck v. United States (1919): Charles Schenck protested against draft and was convicted of sedition; Supreme Court ruled that during wartime there are certain words that are not protected by the right to free speech

Espionage Act: punished anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, hurting recruitment, or starting a riot/revolt

Civilian Efforts most labor unions cooperated (strikes were unpatriotic)

women went to work in factories while men went to war

conservation efforts▪civilians rationed goods/resources▪“Meatless Mondays” or “Wheatless Wednesdays”

▪some planted “Liberty Gardens”

Women job opportunities 19th amendment passed because of

women’s participation in the war effort

African Americans job opportunities▪ Great Migration: hundreds of thousands

of blacks moved from the South to the North

CH 11

Wilson’s Fourteen Points: plan to eliminate causes of war▪ self-determination▪ League of Nations: an organization of nations to negotiate to avoid war

Allied leaders wanted to punish the enemy and divide the spoils of war reparations war-guilt clause reduced Germany’s military

U.S. Senate did not approve of treaty because it included the League of Nations – they wanted to be isolationist again

empires collapse Russia – 5 new countries created

(including Poland) Austria-Hungary – 4 new countries created Ottoman Empire – 4 new countries created

land & economy destroyedhigh cost of livesproblems that caused the war

remain

U.S. became rich/powerfulreturned to policy of

isolation