Chapter 11 Living Resources Table of Contents Chapter Preview 11.1 Biomes 11.2 Aquatic Ecosystems 11.3 Forests and Fisheries 11.4 Biodiversity.

Chapter 11 Living Resources

Table of ContentsChapter Preview

11.1 Biomes

11.2 Aquatic Ecosystems

11.3 Forests and Fisheries

11.4 Biodiversity

Chapter Preview Questions

1. An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from

a. producers.

b. the atmosphere.

c. abiotic factors.

d. its environment.

1. An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from

a. producers.

b. the atmosphere.

c. abiotic factors.

d. its environment.

2. The living parts of an organism’s habitat are called

a. herbivores.

b. biotic factors.

c. predators.

d. ecosystems.

2. The living parts of an organism’s habitat are called

a. herbivores.

b. biotic factors.

c. predators.

d. ecosystems.

3. Abiotic factors of an organism’s habitat include

a. oxygen and predators.

b. sunlight and producers.

c. oxygen and food.

d. water and oxygen.

3. Abiotic factors of an organism’s habitat include

a. oxygen and predators.

b. sunlight and producers.

c. oxygen and food.

d. water and oxygen.

4. The smallest level of organization in an ecosystem is a

a. single organism.

b. species.

c. cell.

d. consumer.

4. The smallest level of organization in an ecosystem is a

a. single organism.

b. species.

c. cell.

d. consumer.

Study the two photographs below. The plant on the left grows in South Africa. The plant on the right grows in Australia. How are the two plants similar? How are they different? Based on the characteristics of the plants, predict the kind of environment in which each one grows.

What defines the ecological roles and adaptations of the

organisms found in different biomes?

High-Use Academic Words

Word Definition Example Sentence

source n. The beginning; the origin The sun is our main source of energy.

resourcen. A material or living thingthat people can use

Coal and oil are resources that we depend on.

sustain v. To keep up; to maintainFood and water arenecessary to sustain humans.

distinct adj. Different; not the same Each type of bird is distinct.

Apply It!

Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence.

1. Forests are a natural .

resource

2. Trees in the rain forest form several layers.

distinct

3. We can our forests by planting new trees to replace thosethat we cut down.

sustain

4. Insects are a of food for reptiles, birds, and mammals.

source

End of Chapter Preview

If deserts and tundras receive similar amounts of rainfall, why are these two biomes so different?

What are the six major biomes on Earth and briefly describe one?

List two ways in which the three forest biomes (rain forests, deciduous forests, and boreal forests) are alike? List two ways in which they are different?

Section 1:Biomes

What factors determine the type of biome found in an area?What are the six major biomes?

Desert Biomes

Organisms that live in a desertdesert biome must be adapted to the lack of rain and extreme temperatures.

Rain Forest Biomes

Tropical rain forestsTropical rain forests contain many species of plants and animals. Temperate rain forests have a moist, mild climate.

Grassland Biomes

A grasslandgrassland is an area that is populated mostly by grasses and other non-woody plants.

Deciduous Forest Biomes

Many of the trees in the deciduous forestdeciduous forest are deciduous trees, which shed their leaves and grow new ones each year. A deciduous forest receives at least 50 centimeters of precipitation each year. Temperatures vary greatly through the year.

Boreal Forest Biomes

Most of the trees in the boreal forestboreal forest are coniferous trees, trees that produce their seeds in cones and have leaves shaped like needles. Winters in the boreal forest are cold and very snowy, but summers are warm and rainy enough to melt all the snow.

Tundra

The tundratundra is an extremely cold and dry biome. Most of the soil in the tundra is permafrost, which is frozen all year.

Mountains and Ice

Some areas of land are not part of any major biome. These areas include mountain rangesmountain ranges and land that is covered with thick sheets of iceice.

Earth’s Biomes Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about Earth’s biomes.

Climate Differences on Mountains

As you move up a tall mountain, you pass through as series of climate zones. Each zone has a different community of plants.

End of Section:Biomes

Why is sunlight important in aquatic ecosystem?

Which zone probably has the greatest variety of living things? How is variety related to water depth?

A great blue whale is a filter feeder that eats mostly plankton. Is a blue whale a primary consumer, a secondary consumer, or a top-level consumer? Explain.

Section 2:Aquatic

EcosystemsWhat abiotic factors influence aquatic ecosystems?What are the major types of aquatic ecosystems?What are the ecological roles of organisms in aquatic food webs?

Freshwater Ecosystems

StreamsStreams•Animals must adapt to currents

–Fish have streamline bodies–Insects have hooks or suckers to cling to rocks

•Few plants can grow here, consumers rely on fallen tree leaves or seeds for food

RiversRivers•Currents are slower, warmer, and have less oxygen•Plants take root, provide food & habitats

Freshwater Ecosystems

Ponds & LakesPonds & Lakes•Water is standing or still•Lakes usually larger & deeper•Ponds get more sunlight throughout, grow more plants•Algae major producer•Dragonflies, turtles, snails, & frogs biotic inhabitants•Sunfish live near water surface & feed on insects & algae•Catfish live near bottom•Bacteria & other decomposers feed on organism remains

Marine Ecosystems

The ocean is home to a number of different ecosystems. Factors such as water temperature and the amount of sunlight determine what types of organisms can live in each zone.

Marine Ecosystems

The ocean is home to a number of different ecosystems. Factors such as water temperature and the amount of sunlight determine what types of organisms can live in each zone.

Ocean Food Web

This ocean food web includes typical organisms found in the Arctic Ocean. The arrows indicate what each organism eats.

Ocean Food Web Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the ocean food web.

Links on Aquatic Ecosystems

Click the SciLinks button for links on aquatic ecosystems.

End of Section:Aquatic Ecosystems

Why are forests considered renewable resources?

How does the clear-cutting logging method differ from selective cutting?

How can people manage fisheries for a sustainable yield?

Section 3:Forests and

FisheriesHow can forests be managed as renewable resources?How can fisheries be managed for a sustainable yield?

Managing Forests

Clear-cutting involves cutting down all the trees in an area at once. Selective cutting involves cutting down only some trees.

Managing FisheriesFishing LimitsFishing Limits

•Laws that ban certain fishing, limit the number of fish or size to be caught•Laws or regulations help young fish populations regain healthy numbers

•Fishing MethodsFishing Methods•Laws or regulations tell fishing crews to use nets with larger mesh sizes to allow smaller fish to remain free & grow•Outlaw poising fish with cyanide & using explosives to stun fish

Logging Methods Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about logging methods.

End of Section:Forests and Fisheries

Section 4:Biodiversity

In what ways is biodiversity valuable?What factors affect an area’s biodiversity?Which human activities threaten biodiversity?How can biodiversity be protected?

BiodiversityClick to play Click to play

videovideo

Diversity of Species

More than 1.5 million species have been identified so far. People value wildlife and ecosystems for their beauty and as a source of recreation. In addition, biodiversitybiodiversity has both economic value and ecological within an ecosystem.

Factors Affecting BiodiversityFactors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area, climate, and diversity of niches.

California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

The peregrine falcon, the world’s fastest bird of prey, was nearly extinct in the United States in 1970. The pesticide DDT was weakening peregrine eggshells, so eggs rarely hatched. In 1972, the United States banned DDT. Use the graph to answer questions about the peregrine population in California.

Time interval in years is on the x-axis. Number of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons is on the y-axis.

Reading Graphs:

What variable is plotted on the x-axis? What variable is plotted on the y-axis?

The population grew steadily, except for a brief drop around 1980, until 1994, when the number of breeding pairs remained the same for the four following years.

Interpreting Data:

How did California’s peregrine population change from 1976 to 1998?

There were only a few breeding pairs at first, and they could produce only a few young. These, in turn, had to grow up before they had a chance to breed. As more pairs grew to breeding age, more and more young could be produced.

Inferring:

Why do you think the peregrine population grew fairly slowly at first?

The graph probably would have sloped downward from left to right, possibly reaching zero breeding pairs.

Predicting:

What might this graph have looked like if DDT had not been banned?

Chapter 11 Living Resources Table of Contents Chapter Preview 11.1 Biomes 11.2 Aquatic Ecosystems 11.3 Forests and Fisheries 11.4 Biodiversity.

living resources high

living parts

biodiversity slide

abiotic factors

organisms habitat

single organism

different biomes

aquatic ecosystems

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