Chapter 10 – Revolution & Enlightenment Section 1- The Scientific Revolution.
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Chapter 10 – Revolution & Enlightenment
Section 1- The Scientific Revolution
Background to the RevolutionMedieval scientists, know as
“natural philosophers,” did not make observations of the world and nature so much as rely on ancient authorities, such as Aristotle, for their scientific knowledge.
Changes in the 1400s & 1500s caused society to adapt to new views and methods.
Aristotle
Background to the RevolutionRenaissance humanists studied
the works of Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato, among others.
They learned that some ancient thinkers disagreed with Aristotle.
Ptolemy
Problems leading to the RevolutionCalculating how much a ship
could hold.Observing space.Printing copiesNo advancements in math.
MathematicsThe study of math in the
Renaissance contributed to the achievements in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Great scientists believed that the secrets of nature were written in the language of mathematics.
The following intellectuals developed new theories that became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Newton
PtolemyHe was antiquity’s greatest
astronomer.Medieval philosopher’s
constructed a geocentric model of the universe known as the Ptolemaic system.
It was a series of concentric spheres with a motionless Earth in the middle.
Ptolemiac System (geocentric)
PtolemyBelieved that planets are in
different, crystal-like spheres.They rotate, which accounts for
movements of other heavenly bodies.
Beyond the tenth sphere is Heaven, where God and all the saved souls reside.
Nicholas CopernicusPolishman who published, On the
Reolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in 1543.
Believed his heliocentric system was more accurate than the Ptolemiac System.
Argued that all planets revolved around the sun, the moon revolved around the Earth, and the Earth rotated on its axis.
Copernicun System (heliocentric)
Johannes KeplerHelped destroy the Ptolemiac
System.Confirmed the sun was the
center of the universe.Tracked the elliptical orbits of
planets. (Kepler’s First Law)Ptolemy insisted the orbits were
circular.
Kepler’s 1st Law of Planetary Motion
Galileo GalileiItalian which answered one of the
two remaining questions.What are planets made of?1st to make regular observations
with a telescope.Saw mountains on the Moon and
the 4 moons orbiting Jupiter.Ptolemy said planets were orbs of
light, Galileo said they were material.
Galileo vs the Catholic ChurchChurch ordered him to abandon
the new system because it contradicted that of the Church.
In the new system, heavens were not spiritual but material, and God was no longer in a specific place.
Most astronomers believed the new concept anyway.
Isaac NewtonEnglishman responded to the 2nd
question.What explains motion in the
universe?Published his views in
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, also known as the Principia.
Isaac NewtonDefined the 3 laws of motionCentered around the Universal
Law of Gravitation: every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.
This explained why planets did not go off in a straight line.
Universe was now sees as a huge, regulated, uniform machine.
Breakthroughs in Medicine & ChemistryLate Middle Ages, medicine was
dominated by the teachings of Galen.
His views were often wrong because he used animals, not people, for dissection.
Andreas VesaliusPublished On the Fabric of the
Human Body (1543)Dissected humans at the
University of Padua.Presented an accurate view of
individual organs and the general structure of the body.
However, he thought humans had 2 kinds of blood.
Andreas Vesalius
William HarveyPublished On the Motion of the
Heart and Blood (1628)Showed the heart, not the liver
as Galen thought, was the beginning point of circulation.
Also showed that blood makes a complete circuit through the body.
Robert Boyle & Antoine LavoisierChemist who formulated Boyle’s
Law about gases.The volume of a gas varies with
pressure exerted on it.Antoine Lavoisier, the founder of
modern chemistry, invented a system of naming the chemicals.
Boyle & Lavosier
Women & the Origins of Modern ScienceThe most prominent woman in
science was Margaret Cavendish.She criticized the belief that humans,
through science, were the masters of nature in her work Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy.
Maria Winkelmann was the most famous astronomer.
She assisted her husband and helped discover a comet.
Descartes and ReasonFrench philosopher Rene Descartes
reflected the Western view of humankind.
Wrote Discourse on Method (1637) and asserts that he can rationally be sure of only one thing – his own existence.
He would only accept those things that his reason said were true.
“I think, therefore I am”Separated mind and matterFather of modern rationalism
The Scientific MethodPhilospher Francis Bacon was
most responsible for the Scientific Method.
Emphasized arriving at conclusions about nature using inductive reasoning, or making generalizations from particular observations and experiments organized to test hypotheses.
Francis BaconBelieved science
was to give human kind new discoveries and to serve human purposes by conquering “nature in action.”
End of Section 1
Next: The Enlightenment
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