Transcript
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Chapter One: Intro/History
I. Why Study Psychology?
II. Overview of Goals of Psychology
III. A Brief History of Psychology
IV. Psychology as a Profession
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I. Why Study Psychology?
• Insight
• Practical Information
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Psychology
• The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Such study can involve both animal and human behavior. When applied to humans, psychology covers everything that people think, feel, and do.
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The Goals of Psychology
• Description• Explanation• Prediction• Control
– Basic Science– Applied Science
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II. Goals Of Psychology
• Description
• Explanation
• Prediction
• Control
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Description
• Gather information• State the facts
(What it is)
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Explanation
• Formulate hypotheses• Develop theories
(Why it is)
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Hypothesis
• An educated guess about the relationship between two variables
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Theory
• An integrated set of principles that organizes, explains, and predicts observations.
Exploring Psychology, Myers, 1990
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Prediction
• Study theories and descriptive accounts of past behaviors
• Predict subsequent behaviors
(What it will be)
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Control
• Influence or manipulate behavior– Basic science– Applied science
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Basic Science
• The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake (to gain knowledge simply for the sake of knowledge)
(acquire knowledge)
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Applied Science
• Discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals
(use knowledge)
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Hypothesis-buildingStudies done on Orphanage Children
• Dennis, W. “Causes of Retardation Among Institutional Children: Iran.” Journal of Genetic Psychology, 96 (1960):47-58 - – Applied or Basic?
• White, B.L. “Child Development Research: An Edifice Without a Foundation.” Merrill- Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and
Development, 15 (1969): 49-79– Applied or Basic?
• Shaffer (1993)
Applied or Basic?
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The Scientific Method
• State the problem• Develop a hypothesis• Conduct research• Organize and interpret data• Draw conclusions• Communicate the results
Psychology: A Concise Introduction, Pettijohn, 1992
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III. A Brief History of Psychology
A. Psychology as a Discipline
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A. Psychology as a Discipline - Early History
1. Stone Age2. BC: The Ancient Greeks3. The Middle Ages4. 16th century: Copernicus and Galileo5. 17th century: Descartes and the
pseudo-sciences
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1. The Stone Age
• Trephining
• Evil spirits
• Archeology
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Trephining
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Trephining Instruments
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2. The Ancient Greeks
• The will of the gods• Aristotle• Hippocrates• Galen
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Aristotle
• Greek philosopher
• People are rational, thinking organisms
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Hippocrates
• The Father of Modern Medicine
• Mental and emotional problems have natural causes
• Some disorders are caused by head injury
• Some mental and physical characteristics are inherited
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Ancient Greeks
• Observation as a means of knowing the world
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The Natural World: Four Basic Elements
• Fire• Air• Earth• Water
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The Natural World: Four Basic Elements
• Fire Warm• Air Cool• Earth Dry• Water Moist
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The Four Humors
• Blood (warm and moist)• Black bile (cold and dry)• Yellow bile (warm and dry)• Phlegm (cold and moist)
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Galen
• Greek physician• Personality types
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Galen: Personality Types
• An excess of…– blood = sanguine
personality (cheerful, warm-hearted)
– black bile = melancholic personality (sad)
– yellow bile = choleric personality (hot-tempered)
– phlegm = phlegmatic personality (apathetic)
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3. The Middle Ages
• Witchcraft• Demon possession
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4. The 16th Century
• Nicolaus Copernicus• Galileo Galilei
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Nicolaus Copernicus
• Polish astronomer• The sun is the center
of the universe• Observations on the
movements of planets in the solar system
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Galileo Galilei
• Italian astronomer and physicist
• Telescope confirms star positions and movements
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The 16th Century
• Introduced the concept of observation as an element of scientific study (Copernicus)
• Introduced the concept of experimentation as an element of scientific study (Galileo)
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5. The 17th Century
• Dualism• Rene Descartes• Pseudo-sciences
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Dualism
• Philosophy which teaches that the mind and body are separate and distinct from each other.
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Rene Descartes
• French philosopher• Extended dualism• The mind and body
work together to create a person’s experiences
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The Pseudo-sciences
• Phrenology• Physiognomy• Typology
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Phrenology
• The study of personality based on the ‘bumps’ of the skull
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Modern Science
• A combination of…– Philosophy– Logic– Math– Observation
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Psychology as a Discipline - Basic Theories
• Structuralism• Functionalism
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Structuralism
• Thoughts have structure, just as a molecule does
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Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt• German physiologist• Laboratory of
Psychology,1879• University of
Leipzig, Germany
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Structuralism
• The mind must be studied as scientifically as other ‘natural laws’
Wundt, Wilhelm, Principles of Physiological Psychology, 1878
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Introspection
• A detailed examination of one’s own thinking
• A controlled situation with trained subjects reporting their thoughts so that the basic structure of thought processes can be mapped
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Functionalism
• The functions of the human mind -- thinking, feeling, learning, remembering -- exist to help man survive as a species
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William James
• founded the Functionalist branch of psychology
• Established the first American psychology laboratory, at Harvard College
• Principles of Psychology (1890)
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A Brief History of Psychology
B. Psychology as the Study of...1) Unconscious Processes2) Individual Differences3) Observable Behavior4) Cognitive Processes
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1.) Unconscious Processes
• Psychoanalysis• Study of the unconscious mind• Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud
• Viennese doctor• Unconscious, or
subconscious, mind• Biological/
sociological conflict• Free association
(talking cure)• Dream analysis• Case studies
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2.) Individual Differences
• Sir Francis Galton
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Sir Francis Galton
• English mathematician• Heredity/genius• Nature vs. Nurture• Secondary research• Personality/IQ tests• Inquiries into Human
Faculty and Its Development (1883)
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3.) Observable Behavior
• Behaviorism• Humanistic Psychology
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Behaviorism
• Ivan Pavlov• John B. Watson• B. F. Skinner
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Ivan Pavlov
• Russian physiologist• Nobel Prize (1904)• The mechanics of
digestion• Classical
conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
• UCS = unconditioned stimulus• UCR = unconditioned response• NS = neutral stimulus• CS = conditioned stimulus• CR = conditioned response
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Pavlov’s Experiment
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Classical Conditioning Paradigm
• Before Conditioning:– UCS ----> UCR– NS ----> No response
• During Conditioning:– UCS + CS ----> UCR
• After Conditioning:– CS ----> CR
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Classical Conditioning Paradigm
• Before Conditioning:– UCS (meat) ----> UCR (salivation)– NS (tone) ----> No response
• During Conditioning:– UCS (meat) + CS (Tone) ----> UCR (salivation)
• After Conditioning:– CS (tone) ----> CR (salivation)
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Behaviorism
• Behavior occurs as a result of learning
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John B. Watson
• Father of Behaviorism
• Prior learning• Observable behavior• Little Albert
Experiment
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B. F. Skinner
• Stimulus-Response (S-R) psychology
• Walden II (1949)• Beyond Freedom and
Dignity (1971)• Reinforcement• Teaching machine
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Humanistic Psychology
• The third force• Backlash to behaviorism• Study of the individual as a whole
person• Self-actualization
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Carl Rogers
• Believed behaviorism was de-humanizing
• Human nature is naturally
active, not reactive.
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Abraham Maslow
Self-Actualization
Hierarchy of Needs
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Humanism
• Behaviorism is de-humanizing• Deprives man of free will• Human nature is active, not reactive
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4.) Cognitive Psychology
• Study of cognitive processes• Internal knowledge
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Jean Piaget
• Theory of Psycho-Social Development
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Cognitive Psychology
• Behavior is affected by…– Perception– Interpretation– Thinking– Problem-solving– Assessment of knowledge– Use of language
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IV. Psychology as a Profession
A. What is a Psychologist?B. Specialty Fields in Psychology
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A. Psychiatry vs.. Psychology
• A psychiatrist’s training ... – medical doctor– specialty in psychiatric medicine– hospital or private practice– freely prescribe medicines
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Psychiatry vs.. Psychology
• A psychologist’s training …– observe and analyze patterns of behavior– develop theories of behavior– apply knowledge to influence behavior
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B. Specialty Fields
• Clinical psychology• Counseling
psychology• Personality
psychology• Social psychology• Developmental
psychology
• Educational psychology• Community psychology• Industrial/Organizational
psychology• Experimental psychology
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