Transcript
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Body OrganizationBody Organization
Cells form TissuesCells form Tissues
Tissues form OrgansTissues form Organs
Organs form Systems (e.g.,Organs form Systems (e.g.,
digestive)digestive)
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Cell ProcessesCell Processes
Constant turnover of substancesConstant turnover of substances
Reuire energy, adenosineReuire energy, adenosine
tri!"os!"atetri!"os!"ateReuire nutrientsReuire nutrients
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
The Organic Molecules of CellsThe Organic Molecules of Cells
#acromolecules are#acromolecules areconstructed by lin$ingconstructed by lin$ing
toget"er similar ty!es oftoget"er similar ty!es ofsubunits, calledsubunits, called monomersmonomers..
% re!eating c"ain of% re!eating c"ain ofmonomers forms amonomers forms a
!olymer.!olymer.
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Cell #embraneCell #embrane
&ouble layers of li!id,&ouble layers of li!id,
carbo"ydrate, and !roteincarbo"ydrate, and !rotein Controls !assage of substancesControls !assage of substances
&istinct identi'cation structures&istinct identi'cation structures
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Chapter 3 : The Human body#etabolism
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
OrganellesOrganelles Cyto!lasmCyto!lasm
#itoc"ondria #itoc"ondria Poer !lantPoer !lant
* #a+or site for energy !roduction#a+or site for energy !roduction
ndo!lasmic reticulum ndo!lasmic reticulum CommunicationCommunication
netor$netor$* Roug" endo!lasmic reticulum - !roteinRoug" endo!lasmic reticulum - !rotein
synt"esissynt"esis
* Smoot" endo!lasmic reticulum - fat synt"esisSmoot" endo!lasmic reticulum - fat synt"esis
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
OrganellesOrganelles
olgi Com!le/olgi Com!le/
* Pac$aging site for !roteinPac$aging site for !rotein 0ysosomes0ysosomes
* Cell1s digestive systemCell1s digestive system
Pero/isomesPero/isomes* &eto/ify "armful c"emicals&eto/ify "armful c"emicals
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
2ucleus2ucleus
&ouble membrane&ouble membrane enetic material &2%enetic material &2%
&irects !rotein synt"esis and cell&irects !rotein synt"esis and cell
divisiondivision
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
3our Ty!es of Tissues3our Ty!es of Tissues
!it"elial!it"elial
* 0ines t"e outside surfaces and e/ternal0ines t"e outside surfaces and e/ternal!assages!assages
ConnectiveConnective* 4olds structures toget"er4olds structures toget"er
#uscle#uscle* Contracts to cause movementContracts to cause movement
2ervous2ervous
* Trans!orts nerve im!ulsesTrans!orts nerve im!ulses
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Chapter 3 : The Human bodyExchange of NutrientsExchange of Nutrients
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
4omeostasis4omeostasis
4omeostasis is t"e relative constancy on t"e4omeostasis is t"e relative constancy on t"e
body1s internal environment.body1s internal environment.
ven if e/ternal conditions c"angeven if e/ternal conditions c"ange
dramatically, internal conditions stay it"in adramatically, internal conditions stay it"in a
narro range.narro range.
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
2egative 3eedbac$2egative 3eedbac$% #ec"anical /am!le % 4uman /am!le% #ec"anical /am!le % 4uman /am!le
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Ty!es of TissuesTy!es of Tissues
!it"elial tissue !rotects!it"elial tissue !rotects
underlying structures5underlying structures5
functions may also include6functions may also include6
* Secretion (glands)Secretion (glands)
* %bsor!tion%bsor!tion
* /cretion/cretion
* 3iltration3iltration
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Ty!es of TissuesTy!es of Tissues
Connective TissueConnective Tissue* Binds organs toget"erBinds organs toget"er
* Provides su!!ort and !rotectionProvides su!!ort and !rotection
* 3ills s!aces3ills s!aces
* Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells
* Stores fatStores fat
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Ty!es of TissuesTy!es of Tissues
#uscular Tissue#uscular Tissue
* #uscle cells are called muscle 'bers#uscle cells are called muscle 'bers
* #uscles 'bers contain actin and myosin 'laments#uscles 'bers contain actin and myosin 'laments 7nteraction of actin and myosin accounts for movements7nteraction of actin and myosin accounts for movements
* Ty!es of #uscle TissuesTy!es of #uscle Tissues S$eletalS$eletal
Smoot" (visceral)Smoot" (visceral) CardiacCardiac
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Ty!es of TissuesTy!es of Tissues 2ervous Tissue2ervous Tissue
* 2eurons (nerve cells)2eurons (nerve cells) Conduct im!ulsesConduct im!ulses
* Sensory in!ut, integration, motorSensory in!ut, integration, motor
out!utout!ut
2euron structure2euron structure
* &endrites&endrites
* Cell bodyCell body
*%/on%/on
* 2euroglia2euroglia Su!!ort and nouris" neuronsSu!!ort and nouris" neurons
* #icroglia6 !"agocytic#icroglia6 !"agocytic
* %strocytes6 !rovide nutrients%strocytes6 !rovide nutrients
* Oligodendroglia6 form myelinOligodendroglia6 form myelin
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Cardiovascular and 0ym!"aticCardiovascular and 0ym!"aticSystemsSystems
4eart and blood vessels4eart and blood vessels
BloodBlood
Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation
Systemic circuitSystemic circuit 0ym!"atic system0ym!"atic system
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Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
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Ca!illary and 0ym!" 8esselsCa!illary and 0ym!" 8essels
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Portal CirculationPortal CirculationTrans!orts nutrientsTrans!orts nutrients
3rom t"e small intestine3rom t"e small intestine &elivers to t"e liver&elivers to t"e liver
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
0ym!"atic System0ym!"atic System Contains lym!"Contains lym!"
7mmune cells7mmune cells
Passage for large !articlesPassage for large !articles m!ties into veins leading to t"e "eartm!ties into veins leading to t"e "eart
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
2ervous System2ervous System
Regulatory systemRegulatory system
Central 2ervous SystemCentral 2ervous System
* Brain and t"e s!inal cordBrain and t"e s!inal cord
Peri!"eral 2ervous SystemPeri!"eral 2ervous System
* Branc"es out to organsBranc"es out to organs
Basic unit is 2euronBasic unit is 2euron
* Res!onds to electrical and c"emical signalsRes!onds to electrical and c"emical signals
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
TransmissionTransmission
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Sending SignalsSending Signals C"ange in sodium and !otassiumC"ange in sodium and !otassium
concentrationconcentration 2eurotransmitter2eurotransmitter
* Secretion of do!amine, e!ine!"rine, andSecretion of do!amine, e!ine!"rine, and
nore!ine!"rinenore!ine!"rine &e!endent on nutrient su!!ly&e!endent on nutrient su!!ly
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
ndocrine Systemndocrine System Secretes regulatory substancesSecretes regulatory substances
("ormones)("ormones)Target cells it" rece!tor !roteinsTarget cells it" rece!tor !roteins
Body1s messengerBody1s messenger
7nsulin7nsulinT"yroid "ormonesT"yroid "ormones
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Chapter 3 : The Human bodyPancreasPancreas
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or! display.
Common bile duct
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Pancreatic
islet
Blood vessel
Exocrine cells
secrete digestive
enzymes into
pancreatic duct
Endocrine cells
secrete hormones
into blood stream
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
7mmune System7mmune System
S$in7ntestinal cellsCirculatory system (9"ite
blood Cells)
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T"e S$inT"e S$in
Continuous barrierContinuous barrier:ects of nutritional de'ciencies:ects of nutritional de'ciencies
0ysozyme0ysozyme
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
"e 7ntestinal Cells"e 7ntestinal Cells
Barrier to invadingBarrier to invading
microbesmicrobes
7mmunoglobulins7mmunoglobulins
#uscosal membrane#uscosal membrane:ects of nutritional:ects of nutritional
de'ciencyde'ciency
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
9"ite Blood Cells9"ite Blood Cells %ttac$ microorganism%ttac$ microorganism
P"agocytesP"agocytes Cell-mediated immunityCell-mediated immunity
* %ntibodies%ntibodies
* %ntibody-antigen res!onse%ntibody-antigen res!onse*Tem!late (memory) madeTem!late (memory) made
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e &igestive SystemT"e &igestive System
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e #out"T"e #out"
#astication#astication
TasteTaste
SalivaSaliva
* SolventSolvent* nzymesnzymes
* #ucus#ucus
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e so!"agusT"e so!"agus 0ong tube0ong tube
!iglottis!iglottis PeristalsisPeristalsis
0oer eso!"ageal0oer eso!"ageal
s!"incters!"incter
4eartburn4eartburn
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PeristalsisPeristalsis
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e Stomac"T"e Stomac" S!"inctersS!"incters
SizeSize astric +uicesastric +uices
4olding ;tan$
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Stomac" %cidStomac" %cid &estroys activity of !rotein&estroys activity of !rotein
%ctivates digestive enzymes%ctivates digestive enzymes Partially digests dietary !roteinPartially digests dietary !rotein
%ssists in calcium absor!tion%ssists in calcium absor!tion
#a$es dietary minerals soluble for#a$es dietary minerals soluble forabsor!tionabsor!tion
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T"e Small 7ntestineT"e Small 7ntestine %!!ro/imately =>%!!ro/imately =>
feet longfeet long 3olded alls3olded alls
8illi8illi
%bsor!tive cells%bsor!tive cells Ra!id cellRa!id cell
turnoverturnover
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
2utrient %bsor!tion2utrient %bsor!tion
Passive absor!tion (di:usion)Passive absor!tion (di:usion)
3acilitated absor!tion3acilitated absor!tion
%ctive absor!tion%ctive absor!tion
P"agocytosis and !inocytosisP"agocytosis and !inocytosis
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Nutrient AbsorptionNutrient Absorption
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T"e 0arge 7ntestineT"e 0arge 7ntestine 7ndigestible food stu:7ndigestible food stu:
2o villi or enzymes2o villi or enzymes #ucus-!roducing cells#ucus-!roducing cells
%bsor!tion of ater, some%bsor!tion of ater, some
minerals, vitaminsminerals, vitamins BacteriaBacteria
liminationlimination
h h b d
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Ch 3 Th H b d
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RectumRectum StoolStool
liminationlimination #uscle contraction#uscle contraction
%nal s!"incters%nal s!"incters
Ch t 3 Th H b d
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Ch t 3 Th H b d
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%ccessory Organs%ccessory Organs PancreasPancreas
allbladderallbladder 0iver0iver
Ch t 3 Th H b d
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e 0iverT"e 0iver BileBile
ntero"e!aticntero"e!aticcirculationcirculation
Ch t 3 Th H b d
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e PancreasT"e Pancreas &igestive enzymes&igestive enzymes
4ormones4ormones* lucagon and insulinlucagon and insulin
Pancreatic +uicesPancreatic +uices
* BicarbonateBicarbonate
Ch t 3 Th H b d
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Ch t 3 Th H b d
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
T"e ?rinary SystemT"e ?rinary System @idneys@idneys
?reter?reter BladderBladder
?ret"ra?ret"ra
9aste !roducts9aste !roducts
Blood acid-baseBlood acid-base
balance (!4)balance (!4)
Chapter 3 The H man bod
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
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Chapter 3 The Human body
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Storage Ca!abilitiesStorage Ca!abilities #aintaining reserves#aintaining reserves
%di!ose tissue%di!ose tissue lucoselucose
%mino acids%mino acids
8itamins and minerals8itamins and minerals* Calcium in bonesCalcium in bones
Chapter 3 : The Human body
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eneticsenetics 2utrigenomics2utrigenomics
2utritional &iseases it" a genetic lin$2utritional &iseases it" a genetic lin$* Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease
* 4y!ertension4y!ertension
*ObesityObesity* &iabetes&iabetes
* CancerCancer
* Osteo!orosisOsteo!orosis
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Common Problems it"Common Problems it"
&igestion&igestion ?lcers?lcers
4eartburn4eartburn Consti!ationConsti!ation
4emorr"oids4emorr"oids
7rritable Boel Syndrome7rritable Boel Syndrome &iarr"ea&iarr"ea
allstonesallstones
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?lcers?lcers Can occur inCan occur ineso!"agus,eso!"agus,
stomac" andstomac" andsmall intestinesmall intestine
CauseCause* 4. Pylori4. Pylori
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Chapter 3 : The Human body
Chapter 3 : The Human body
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astroeso!"ageal reAu/ disease (R&)astroeso!"ageal reAu/ disease (R&)
Chapter 3 : The Human body
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Consti!ationConsti!ation &icult or infreuent evacuation&icult or infreuent evacuation CausesCauses
* 7gnoring normal urges7gnoring normal urges* #uscle s!asms#uscle s!asms
* Certain medicationsCertain medications
TreatmentTreatment
* &ietary 'ber&ietary 'ber* 3luids3luids
* Regular !"ysical activityRegular !"ysical activity
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0a/atives0a/atives
7rritate t"e intestinal nerve7rritate t"e intestinal nerve
&ra ater into t"e intestine&ra ater into t"e intestine
Regular use is "armfulRegular use is "armful
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4emorr"oids (!iles)4emorr"oids (!iles)
Sollen veins of t"e rectum and anusSollen veins of t"e rectum and anus 7ntense !ressure and straining7ntense !ressure and straining
&ietary recommendation6&ietary recommendation6
* 3iber and Auid3iber and Auid
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7rritable Boel Syndrome7rritable Boel Syndrome Sym!tomsSym!toms* Cram!s, bloating, increased freuency, diarr"ea,Cram!s, bloating, increased freuency, diarr"ea,
consti!ationconsti!ation
CausesCauses* %ltered intestinal !eristalsis%ltered intestinal !eristalsis
* &ecreased !ain t"res"old&ecreased !ain t"res"old
7ndividualized treatment7ndividualized treatment* limination dietlimination diet
* #oderate ca:eine#oderate ca:eine
* 0o-fat, small, freuent meals0o-fat, small, freuent meals
* Stress reductionStress reduction
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&iarr"ea&iarr"ea 3luidity and freuency3luidity and freuency
CausesCauses* 7nfections7nfections
* Poorly absorbed substancesPoorly absorbed substances
Treatment6Treatment6* Plenty of AuidPlenty of Auid
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allstonesallstones Sym!tomsSym!toms
* ?!!er rig"t abdominal !ain, gas,?!!er rig"t abdominal !ain, gas,bloating, nausea and vomitingbloating, nausea and vomiting
TreatmentTreatment
*Removal of gallbladderRemoval of gallbladder
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