ch1 s2 Romans

Rise & Fall of the Roman Republic & Empire

Main Outline for Roman Republic & Empire

2) Guided Reading NotesI) Roman Republic & Empire (p.20)A) Basic – 1) Rome’s location allowed it to dominate the Mediterranean World.

II) Establishing a Republic (p.20-22)

a) Geographic Reasons?1) Italy was easy to compared to Greece

2) Unlike Greece, Italy is not broken up into small, isolated valleys

3) Italian mountains are less rugged than in Greece

4) Italy has f plains produce more f population g .

b) Etruscan Rule – People ruled central Italy before the Romans took over

c) A New Government 1) BC, Romans form or “thing of the people”

2) would keep any from gaining too much power

3) Early Republic – most powerful group was the .

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The Roman Senate – Who they were and what they did?

1) How long? S f l . 3) How many? Patricians = l u c .

2) Did what? M l . 4) Also did? – a) Elected consuls to run g / a .

b) - Could select a d for 6 months

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a) Geographic Reasons?1) Italy was easy to unify compared to Greece

Topographical Map of Europe

Topographic Maps show land and sea levels

Lower landHigher land

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Italian Plain Rugged Greek Valley

Italian Plains

4) Italy has plains produce more f population g .

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4) Italy has plains produce more f population g .

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4) Italy has fertile plains produce more f population g .

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4) Italy has fertile plains produce more food population g .

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4) Italy has fertile plains produce more food population grows

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PART 1) Ends HereI) Roman Republic & Empire (p.20)A) Basic – 1) Rome’s location allowed it to dominate the Mediterranean World.

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End of Part 1 Click here

Part 2 Starts here

c) A New Government 1) 509 BC, Romans form R or “thing of the people”

2) R would keep any i from gaining too much power

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c) A New Government 1) 509 BC, Romans form Republic or “thing of the people”

2) R would keep any i from gaining too much power

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2) Republic would keep any i from gaining too much power

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2) Republic would keep any individual from gaining too much power

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3) Early Republic – most powerful group was the Senate

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1) How long? Served for life 2) How many? Patricians = l u c .

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1) How long? Served for life 2) How many? 300 patricians = landholding upper class

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3) Did what? Made the laws 4) Also did? – a) Elected consuls to run g / a .

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3) Did what? Made the laws 4) Also did? – a) Elected 2 consuls to run g / a .

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3) Did what? Made the laws 4) Also did? – a) Elected 2 consuls to run govt / army

Part 2) Ends HereI) Roman Republic & Empire (p.20)A) Basic – 1) Rome’s location allowed it to dominate the Mediterranean World.

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b) - Could select a dictator for 6 months

Part 2) Ends HereI) Roman Republic & Empire (p.20)A) Basic – 1) Rome’s location allowed it to dominate the Mediterranean World.

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b) - Could select a dictator for 6 months

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PART 3) Starts HereII) Establishing a Republic (Continued p. 22)

d) Common People Demand Equality1) Plebeians or c people made up most of the Roman p .

2) Plebeians had influence on government.

3) F , m , a and t worked to gain power

4) In 450 BC, Plebeians got written on 12 stone tablets and placed in p .

5) Before, Plebeians protested citizens were of the law because it was not w .

6) Laws of 12 Tablets make it possible for plebeians to a a patrician judgment.

7) Other Plebeians Democratic Gains:

i) T – right to elect their own officials

ii) Tribunes could , or block, laws harmful to plebeians.

iii) Slowly, commoners forced patricians to choose as consuls

iv) Later, S was opened to plebeians to join.

e) Lasting Legacy

1) dominated government, but did gain access to power

2) Plebeians also won lasting rights without resorting to war or revolution.

3) More than 2,000 years later, US Constitution adapted Roman ideas of:

i) The S ii) the v iii) c p . Back to Main

2) Guided Reading NotesII) Establishing a Republic (Continued p. 22)

d) Common People Demand Equality1) Plebeians or common people made up most of the Roman p .

e) Lasting Legacy

d) Common People Demand Equality1) Plebeians or common people made up most of the Roman population

e) Lasting Legacy

2) Plebeians had little influence on government.

e) Lasting Legacy

3) Farmers, m , a and t worked to gain power

e) Lasting Legacy

3) Farmers, merchants, a and t worked to gain power

e) Lasting Legacy

3) Farmers, merchants, artisans and t worked to gain power

e) Lasting Legacy

3) Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders worked to gain power

e) Lasting Legacy

4) In 450 BC, Plebeians got law written on 12 stone tablets and placed in p .

e) Lasting Legacy

4) In 450 BC, Plebeians got law written on 12 stone tablets and placed in public.

e) Lasting Legacy

5) Before, Plebeians protested citizens were unaware of the law because it was not w .

e) Lasting Legacy

5) Before, Plebeians protested citizens were unaware of the law because it was not written.

e) Lasting Legacy

6) Laws of 12 Tablets make it possible for plebeians to appeal a patrician judgment.

e) Lasting Legacy

i) Tribunes – right to elect their own officials

e) Lasting Legacy

ii) Tribunes could veto, or block, laws harmful to plebeians.

e) Lasting Legacy

iii) Slowly, commoners forced patricians to choose plebeians as consuls

e) Lasting Legacy

iv) Later, Senate was opened to plebeians to join.

e) Lasting Legacy

1) Senate dominated government, but did gain access to power

e) Lasting Legacy

1) Senate dominated government, but Plebeians did gain access to power

e) Lasting Legacy

i) The Senate ii) the v iii) c p . Back to Main

e) Lasting Legacy

i) The Senate ii) the veto iii) c p . Back to Main

e) Lasting Legacy

3) More than 2000 years later, US Constitution adapted Roman ideas of:

i) The Senate ii) the veto iii) checks on power Back to Main

Part 3) Ends HereII) Establishing a Republic (Continued p. 22)

e) Lasting Legacy

3) More than 2000 years later, US Constitution adapted Roman ideas of:

i) The Senate ii) the veto iii) checks on power Back to Main

PART 4) Starts HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)1) As Rome’s political system evolved, it’s expanded Roman power across Italy

2) Romans conquered: i) E ii) G c - s .

3) By 270 BC, Rome controlled most of Italian P .

4) Next, Romans looked to build an around the Sea

a) Continuing Conquest (p.23)

1) C = Rome main rival in the Mediterranean Sea

2) Where was Carthage? i) N A ii) Empire = North & West M .

3) Between 264 and 146 BC, Rome and fought 3 wars called Wars

4) 2nd War, Carthaginian General led a destructive attack with his army and elephants through Italy before Rome won

5) 3rd War, Romans i) destroyed C ii) Had total control of Sea

6) Rome also fought in the East

i) Defeated H rulers who divided up ’ Empire.

ii) Macedonia, Greece and parts of Asia Minor became Roman provinces

iii) E allied with Rome to avoid war

iv) By 133 BC, Roman power extended from (West) to (East)

v) Romans referred to the Mediterranean Sea as “Mare Nostrum” or “ .”

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)1) As Rome’s political system evolved, its armies expanded Roman power across Italy

2) Romans conquered: i) E ii) G c - s .

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2) Romans conquered: i) Etruscans ii) G c - s .

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2) Romans conquered: i) Etruscans ii) Greek city-states

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3) By 270 BC, Rome controlled most of Italian Peninsula

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4) Next, Romans looked to build an empire around the Sea

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4) Next, Romans looked to build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea

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1) Carthage = Rome main rival in the Mediterranean Sea

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2) Where was Carthage? i) North Africa ii) Empire = North & West M .

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2) Where was Carthage? i) North Africa ii) Empire = North Africa & West M .

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2) Where was Carthage? i) North Africa ii) Empire = North Africa & West Mediterranean

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3) Between 264 and 146 BC, Rome and Carthage fought 3 wars called Wars

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3) Between 264 and 146 BC, Rome and Carthage fought 3 wars called Punic Wars

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4) 2nd Punic War, Carthaginian General led a destructive attack with his army and elephants through Italy before Rome won

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4) 2nd Punic War, Carthaginian General Hannibal led a destructive attack with his army and elephants through Italy before Rome won

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5) 3rd Punic War, Romans i) destroyed C ii) Had total control of Sea

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5) 3rd Punic War, Romans i) destroyed Carthage ii) Had total control of Sea

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5) 3rd Punic War, Romans i) destroyed Carthage ii) Had total control of Mediterranean Sea

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i) Defeated Hellenistic rulers who divided up ’ Empire.

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i) Defeated Hellenistic rulers who divided up Alexander the Greats’ Empire.

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iii) Egypt allied with Rome to avoid war

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iv) By 133 BC, Roman power extended from Spain (West) to (East)

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iv) By 133 BC, Roman power extended from Spain (West) to Egypt (East)

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i) Defeated Hellenistic rulers who divided up Alexander the Greats’ Empire

v) Romans referred to the Mediterranean Sea as “Mare Nostrum” or “Our Sea”

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PART 4) Ends HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)1) As Rome’s political system evolved, its armies expanded Roman power across Italy

i) Defeated Hellenistic rulers who divided up Alexander the Greats’ Empire

v) Romans referred to the Mediterranean Sea as “Mare Nostrum” or “Our Sea”

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PART 5) Starts HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)b) Economic and Social Effects (p.23-24)

1) Conquests and control of b t routes brought incredible riches into Rome.

2) G , o and t amassed fortunes from l , t and c .

3) New wealthy landowning class impact

i) B h e ii) forced people captured in war to work as .

iii) Small farmers could not compete with prices of farms using .

4) Rome could NOT expand without loyal .

5) Soldiers fought without and supplied their own .

6) gained little from Rome’s success.

7) According to Plutarch, who and what do soldiers fight and die for?

i) For who? O ii) For what? To give others and .

8) Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius fought to improved life for .

i) Reform – give to poor farmers

ii) Use money to buy food for the .

iii) Rich S against reforms

iv) Senate view Gracchus brothers as a t to the system they rule

v) Riots and street fighting set off by and their hired thugs

vi) Brothers and thousands of their supporters k . Back to Main

2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)b) Economic and Social Effects (p.23-24)

1) Conquests and control of busy trade routes brought incredible riches into Rome.

2) G , o and t amassed fortunes from l , t and c .

2) Generals, o and t amassed fortunes from l , t and c .

2) Generals, officials and t amassed fortunes from l , t and c .

2) Generals, officials and traders amassed fortunes from l , t and c .

2) Generals, officials and traders amassed fortunes from loot, t and c .

2) Generals, officials and traders amassed fortunes from loot, taxes and c .

2) Generals, officials and traders amassed fortunes from loot, taxes and commerce.

3) New wealthy landowning class Impact

i) Bought huge estates ii) forced people captured in war to work as .

i) Bought huge estates ii) forced people captured in war to work as slaves

iii) Small farmers could not compete with low prices of farms using .

iii) Small farmers could not compete with low prices of farms using slaves

4) Rome could NOT expand without loyal soldiers

5) Soldiers fought without pay and supplied their own .

5) Soldiers fought without pay and supplied their own weapons

6) Soldiers gained little from Rome’s success.

i) For who? Others ii) For what? To give others and .

vi) Brothers and thousands of their supporters k .Back to Main

i) For who? Others ii) For what? To give others wealth and luxury

8) Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius fought to improved life for plebeians

i) Reform – give land to poor farmers

ii) Use public money to buy food for the poor

iii) Rich Senate against reforms

iv) Senate view Gracchus brothers as a threat to the system they rule

v) Riots and street fighting set off by senators and their hired thugs

vi) Brothers and thousands of their supporters killed Back to Main

PART 5) Ends Here III) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)b) Economic and Social Effects (p.23-24)

vi) Brothers and thousands of their supporters killed Back to Main

PART 6) Starts HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the S or P l trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a -soldiers into a force, 3) army loyal to their c , not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was J C .5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

i) Started program of public works for j . ii) Gave public land to the . iii) Granted c to many people in the provinces.

13) Caesar’s enemies = The wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is j of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself K . ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making r that benefited the p . The Senate (rich) did not want to l power or s power with the p .

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a -soldiers into a force, 3) army loyal to their c , not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was J C .5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a force. 3) army loyal to their c , not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was J C .5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force. 3) army loyal to their c , not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was J C .5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their c , not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was J C .5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was J C .5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered G (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards Rome iii) D army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards Rome iii) Defeats army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him . 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards Rome iii) Defeats army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him dictator. 11) He kept the but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards Rome iii) Defeats army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him dictator. 11) He kept the Senate but became ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards Rome iii) Defeats army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him dictator. 11) He kept the Senate but became absolute ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

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i) Started program of public works for jobless ii) Gave public land to the . iii) Granted c to many people in the provinces.

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i) Started program of public works for jobless ii) Gave public land to the poor iii) Granted c to many people in the provinces.

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i) Started program of public works for jobless ii) Gave public land to the poor iii) Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces.

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is j of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself K . ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making r that benefited the p . The Senate (rich) did not want to l power or s power with the p .

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself K . ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making r that benefited the p . The Senate (rich) did not want to l power or s power with the p .

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself King ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making r that benefited the p . The Senate (rich) did not want to l power or s power with the p .

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself King ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making reforms that benefited the p . The Senate (rich) did not want to l power or s power with the p .

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself King ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making reforms that benefited the people. The Senate (rich) did not want to l power or s power with the p .

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself King ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making reforms that benefited the people. The Senate (rich) did not want to lose power or s power with the p .

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13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself King ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making reforms that benefited the people. The Senate (rich) did not want to lose power or share power with the p .

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PART 6) Ends HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)c) Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power (p.24-25)1) Civil wars over who should have power the Senate or Popular leaders trying to enact reform2) Roman army evolved from a citizen-soldiers into a professional force, 3) Professional army loyal to their commanders, not to Rome.4) Biggest military leader during the republic’s civil war was Julius Caesar.5) In 51 BC, Caesar conquered Gaul (Today – France).6) Senate feared Caesar’s political ambition and popularity 7) The senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.8) i) Caesar did NOT listen ii) marched his army towards Rome iii) Defeats army sent to stop him9) Then Caesar takes army to suppress rebellions10) Returned to Rome, forces Senate to make him dictator. 11) He kept the Senate but became absolute ruler of Rome.12) Between 48 – 44 BC, Caesar pushed reforms

13) Caesar’s enemies = The Senate wanted to stop himi) Book theory – a) Senate is jealous of his power b) worried he wanted to make himself King ii) Parenti Theory – a) Caesar was making reforms that benefited the people. The Senate (rich) did not want to lose power or share power with the people.

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PART 7) Starts HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)d) Emperor Augustus Caesar (p.25)

1) After Julius Caesar’s death, the appointed his nephew, Octavian to power.

2) Octavian was given the title , or Exalted One, the first citizen of Rome.

3) Augustus Caesar made sure not to call himself , Romans hated it

4) Yet, he operated like a by: i) having power ii) named his successor

5) He ruled from BC - AD and the year old came to an end.

6) Augustus brought in the age of , although Romans did not realize it then.

7) What does Augustus get credit for?

e) Pax Romana (p.25)

1) Augustus govt worked well for years. This time is known as (Roman Peace)

2) During this time, Roman rule brought peace, order, unity and prosperity to the empire.

3) Roman Empire stretched from modern day in the east to in the west.

4) Roman protected the Roman economy with the rest of the Empire and world

5) Emperor Hadrian – codified Roman Law –same law for all p of Empire

6) Emperor Marcus Aurelius

i) Setting up stable govt ii) S left in place iii) Created quality civil service to enforce .

iv) High-level jobs open to most , not because of a person’s class

v) Allowed s -g to distant cities & provinces, if they swore allegiance to .

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i) Meditations show his Philosophy & Commitment to .

ii) Ruled like Plato’s ideal of a king

2) Guided Reading NotesIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)d) Emperor Augustus Caesar (p.25)

1) After Julius Caesar’s death, the Senate appointed his nephew, Octavian to power.

2) Octavian was given the title , or Exalted One, the first citizen of Rome.

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2) Octavian was given the title Augustus, or Exalted One, the first citizen of Rome.

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3) Augustus Caesar made sure not to call himself king, Romans hated it

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4) Yet, he operated like a king by: i) having power ii) named his successor

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4) Yet, he operated like a king by: i) having absolute power ii) named his successor

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4) Yet, he operated like a king by: i) having absolute power ii) named his successor

5) He ruled from 31 BC -14 AD and the year old came to an end.

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4) Yet, he operated like a king by i) having absolute power ii) named his successor

5) He ruled from 31 BC -14 AD and the 500 year old came to an end.

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5) He ruled from 31 BC -14 AD and the 500 year old Republic came to an end.

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6) Augustus brought in the age of empire, although Romans did not realize it then.

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i) Setting up stable govt ii) Senate left in place iii) Created quality civil service to enforce .

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i) Setting up stable govt ii) Senate left in place iii) Created quality civil service to enforce law

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iv) High-level jobs open to most talented, not because of a person’s class

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v) Allowed self-government to distant cities & provinces, if they swore allegiance to .

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v) Allowed self-government to distant cities & provinces, if they swore allegiance to Rome

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PART 7) Ends PART 7b) StartsIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)d) Emperor Augustus Caesar (p.25)

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Part 7b Starts here

1) Augustus govt worked well for 200 years. This time is known as (Roman Peace)

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1) Augustus govt worked well for 200 years. This time is known as Pax Romana (Roman Peace)

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3) Roman Empire stretched from modern day Iraq in the east to in the west.

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3) Roman Empire stretched from modern day Iraq in the east to Britain in the west.

4) Roman military protected the Roman economy with the rest of the Empire and world

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5) Emperor Hadrian – codified Roman Law –same law for all provinces of Empire

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i) Meditations show his Stoic Philosophy & Commitment to .

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i) Meditations show his Stoic Philosophy & Commitment to duty

PART 7b) Ends HereIII) From Republic to Empire (p.23-25)d) Emperor Augustus Caesar (p.25)

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i) Meditations show his Stoic Philosophy & Commitment to duty

ii) Ruled like Plato’s ideal of a Philosopher king

End of Part 7b Click here

Part 8 Starts next slide

PART 8) Starts HereIV) Roman Law (p.26)a) Two Systems1) Republic Era developed laws.

2) First was the simple rules of the 12 Tables

3) Roman code expanded with: i) additional . ii) ’ opinions

4) Civil law applied only to .

5) Roman expansion problem: How would law be applied in new land of the empire?

i) Conquered territories had their own c and r .

ii) Rome needed a new system of law for both: a) b) F S .

iii) Eventually, a 2nd system of law, law of nations, emerged based on:

a) law b) reason c) philosophy

b) Common Principles1) Examples i) Innocent until proven . ii) Accused had to defense

iii) Guilt had to be proven thru quality iv) Judges the law

c) Justinian’s Code1) Roman Empire collapsed from Germanic in the 400s

2) Roman power was concentrated in the and known as the Empire

3) Byzantine Empire was at its under Emperor Justinian

4) was a collection of revised laws of ancient Rome

5) By 1100s, West Europe’s C c & medieval law based on Justinian Code

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2) Guided Reading NotesIV) Roman Law (p.26)a) Two Systems1) Republic Era developed written laws.

3) Roman code expanded with: i) additional . ii) ’ opinions

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3) Roman code expanded with: i) additional rules ii) ’ opinions

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3) Roman code expanded with: i) additional rules ii) judges’ opinions

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4) Civil law applied only to Roman citizens

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i) Conquered territories had their own custom and rules

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ii) Rome needed a new system of law for both: a) Citizens b) F S .

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ii) Rome needed a new system of law for both: a) Citizens b) Foreign Subjects

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a) Natural law b) reason c) philosophy

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a) Natural law b) Human reason c) philosophy

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PART 8) Ends PART 9) StartsIV) Roman Law (p.26)a) Two Systems1) Republic Era developed written laws.

a) Natural law b) Human reason c) Stoic philosophy

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Part 9 Starts here

b) Common Principles1) Examples i) Innocent until proven guilty ii) Accused had to defense

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b) Common Principles1) Examples i) Innocent until proven guilty ii) Accused had right to defense

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iii) Guilt had to be proven thru quality evidence iv) Judges the law

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iii) Guilt had to be proven thru quality evidence iv) Judges interpret the law

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c) Justinian’s Code1) Western Roman Empire collapsed from Germanic in the 400s

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c) Justinian’s Code1) Western Roman Empire collapsed from Germanic invaders in the 400s

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2) Roman power was concentrated in the east and known as the Empire

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2) Roman power was concentrated in the east and known as the Byzantine Empire

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3) Byzantine Empire was at its height under Emperor Justinian

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4) Justinian Code was a collection of revised laws of ancient Rome

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5) By 1100s, West Europe’s Christian church & medieval law based on Justinian Code

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PART 9) Ends HereIV) Roman Law (p.26)a) Two Systems1) Republic Era developed written laws.

5) By 1100s, West Europe’s Christian church & medieval monarchs law based on Justinian Code

Part 10 Starts next slide

PART 10) Starts HereV) Greco-Roman Civilization (p.27)

a) Basics

1) Cicero = famous Stoic Roman P .

2) Supposedly held p figures up to a high moral standard

3) Roman carried ideas of Roman C to distant lands

4) Roman civilization was a mix of G , H and Roman accomplishments

b) Roman Culture

1) From the start, Roman culture borrowed heavily from culture.

2) Romans admired art, l , p and s .

3) Roman poet noted, “ has conquered her rude conqueror.”

c) Philosophy

1) Again heavily influenced by the Greeks. 2) Also, H Philosophy of Stoicism

3) = stressed importance of duty 4) Stoics = concern for people.

d) Preserving Greco-Roman Ideas 1) C preserved some of its culture in its teachings.

2) B Empire preserved Roman law

3) Most of Europe lost Roman ideas for years known as the Ages.

4) M scholars translated & saved Greco-Roman ideas of p , m & science.

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2) Guided Reading NotesV) Greco-Roman Civilization (p.27)

a) Basics

1) Cicero = famous Stoic Roman Philosopher

2) Supposedly held p figures up to a high moral standard

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

2) Supposedly held public figures up to a high moral standard

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

3) Roman Generals carried ideas of Roman C to distant lands

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

3) Roman Generals carried ideas of Roman Civilization to distant lands

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

4) Roman civilization was a mix of Greek, H and Roman accomplishments

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

4) Roman civilization was a mix of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman accomplishments

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

1) From the start, Roman culture borrowed heavily from Greek culture.

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

2) Romans admired Greek art, l , p and s .

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

2) Romans admired Greek art, literature, p and s .

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

2) Romans admired Greek art, literature, philosophy and s .

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

2) Romans admired Greek art, literature, philosophy and science.

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

3) Roman poet Horace noted, “ has conquered her rude conqueror.”

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

3) Roman poet Horace noted, “Greece has conquered her rude conqueror.”

c) Philosophy

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

1) Again heavily influenced by the Greeks. 2) Also, Hellenistic Philosophy of Stoicism

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

3) Stoics = stressed importance of duty 4) Stoics = concern for people.

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

3) Stoics = stressed importance of duty 4) Stoics = concern for all people.

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

d) Preserving Greco-Roman Ideas 1) Christian church preserved some of its culture in its teachings.

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

2) Byzantine Empire preserved Roman law

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

3) Most of Europe lost Roman ideas for 1000 years known as the Ages.

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

3) Most of Europe lost Roman ideas for 1000 years known as the Dark Ages.

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

4) Muslims scholars translated & saved Greco-Roman ideas of p , m & science.

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a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

4) Muslims scholars translated & saved Greco-Roman ideas of philosophy, math & science.

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PART 10) Ends HereV) Greco-Roman Civilization (p.27)

a) Basics

b) Roman Culture

c) Philosophy

4) Muslims scholars translated & saved Greco-Roman ideas of philosophy, math & science.

That is it!

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