Transcript
•LEONID BREZHNEV replaces Khrushchev in 1964
•Breznev Doctrine says USSR can step in if communism is threatened in another communist state
•Life under Breznev: 1. Relaxed rule (art, lit) 2. Those who speak out (DISSIDENTS) punished.
3.Big problems such as alcoholism, poor economy & hi infant mortality
4. Also inefficient govt, weak farming system & lack of incentives
for workers.
•5. Communist ruling class corrupt & has hi living standards (compared to everyone else)
•. 1970s: US & USSR enter phase called DÉTENTE- relaxed tensions with improved relations. (US gives grain)
•1979: Soviets invade Afghanistan to est a pro Soviet govt
•Ends détente.
•Side issues: US embargo, Olympic ban
RONALD REAGAN
•Pres Ronald Reagan calls USSR the “EVIL EMPIRE”.
•US begins to build up arms & gives military aid to Afghanistan
Mikhail Gorbechev •MIKHAIL GORBECHEV leader wants to, rethink Soviet policy by 1985.
•Reformers call for PERESTROIKA- or restructuring.
PERESTROIKA•Eco was 1st focus & he started a MARKET ECONOMY-
•Based on supply & demand & resources controlled & owned by individuals who compete for profits
GORBY•1988: Gorby allows people to be elected to a new parliament & organize poli parties
• (Congress of People Deputies)
END OF THE USSR•Many problems: •92 different nationalities, 112 languages, too multiethnic & big pop.
•KGB, leaders, military don’t want to lose privileges, fear break up.
•DON’T WRITE!!•Nationalist movement
emerges w/ calls for independence in 1989-1990.
•Georgia, Latvia, Estonia, Moldavia,
Lithuania, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan
YELTSIN
. Aug 19, 1991, Commies try to arrest Gorby, but fail when
Boris Yelstin (Russia pres) & citizens stops it
•The UKRAINE moved first for independence on Dec. 1, 1991, followed by others
GONE WITH THE WIND•DON’T WRITE!!!•By late 1991- USSR doesnt exist
•Dec 25, 1991, Gorby resigns & turns it over to BORIS YELTSIN
•too many social & eco problems.
• Organized crime rises
YELTSIN•Yeltsin doesn’t want former satellite nations to join NATO & sends troops to Chechnya to keep it part of Russia.
VLADIMIR PUTIN•In 1999, Vladimir Putin replaced Yeltsin.
•DON’T WRITE!!•He cont reforms of free sale of land, tax cuts & joins World Trade Org.
•Cont. bombing of Chechnya
•Gorby said USSR would no longer interfere militarily with other nations.
•Revolutions break out across E Europe
POLAND•1980: Poland rebels•worker LECH WALESA organized a trade union called SOLIDARITY- gets support of workers & Catholic Church (POPE JOHN PAUL II
is Polish), but is arrested.
POLAND•1988 Poland agrees to free elections.
•Walesa elected pres in 1990.
• Eco problems due to fast change to free
market.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA•1988-89 demonstrations •VACLAV HAVAL elected new pres.
•2 ethnic groups emerge & 1993 split into CZECH REPUBLIC & SLOVAKIA
ROMANIA•NICOLAE CEAUSCAU- cruel dictator who murdered 1000s w/ secret police.)
•Secret police turn on Nic & execute him Christmas 1990.
•ERICH HONECKER head of Com Party in E. Germ who used secret police
• Mass demonstrations occur.
•Nov 9, 1989. Com govt opens border. 100,000 people cross west & people begin to tear down Berlin Wall.
GERMANYGermany reunited on Oct. 3, 1990.
•Many problems.
YUGOSLAVIA! DON’T WRITE
•Communist nation under Josip Tito, (but not a USSR satellite).
• Tito dies 1980 & reps from all republics & provinces in Yugoslavia meet
YUGOSLAVIA•1990: Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina & Macedonia ask for independence.
•SLOBADON MILOSVIC (Serbia leader) says no.
•Wants borders redrawn to create greater Serbian state b/c many people there were Serbs (Slavic
like in WWI)
YUGOSLAVIA
•Don’t’ write!•June 1991: Slovenia & Croatia declare independence
•Sept. 1991 Yugo army (mostly Serbs) begins attack on Croatia
•1992: Serbs hit Bosnia-Herzegovinia (Many Bosnians Muslims)
•Serbs used ETHNIC CLEANSING- killing or forcibly removing ethnic groups from lands-
•Don’t write!•By 1995, 250,000 dead
• More killed later in Kososvo
YUGOSLAVIA•DON’T WRITE: 1995 NATO gets involved.
•NATO attacks Serbs who sign treaty on Dec. 14.
•Splits Bosnia into union of Serb Republic & Muslim-Croat federation.
YUGOSLAVIA •KOSOVO- an AUTONOMOUS (self governing) area in Yugo with mostly ethnic Albanians.
•Milosevic takes away status & Kosovo Liberation Army forms against Serb rule.
YUGOSLAVIA IS GONE•Serb forces massacre ethnic Albanians
•US & NATO step in again •2000: Milosevic put on trial for war crimes. (died 2006)
• 2002 Serbia & Montenegro form union
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