Ch. 19: World War I Era Sections 3,4,5. Americans on the European Front Section 3.

Ch. 19: World War I Era

Sections 3,4,5

Americans on the European Front

Section 3

Quick Review

•What were the four M.A.I.N. causes of WWI?

•How and why did the United States move from neutrality to joining the war in 1917?

Knowledge Bombs

•Selective Service Act

•American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

•John "Blackjack" Pershing

•"The Eleventh Hour Armistice"

Mobilizing for War

•In order to win the war the entire United States economy would have to transition away from consumer goods to producing war supplies.

•Why did socialists oppose the war effort?

•The government will look towards private citizens to participate in the war effort.

Conscription

•The Selective Service Act was passed in 1917, why would it be needed?

•All men 18 or over have to register for the draft.

•Why was the public not opposed to this draft?

•24 million men register and 3 million are drafted.

•How did women participate in the war effort?

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

• Lead by General John "Blackjack" Pershing

• Comprised of volunteers and National Guardsmen

• Pershing wants to take time to train this force, but it was often cut short.

• The AEF pushes the numbers back in the Allies favor, at the Battles of Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood.

"The Eleventh Hour Armistice"

• After the Spring Offensive by the Germans fails, the war turns in the Allies favor.

• The 100 Days Offensive by the Allies pushes the Germans back.

• Germany, politically, collapses in the fall of 1918.

• The ceasefire will be signed on "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918.

• This creates a sense of vengeance amongst the German people, why?

Americans on the Home Front

Section 4

Knowledge Bombs

•Liberty Bonds

•War Industries Board (WIB)

•"Hate the Hun!"

Liberty Bonds

•The government needed money to pay for the war.

•What is a bond?

•Liberty Bonds, special bonds to support the Allied cause.

•Raised more than $20 billion.

War Industries Board

•Created in 1917 to oversee the American economy.

•Led by Bernard M. Baruch

•The WIB encouraged companies to use mass production.

•Production rose 20%

Life on the Home Front

• In 1917, Congress passed the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act, which allowed the President manage the production and distribution of these commodities.

• The Food Administration, led by Herbert Hoover, worked to increase output and reduce waste.

• Price controls, rationing, and daylight saving time

Anti-Immigrant Hysteria

•Why were German immigrants targeted in the U.S. during WWI?

•No playing of German musicians

•Hamburgers became known as Salisbury Steaks

•Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage"

•Any other examples of anti-immigrant hysteria in the United States?

"Hate the Hun"

•George Creel appointed head of the Committee of Public Information.

•Creel's job was to rally support for the war, this often takes the form of propaganda.

•What is propaganda?

•How effective was WWI propaganda?

World War I Propaganda

World War I Propaganda

World War I Propaganda

World War I Propaganda

World War I Propaganda

World War I Propaganda

Espionage and Sedition Acts• Passed in 1917

• A person could be fined $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal about the government.

• Targeted socialists like Eugene Debs.

• Newspapers and magazines lost mailing rights.

• Thousands of people were arrested and many convicted for anti-war activities.

"The Great Migration"

•How did the Great War change the vocational status of African Americans?

•Why did they leave?

•Where are they going to settle?

•More than 6 million African Americans migrated.

•With an opportunity to build a new place for themselves, what influence will they have in future decades?

Global Peacemaker

Section 5

Knowledge Bombs

•Fourteen Points

•League of Nations

•Versailles Treaty

•Article 231

Woodrow Wilson's Plan for Peace

• At the end of the war, nobody was in good shape.

• President Wilson put together an idealistic plan to create a "lasting peace" in Europe.

• His plan came to be called the Fourteen Points.

The Fourteen Points

1. No secret treaties, or alliances

2. Maintain freedom of the seas

3. Abolish or lower tariffs to encourage trade

4. Militaries should be for self-defense only

5. Colonial policies should consider needs of people

6-13. Boundary changes in Europe

14. Create a "League of Nations" for diplomacy

Treaty of Versailles• The Paris Peace Conference was led

by the Big Four: David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States.

• Wilson wanted all Fourteen Points included in the treaty and was unwilling to compromise at first.

• The treaty created nine new European countries.

• United States never approves the Treaty of Versailles, instead signs a separate treaty with Germany in 1921.

The Weaknesses of theTreaty

•Article 231, is a clause that blames Germany for the start of WWI.

•Germany will be humiliated after WWI.

•Did not include or treat any defeated nations fairly.

•Ignored the rights of colonized people's all of the world; Germany's colonies in Africa.

Looking into the Future

• Conditions in Germany after WWI led to the rise of radical leaders like Adolf Hitler.

• Hitler is focused on regaining the former glory of the German Empire and seeking revenge for the treatment of Germany.

• America and other European countries retreat into a state of isolationism.