Central Processing Unit (CPU) - ftsm.ukm.myweek2 - central processing Unit).pdf · Component of CPU Control Unit: To handle CPU Operation based on control signal. Arithmetic and Logic
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The brain of computer.Main function: to handle the information processing based on task given.3 Components:
Control Unit Register Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Component of CPU
Control Unit: To handle CPU Operation based on control signal.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit : Arithmetic Operation – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and etcLogic Operation – AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc
Register:Temporary memory space for keeping the processing result and controlling information.The are some important register for specific functions.Among them, the example of register such as:
Programming counter register – keeping for next instruction.Information Register – keeping the current running instruction
CPU, I/O Module and Main MemoryMain Memory
PC
IR
MAR
I/O BR
I/O AR
MBR
ExecutionUnit
I/O Module
Buffers
.
.
.InstructionInstruction
.
.
.Data Data
.
.
0123...
n-2n-1
SystemBus
PC = Program CounterIR = Instruction RegisterMAR = Memory Address RegisterMBR = Memory Buffer RegisterI/O AR= I/O address registerI/O BR = I/O buffer register
• Execution of Instruction
User
Computer
InstructionHigh Level Language Machine Language
The Result for Execution of Instruction
Translated
• Execution of Instruction
Read the instruction from Instruction RegisterIdentify the instructionIdentify the data placed in the memoryCollect the data and put into the internal register in CPU.Execute the instruction.Store the result into the suitable place (some related register)Read/Take the next instruction.
• Interrupt
Interrupt is the external signal sent to CPU for immediate treatmentThe processes that are being implemented by the CPU will be stopped immediately.3 type of interrupt:
ExternalUsually from I/O Peripherals
InternalFrom injustice or invalid data such as a number divided of zero.
Software From the operating system such as switch mode to use operating system
How to deal with multiple interrupts?
• Microprocessors
It is small CPU which are in chip. It is also the engine for computerCan perform arithmetic and logic operations.The first instruction was received from the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) in the ROMThen either accept the instruction from the BIOS or OS.
Major Producers of Microprocessors
Intel First product Intel 4004Introduced the term of microprocessorsCollaborated with MIcrosoft
MIPSSubsidiary of Silicon Graphic Inc.Designer for RISC
MOS TechnologyDesigned 6502 – faster and cheaperCollaborated with Apple to produce Macintosh
Other Major Producers for Microprocessors
MotorolaNECRoss TechnologySun MicrosystemsTexas InstrumentsAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD)AT&TCyrix
Digital Equipment Corporation Fairchild SemiconductorFujitsuHewlett-PackardIBMInmosIntegrated Device Technology (IDT)
Microprocessors – 1970s
4004 8008 8080 8086 8088
Introduced 15/11/71 1/4/72 1/4/74 8/6/78
10MHz
16 bit
29,000
1Mb
1/6/79
Speed Hours
108KHz 108KHz 2MHz 8MHz
Width of Bus
4 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit
Number of Transistor
2300 3500 6000 29,000
Memory 640b 16Kb 64Kb 1Mb
Microprocessors – 80an
80286 80386DX 80386SX 80486DX
Introduced 1/2/82 17/10/85 16/6/88 10/4/89
50MHz
32bit
1.2million
4Gb
Speed Hours
12.5MHz 33MHz 33MHz
Width of Bus
16bit 32bit 16bit
Number of Transistor
134,000 275,000 275,000
Memory 16Mb 4Gb 4Gb
Mikropemproses – 90an
486SX Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II
Introduced 22/4/91 22/3/93 01/11/95 07/5/97
300MHz
64bit
7.5million
64G
Speed Hours
33MHz 166MHz 200MHz
Width of Bus
32bit 32bit 64bit
Number of Transistor
1.185million 3.1million 5.5million
Memory 4M 4G 64G
Mikropemproses Intel
Chip 4004 – 4 bit processorThe first ever single chip Used in calculator4-bit data processing and 8-bit instruction.
Chip 8008 It is the first chip used seriously.The enhancement from 4004.Using 8-bit data streamThe memory size 16KB
Intel 4004
Intel Microprocessors
8080The advancement of 80084 times more memory than 800810 times faster than 8008
8085808680878088
Intel 8008
Intel 8086
Intel 8087 – Math Co Processors
Intel 80286
Replacing the 8088 microprocessor Have pins on 4 sides – 17 pins on each sideThe total of 68 pins.
24 pin for addressing signal16 pin for data 16 pin for controlling signalThe rest is for reservation
3 features of improvements:Execution of instruction simultaneouslyCan achieve 16-bit dataThe speed of processing
Intel 80286
Has 4 units functionsBus Unit
Received the necessary instruction and dataThe instruction is sent to instruction unit
Instruction UnitHold the instruction received from the bus unitSend the instruction to execution units
Execution UnitExecute the Instruction
Addressing UnitImplement the actual addressing and virtual memory
Intel 80286
Mikropemproses Intel 80286
Addressing Unit
Bus Unit
Instruction Unit
Execution Unit
Intel 80386
The first ever 32-bit chip from Intel It has 132 pinContaining 8 units of function – addressing unit and execution unit broken down into units that function independently subunit2 types
386SXMemory address 32 bitSize of data 16 bit
386DXMemory address and size of data 32 bit
Intel 80486
Used 1.2 million of transistor 168 pin
Ada 2 jenis486SX
Without Math co-processors486DX
With Math Co-processors
Intel 80486 DX
Pentium
Initially introduced as P5 or Intel 80586Some improvement in terms of:
Cache structure:For data For instruction
Wider Data BusFaster co-processorsTwo integer processors
Use 237 pins on 2 sides only as found in 8088
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
PDP series.PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer in 1960s.Used diode-transistor logic.The size of a refrigerator.
VAX VAX was an instruction set architecture (ISA).32 bit complex instruction set computer ISA.To replace PDP.
PDP - 8
DEC – VAX 8350 – based on PDP-11
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