Cells and Organelles Presented by: Mrs. Carmen Knopke.
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Cells and OrganellesCells and Organelles
Presented byPresented by
Mrs Carmen KnopkeMrs Carmen Knopke
Ten levels of biological Ten levels of biological systemssystems
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
5 Characteristics of Living 5 Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
Maintains HomeostasisMaintains Homeostasis Keeps a constant internal Keeps a constant internal
environmentenvironment
1) The 1) The prokaryoticprokaryotic cell cell bacteriabacteria
2) The 2) The EukaryoticEukaryotic cell cell Contain membrane bound Contain membrane bound
organellesorganelles
The prokaryotic cellThe prokaryotic cell
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes
bull 1) No membrane bound organelles1) No membrane bound organelles
bull 2) Simple and small unicellular 2) Simple and small unicellular organismsorganisms
bull 3) Simple DNA3) Simple DNA
bull 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary fissionfission
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Ten levels of biological Ten levels of biological systemssystems
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
5 Characteristics of Living 5 Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
Maintains HomeostasisMaintains Homeostasis Keeps a constant internal Keeps a constant internal
environmentenvironment
1) The 1) The prokaryoticprokaryotic cell cell bacteriabacteria
2) The 2) The EukaryoticEukaryotic cell cell Contain membrane bound Contain membrane bound
organellesorganelles
The prokaryotic cellThe prokaryotic cell
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes
bull 1) No membrane bound organelles1) No membrane bound organelles
bull 2) Simple and small unicellular 2) Simple and small unicellular organismsorganisms
bull 3) Simple DNA3) Simple DNA
bull 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary fissionfission
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
5 Characteristics of Living 5 Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
Maintains HomeostasisMaintains Homeostasis Keeps a constant internal Keeps a constant internal
environmentenvironment
1) The 1) The prokaryoticprokaryotic cell cell bacteriabacteria
2) The 2) The EukaryoticEukaryotic cell cell Contain membrane bound Contain membrane bound
organellesorganelles
The prokaryotic cellThe prokaryotic cell
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes
bull 1) No membrane bound organelles1) No membrane bound organelles
bull 2) Simple and small unicellular 2) Simple and small unicellular organismsorganisms
bull 3) Simple DNA3) Simple DNA
bull 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary fissionfission
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
1) The 1) The prokaryoticprokaryotic cell cell bacteriabacteria
2) The 2) The EukaryoticEukaryotic cell cell Contain membrane bound Contain membrane bound
organellesorganelles
The prokaryotic cellThe prokaryotic cell
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes
bull 1) No membrane bound organelles1) No membrane bound organelles
bull 2) Simple and small unicellular 2) Simple and small unicellular organismsorganisms
bull 3) Simple DNA3) Simple DNA
bull 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary fissionfission
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
The prokaryotic cellThe prokaryotic cell
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes
bull 1) No membrane bound organelles1) No membrane bound organelles
bull 2) Simple and small unicellular 2) Simple and small unicellular organismsorganisms
bull 3) Simple DNA3) Simple DNA
bull 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary fissionfission
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes
bull 1) No membrane bound organelles1) No membrane bound organelles
bull 2) Simple and small unicellular 2) Simple and small unicellular organismsorganisms
bull 3) Simple DNA3) Simple DNA
bull 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary 4) Reproduce by slitting called Binary fissionfission
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Azotobacter chroococum 40X 40X HM
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Staphylococcus aureus 100X 40X (enlarged to 100X)
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Archaebacteria (mixed) 100X
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100X
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Sarcina lutea 100X
Diplococcus pneumoniae 100X Staphylococcus aureus 100X
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100X
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Bacillus megaterium 100X
Clostridium perfringens 100X Shigella dysenteriae 100X
Corynebacterium diptheriae 100X
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Spirillum serpens 100X
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Spirochaete 100X
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
The eukaryotic cellThe eukaryotic cell
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
1)1) Bigger and more Bigger and more complex than complex than
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells2) Contain membrane-2) Contain membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
There are 4 types of eukaryotic There are 4 types of eukaryotic cellscells
1) PLANT1) PLANT2) ANIMAL2) ANIMAL3)FUNGI 3)FUNGI
4) PROTIST4) PROTIST
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Major cellular organellesMajor cellular organelles
bull NucleusNucleusndash NucleoliNucleoli
bull Rough Rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Smooth Smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum
bull Golgi complexGolgi complex
bull LysosomesLysosomes
bull PeroxisomPeroxisomeses
bull MitochondrMitochondriaia
bull ChloroplastChloroplastss
bull RibosomesRibosomes
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structure and functionStructure and function
Adapted from Campbell Reece amp Mitchell Biology 6 th edition 2002with permission of Pearson Education Inc
Type of cell Structure Function
nerve cell has long extensions transmits signals
muscle cellhas proteins that
slide back and forthcontracts
skin cell closely joined protects
Connective cell
contain many fibersholds structures
together
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Function of the Cell WallFunction of the Cell Wall
bull Protect the intracellular contentsProtect the intracellular contents
bull Bestows rigidityBestows rigidity
bull Provides porous medium for circulation Provides porous medium for circulation and distribution of water minerals and and distribution of water minerals and other nutrientsother nutrients
bull Houses specialized molecules that Houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect plant from regulate growth and protect plant from disease disease
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationLocation
bull Surrounds the cell Surrounds the cell membrane on membrane on plant cellsplant cells
Plant Wall Cell Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Where is this Structure Found Where is this Structure Found in the Bodyin the Body
bull Nowhere in living Nowhere in living organismsorganisms
bull Only found in the Only found in the stomach after stomach after eating a salad or eating a salad or some other plant some other plant mattermatter
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
FunctionFunction
bull The membrane is the flexible boundary The membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment
bull The plasma membrane allows steady The plasma membrane allows steady supply of nutrients to come into the cellsupply of nutrients to come into the cell
bull Semi-permeableSemi-permeablendash Allows some molecules to pass through Allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others outwhile keeping others out
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
StructureStructure
bull Phosholipid bilayerPhosholipid bilayerndash Two layers of Two layers of
phospholipidsphospholipidsbull Interior fatty acid Interior fatty acid
tailstailsbull Exterior phospholipid Exterior phospholipid
heads heads bull Creates a water-Creates a water-
soluble barrier soluble barrier ((hydrophilichydrophilic headsheads) ) in the outer surfaces in the outer surfaces and a water-insoluble and a water-insoluble in the middle in the middle ((hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails))
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structure in relation to Structure in relation to functionfunctionbull It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the It gives the cell shape by attaching itself to the
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton
bull It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-It forms tissue by attaching itself to the extra-cellular matrix to group cells together cellular matrix to group cells together
bull Help transfer molecules in and out of cellHelp transfer molecules in and out of cell
bull Accepts chemical signals such as nerve Accepts chemical signals such as nerve impulses and hormone activity impulses and hormone activity
bull Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the Help metabolism (enzyme activity inside the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell) to serve as a defense mechanism for the cell cell
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
What cells to find them inWhat cells to find them in
bull Cell membrane is Cell membrane is found in every found in every living cell living cell
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
DefinitionDefinitionbull Cytoplasm is a Cytoplasm is a
jelly-like material jelly-like material that fills a cellthat fills a cell
bull Consists of cytosol Consists of cytosol and the all cellular and the all cellular organelles except organelles except the nucleusthe nucleus
bull It is known as the It is known as the ldquomolecular souprdquo ldquomolecular souprdquo in which organelles in which organelles are suspended and are suspended and held together by held together by the fatty the fatty membranemembrane
bull A common A common analogy is that it is analogy is that it is jello that holds still jello that holds still and suspends all and suspends all that is in it that is in it
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
StructureStructure
bull The cytoplasm is a jelly like The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that is made up of material that is made up of mostly water mostly clear mostly water mostly clear in colorin color
bull Because it liquefies when it Because it liquefies when it is shaken or stirred it is is shaken or stirred it is more like a gel then a more like a gel then a watery substance watery substance
bull Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm contains cytosol which is cytosol which is made up made up of water salts organic of water salts organic molecules and many molecules and many enzymesenzymes
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structure to FunctionStructure to FunctionbullCytoplasm has three main functions energy storage and manufacturing
bullEach of the organelles it holds performs a specific cellular function
bullThe cytoplasm is composed of components that benefit the cell and keep the organelles separate from one another
bullIts many enzymes catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Cells in BodyCells in Bodybull Cytoplasm can Cytoplasm can
be found in be found in eukaryotic eukaryotic cells which cells which are plant cells are plant cells and in the and in the prokaryotic prokaryotic cells which cells which are plant cellsare plant cells
bull The cytoplasm The cytoplasm in animal cells in animal cells is much larger is much larger than that than that found in the found in the plant cellplant cell
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
The Function of the NucleusThe Function of the Nucleus
bull The Nucleus is the control center of The Nucleus is the control center of the cell it is able to control process the cell it is able to control process that occur in the cellthat occur in the cell
bull The Nucleus holds and duplicates the The Nucleus holds and duplicates the DNA required for cell divisionDNA required for cell division
bull The Nucleus is where the synthesis The Nucleus is where the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occursof ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
The Location of the NucleusThe Location of the Nucleusbull The nucleus is found only The nucleus is found only
all eukaryotic cells all eukaryotic cells
bull In animal cells the In animal cells the nucleus is found near the nucleus is found near the center of the cell In plant center of the cell In plant cells the large vacuole cells the large vacuole pushes it to the sidepushes it to the side
bull The nucleus is one of the The nucleus is one of the only organelles visible only organelles visible from a standard from a standard microscopemicroscope
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Nucleus LocationNucleus LocationAnimal Cell Plant Cell
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
StructureStructure
bull The Nucleus is usually round in shapeThe Nucleus is usually round in shape
bull It is surrounded by a nuclear It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope quite similar to the cell envelope quite similar to the cell membranemembrane
bull The nuclear envelope has holes The nuclear envelope has holes known as nuclear poresknown as nuclear pores
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Which Cells in the Body Which Cells in the Body Have a NucleusHave a Nucleus
bull Most cells in the Most cells in the human body have a human body have a nucleusnucleus
bull One exception is the One exception is the blood cell (Erythrocyte)blood cell (Erythrocyte)
bull Because these cells Because these cells have no nucleus they have no nucleus they have no DNAhave no DNA
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Cell Power House Cell Power House bull Organelle found in most eukaryotic cellsOrganelle found in most eukaryotic cellsbull Mitochondria are sometimes described as Mitochondria are sometimes described as
cellular power plants cellular power plants ndash They convert organic materials into energy in They convert organic materials into energy in
the form of ATP via the process of oxidative the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
ndash Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life Hence fuel the energy-hungry reactions of life
bull They take in fuel molecules derived from They take in fuel molecules derived from sugars and fats harvest the energy in sugars and fats harvest the energy in their chemical bonds with the aid of their chemical bonds with the aid of oxygen and spit out ATPoxygen and spit out ATP
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Structure
bull A mitochondrion contains ofA mitochondrion contains ofndash Outer and inner membranes Outer and inner membranes
bull It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and It is Composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins proteins
bull The two membranes have different properties The two membranes have different properties
bull Due to this membrane organization there are Due to this membrane organization there are 5 distinct compartments within the 5 distinct compartments within the mitochondriamitochondria
ndash The intermembrane space The intermembrane space ndash The cristae space The cristae space ndash The matrix The matrix
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
(Illustration ndash Eric R Russell)
Enzymes
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Matrixand Function Matrix
bull The matrix contains soluble enzymes The matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic moleculesand other small organic molecules
bull The matrix of the mitochondria also The matrix of the mitochondria also contains the mitochondrias DNA and contains the mitochondrias DNA and ribosomesribosomesndash Mitochondria replicate their DNA and Mitochondria replicate their DNA and
divide mainly in response to the energy divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell needs of the cell
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Relation Between Structure Relation Between Structure and Function Cristeaand Function Cristea
bull Due to the cristaeDue to the cristaendash Reactions have a greater surface area to Reactions have a greater surface area to
take place in take place in ndash If the cristae were not there the inner If the cristae were not there the inner
membrane would be reduced to a single membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape offering a smaller area for spherical shape offering a smaller area for these reactions to occur these reactions to occur
bull With the cristae the surface area for With the cristae the surface area for these proteins is greatly increased and these proteins is greatly increased and so are a necessity for the mitochondria so are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficientlyto function efficiently
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Creating EnergyCreating Energy
bull A dominant role for the mitochondria A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP is the production of ATP ndash Reflected by the large number of Reflected by the large number of
proteins in the inner membrane for this proteins in the inner membrane for this task task
bull This is done by oxidizing the major This is done by oxidizing the major products of glycolysis products of glycolysis ndash pyruvate and NADH pyruvate and NADH
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesThe ChloroplastThe ChloroplastNancy Nguyen Nancy Nguyen
George MavritsakisGeorge Mavritsakis
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
What are chloroplastsWhat are chloroplastsbull Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts are placids that contain chlorophyll
and other pigmentsand other pigments
bull They are used in the process of photosynthesisThey are used in the process of photosynthesis
bull Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy Photosynthesis is the capture of light energy from the sun to produce free energy stored in from the sun to produce free energy stored in ATP and NADPHATP and NADPH
bull Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo Greek words ldquochlorosrdquo means green and ldquoplastrdquo means organelle or cellmeans organelle or cell
bull Found in plant cells not present in animal cellsFound in plant cells not present in animal cells
bull Similar to a Similar to a solar powered calculatorsolar powered calculator which which captures light to produce energy needed for it captures light to produce energy needed for it work work
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Function of StructureFunction of Structurebull Stroma fluid inside the Stroma fluid inside the chloroplast composed chloroplast composed of circular DNA and of circular DNA and ribosomesribosomes
bull Most proteins encoded Most proteins encoded in nucleus but the in nucleus but the protein products are protein products are directed towards the directed towards the chloroplasts chloroplasts
bull Chlorophyll found in Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast makes the chloroplast makes the plant cells greenthe plant cells green
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Function of Structure Function of Structure ThylakoidsThylakoidsbull Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are Thylakoid stacks found in the stroma are
sub-organelles where process of sub-organelles where process of photosynthesis is carried outphotosynthesis is carried out
bull Single stack of thylakoid called a Single stack of thylakoid called a granumgranum
bull Looks like a flattened diskLooks like a flattened disk
bull Empty space inside caleld the lumenEmpty space inside caleld the lumen
bull Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of Photosynthesis taken on the membrane of the thylakoidthe thylakoid
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Pictures Lots a PicturesPictures Lots a Pictures
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Cells you find them inCells you find them in
bull The Nucleolus is found in only plant The Nucleolus is found in only plant and animcal cellsand animcal cells
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Ohhs and AhhhsOhhs and Ahhhs
An actively growing cell can produce An actively growing cell can produce about 10000 ribosomes per minuteabout 10000 ribosomes per minute
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
What cells this occurs inWhat cells this occurs in
bull Human cells- there are a few million in Human cells- there are a few million in each celleach cell
bull Bacteria- there are a few thousand in Bacteria- there are a few thousand in each celleach cell
bull Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a Animal cells- there are a thousand ndash a million depending on which animalmillion depending on which animal
bull Prokaryotic cells and EukaryoticProkaryotic cells and Eukaryoticndash They are bigger in Eukaryotic cells thoughThey are bigger in Eukaryotic cells though
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationLocation
bull Most are attached the Most are attached the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum but some are found in but some are found in the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull Each ribosome is made Each ribosome is made up of 3 RNA strands up of 3 RNA strands and 54 proteins woven and 54 proteins woven into 2 separate but into 2 separate but untangle lumps untangle lumps
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Written by Written by
Ceyda YaramanogluCeyda Yaramanoglu
Tabatha TitsworthTabatha Titsworth
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationhellipLocationhellip
bull CytoplasmCytoplasm
bull Along with nuclear envelope golgi Along with nuclear envelope golgi complex and lysosomeshellipetc complex and lysosomeshellipetc
bull Surrounds portion of the nucleus Surrounds portion of the nucleus
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
THE SYSTEMhellipTHE SYSTEMhellip
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structure of the Rough Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulumbull Network of flattened sacs and Network of flattened sacs and
branching tubules that extends branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm throughout the cytoplasm
bull Composed of one membrane Composed of one membrane
bull that membrane system is that membrane system is composed of the plasma composed of the plasma membrane membrane
bull Contain ribosomes (produce Contain ribosomes (produce protein)protein)
bull Thatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGHThatrsquos why itrsquos called ROUGH
bull Connected to nuclear envelopeConnected to nuclear envelope
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
What cells include rough What cells include rough ERERbull All eukaryotic cells All eukaryotic cells
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Why is that itrsquos structureWhy is that itrsquos structure
bull membranemembrane allows allows molecules to molecules to be selectively be selectively transferred transferred between the between the lumen and the lumen and the cytoplasm cytoplasm
bull pipeline pipeline between the between the nucleus and nucleus and the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
The word endoplasmic The word endoplasmic means means
the cytoplasm and the the cytoplasm and the word reticulum is derived word reticulum is derived from a word meaningfrom a word meaning
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
bull Spreading throughout Spreading throughout the cytoplasm the cytoplasm
bull It is a folded system of It is a folded system of membranes that loop membranes that loop back and forth giving it back and forth giving it a very large surface a very large surface area area
bull Attached to the nuclear Attached to the nuclear membranemembrane
bull A specialized part of the A specialized part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum is the golgi apparatusis the golgi apparatus
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
bull a) lipid a) lipid metabolismmetabolism
bull b) synthesis of b) synthesis of steroid base steroid base hormoneshormones
bull c) detoxification c) detoxification of drugsof drugs
bull d) breakdown of d) breakdown of glycogenglycogen
bull e) absorption and e) absorption and transportation of transportation of fatsfats
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Function Function
bull Itrsquos function is to Itrsquos function is to process proteins process proteins targeted to plasma targeted to plasma membrane membrane lysosomes or lysosomes or endosomes and endosomes and those that will be those that will be form from the cell form from the cell and sort them within and sort them within vesiclesvesicles
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structure of Golgi ApparatusStructure of Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous The Golgi Apparatus consists of membranous structure itrsquos made up of a stack of structure itrsquos made up of a stack of flattened cisternae which carries Golgi flattened cisternae which carries Golgi enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel enzymes to modify cargo proteins that travel through them that are destine for other parts through them that are destine for other parts of the cell and similar vesicles of the cell and similar vesicles
bull The cisternae also carries structural proteins The cisternae also carries structural proteins that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten that are vital for its maintenance as a flatten membrane and its stacking upon each othermembrane and its stacking upon each other
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Cells with Golgi ApparatusCells with Golgi Apparatus
bull The Golgi The Golgi Apparatus is found Apparatus is found in most eukaryotic in most eukaryotic cells which are cells which are plants animals plants animals and fungiand fungi
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationLocation
bull The Golgi Body is The Golgi Body is located within the located within the cell where itrsquos cell where itrsquos adjacent to the adjacent to the nucleusnucleus
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Pictures Light MicroscopePictures Light Microscope
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Diagram of locationDiagram of location
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
FunctionFunctionbull Plant Cell Vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole
ndash Is a versatile compartmentIs a versatile compartmentndash Store organic compoundsStore organic compounds
bull ProteinsProteinsndash The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic The vacuole is also the plantrsquos main respository of inorganic
ionsionsbull potassiumpotassiumbull chloridechloride
ndash Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that Use vacuoles as disposal sites for metabolic by-products that would be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasmwould be dangerous if they accumulated in cytoplasm
ndash Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the Some enriched in pigments that color the cells such as the red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating red and blue pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects to flower insects to flower
ndash Help protect the plant against predators because they contain Help protect the plant against predators because they contain compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animalscompounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
ndash Help maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing upHelp maintain Turgor Pressure to keep the plant standing up
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structural FunctionsStructural Functionsbull The Large vacuole of a plant cellThe Large vacuole of a plant cell
ndash Develops by the coalescence of smaller Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles themselves derived from the vacuoles themselves derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusapparatus
bull Although plant cells generally lack the Although plant cells generally lack the specialized lysosomes found in animal specialized lysosomes found in animal cells the vacuole functions as the cells the vacuole functions as the plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment plant cellrsquos lysosomal compartment containing hydrolytic enzymes that containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest stored macromolecules and digest stored macromolecules and recycle molecular components from recycle molecular components from organellesorganelles
bull Vacuoles are an integrated part of the Vacuoles are an integrated part of the endomembrane systemendomembrane system
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
What do Lysosomes doWhat do Lysosomes do
bull Lysosomes are Lysosomes are used for the used for the digestion of macro digestion of macro moleculesmolecules
bull They are also used They are also used to digest the ldquoleft to digest the ldquoleft oversrdquo from the oversrdquo from the cellular respirationcellular respiration
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
ContCont
bull They are also They are also programmed to do programmed to do autophagic cell death autophagic cell death which means the which means the lysosome bursts and lysosome bursts and kills the cell kills the cell
bull They are the cells They are the cells ldquogarbage systemrdquoldquogarbage systemrdquo
bull They can also be They can also be known as ldquosuicide known as ldquosuicide bagsrdquobagsrdquo
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
StructureStructure
bull Lysosomes have a very acidic Lysosomes have a very acidic environment (Ph 48)environment (Ph 48)
bull The lysosomes single cell stabilizes The lysosomes single cell stabilizes the low pH by pumping protons (H+) the low pH by pumping protons (H+) from the cytosolfrom the cytosol
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Where are they locatedWhere are they locatedbull Lysosomes are found in Lysosomes are found in
both plant and animal both plant and animal cells but there very cells but there very rare in plant cellsrare in plant cells
bull Lysosomes are built in Lysosomes are built in the golgi apparatusthe golgi apparatus
bull They are mostly found They are mostly found in single celled in single celled organisms like organisms like parameciums and parameciums and amebas amebas
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationLocation
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Location (cont)Location (cont)
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Structure Related to Structure Related to FunctionFunctionbull Outside of cell wallOutside of cell wall
ndash Needs to connect with other cellsNeeds to connect with other cellsndash Easier to get nutrients from the outsideEasier to get nutrients from the outside
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
What CellsWhat Cells
bull All plant cellsAll plant cells
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
LocationLocation
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
A CentrioleA Centriolebull Centrioles are composed of nine Centrioles are composed of nine
Microtubules and help organize Microtubules and help organize chromosomes during Mitosis or the chromosomes during Mitosis or the division of cells division of cells
bull In animal cells they are found in the In animal cells they are found in the center of the centrosome perpendicular center of the centrosome perpendicular to each otherto each other
bull They also help form pat of the hair like They also help form pat of the hair like projections like cilia or the flagellaprojections like cilia or the flagella
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Definition of MicrofilamentsDefinition of Microfilaments
bull The microfilaments are the smallest The microfilaments are the smallest filaments in the cytoskeleton filaments in the cytoskeleton
bull The cytoskeleton serves as support and The cytoskeleton serves as support and as a movement mechanism for cellsas a movement mechanism for cells
bull Main purpose is to maintain structural Main purpose is to maintain structural integrity of cellintegrity of cell
bull The microfilaments are like the bones The microfilaments are like the bones and muscle of a living animal and muscle of a living animal ndash They provide the structural support and allow They provide the structural support and allow
the cell to move the cell to move
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Location of the Location of the MicrofilamentsMicrofilamentsbull The microfilaments The microfilaments
are spread are spread throughout the throughout the entire cell entire cell immersed in the immersed in the cytoplasm cytoplasm
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
The structure to functionThe structure to functionbull Can carry out cellular movements like Can carry out cellular movements like
gliding contractiongliding contraction
bull Microfilaments are important in cytokinesisMicrofilaments are important in cytokinesisndash Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and Cytokinesis is the split of the cytoplasm and
occurs during mitosesoccurs during mitoses
bull Participate in some cell to cell junctionsParticipate in some cell to cell junctions
bull They anchor the centrosomes at opposite They anchor the centrosomes at opposite poles during mitoses poles during mitoses
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
Cells with this StructureCells with this Structure
bull All eukaryotic cells have a All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton which therefore means cytoskeleton which therefore means they have microfilamentsthey have microfilaments
bull There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton There is a prokaryotic cytoskeleton but it is made from different proteins but it is made from different proteins
- Ten levels of biological systems
- Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Major cellular organelles
- Slide 20
- Structure and function
- Function of the Cell Wall
- Slide 23
- Location
- Where is this Structure Found in the Body
- Function
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Structure in relation to function
- What cells to find them in
- Definition
- Slide 32
- Structure to Function
- Cells in Body
- The Function of the Nucleus
- The Location of the Nucleus
- Nucleus Location
- Slide 38
- Which Cells in the Body Have a Nucleus
- Cell Power House
- Slide 41
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Mitochondria Structure
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Relation Between Structure and Function Matrix
- Relation Between Structure and Function Cristea
- Creating Energy
- What are chloroplasts
- Function of Structure
- Function of Structure Thylakoids
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Pictures Lots a Pictures
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Cells you find them in
- Ohhs and Ahhhs
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- What cells this occurs in
- Slide 64
- Slide 66
- Locationhellip
- THE SYSTEMhellip
- Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- What cells include rough ER
- Why is that itrsquos structure
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Function
- Slide 76
- Structure of Golgi Apparatus
- Cells with Golgi Apparatus
- Slide 79
- Pictures Light Microscope
- Diagram of location
- Slide 82
- Structural Functions
- What do Lysosomes do
- Cont
- Slide 86
- Where are they located
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Slide 90
- Location (cont)
- Structure Related to Function
- What Cells
- Slide 94
- Slide 95
- A Centriole
- Definition of Microfilaments
- Location of the Microfilaments
- The structure to function
- Cells with this Structure
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