Catalogue of Building Types in India

SeismicVulnerabilityAssessmentofBuildingTypesinIndia

CompilationofCatalogueofBuildingTypologiesinIndia

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group of

IIT Bombay

IIT Guwahati

IIT Kharagpur

IIT Madras

IIT Roorkee

Submitted to

National Disaster Management Authority

Government of India

September 15, 2013

CompilationofCatalogueofBuildingTypologiesinIndia

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group, consisting of the following authors, has contributed to the report:

IIT Bombay

Mahendra Meena

Rohan Shinde

Ashish Sapre

Ravi Sinha

Alok Goyal

IIT Guwahati

SK Deb

Kaustubh Dasgupta

Hemant B Kaushik

IIT Kharagpur

Nirjhar Dhang

Sushanta Chakrabarty

Arghya Deb

IIT Madras

ArunMenon

A Meher Prasad

Devdas Menon

CVR Murty

Deepti R Krrishnan

IIT Roorkee

Yogendra Singh

DK Paul

Putul Haldar

Aditya Rahul

Ankita Sood

Table of Contents

List of Tables .................................................................................................................v

Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vii

Chapter 1 Project Background ....................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Building Typology for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment ........................2

Chapter 3 Proposed Building Typologies for India ....................................................4

Chapter 4 Field Surveys by IITs ...............................................................................11

Chapter 5 Building Typologies Prevalent Across Various Regions of the Country .22

5.1 RANDOM RUBBLE STONE WITH MUD/LIME MORTAR (MAST) .............................................................. 22

5.2 DRESSED STONE MASONRY WITH CEMENT MORTAR (MCST) ............................................................... 24

5.3 UNREINFORCED BRICK MASONRY IN MUD/LIME MORTAR (MHBW) ...................................................... 27

5.4 UNREINFORCED BRICK MASONRY IN CEMENT MORTAR (MJBW) .......................................................... 29

5.5 MASONRY MIXED STRUCTURE WITH TIMBER, BAMBOO AND OTHER WOOD ELEMENTS (MRMS) ................. 31

5.6 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY LOADS ONLY (CAMF) ........................................ 34

5.7 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME DESIGNED WITH SEISMIC FEATURES (CBMF) .......................................... 36

5.8 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH UNREINFORCED MASONRY INFILL WALLS (CCMF) ............................ 38

5.9 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE (CDMF) ................................................... 43

5.10 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH OPEN GROUND STOREY STRUCTURE (CGMF) ................................. 45

5.11 STEEL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH LIGHT WEIGHT PARTITIONS (SCMF) .......................................... 47

5.12 STEEL BRACED FRAME WITH VARIOUS FLOOR/ROOF SYSTEMS (SDBF) .................................................... 49

5.13 STEEL LIGHT METAL FRAME SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURE (SELF) ............................................................. 49

5.14 STEEL MIXED STRUCTURE WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE (SGMS) .......................................................... 51

Chapter 6 Building Typologies in Various Regions of the Country .........................55

6.1 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR NORTH REGION ..................................................................................... 55

6.2 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR NORTH EAST REGION ............................................................................. 57

6.3 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR EAST REGION ........................................................................................ 59

6.4 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR WEST REGION....................................................................................... 60

6.5 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR SOUTH REGION ..................................................................................... 62

Chapter 7 Discussions ...............................................................................................64

References ....................................................................................................................65

ANNEXURE 1.............................................................................................................66

ANNEXURE 2 Catalogue of Building Types for North Region .................................68

ANNEXURE 3 Catalogue of Building Types for North East Region .......................107

ANNEXURE 4 Catalogue of Building Types for East Region .................................150

ANNEXURE 5 Catalogue of Building Types for West Region ................................167

ANNEXURE 6 Catalogue of Building Types for South Region ...............................212

List of Tables

Table 3.1 Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ............................................ 5

Table 3.1(a) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 6

Table 3.1(b) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 7

Table 3.1(c) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 8

Table 3.1(d) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 9

Table 3.1(e) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ..................................... 10

Table 4.1 Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Bombay ........................................... 11

Table 4.1(a) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Madras* ..................................... 12

Table 4.1(b) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Roorkee ...................................... 16

Table 4.1(c) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Guwahati* .................................. 18

Table 4.1(d) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Kharagpur ................................. 20

Table 5.1 Building Typology: Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) .... 23

Table 5.2 Building Typology: Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) ..... 25

Table 5.3 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) .......................................................................................................................... 27

Table 5.4 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime/cement mortar (MJBW) ........................................................................................................................... 29

Table 5.5 Building Typology: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) ................................................................................................. 32

Table 5.6 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) ................................................................................................................... 35

Table 5.7 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) ............................................................................................................. 36

Table 5.8 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) ......................................................................................................... 38

Table 5.9 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)............................................................................................................................ 43

Table 5.10 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)........................................................................................................... 45

Table 5.11 Building Typology: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) ............................................................................................................................ 48

Table 5.12 Building Typology:With various floor/roof systems (SDMF) ......................... 49

Table 5.13 Building Typology: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) . 50

Table 5.14 Building Typology: Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) .......................................................................................................................................... 51

Abstract

The past few decades have witnessed an increase in the number of damaging earthquakes in India, with tendamaging earthquakes occurring during the last two decades itself. The vast extent of damage and the consequent loss of life associated with these events reflect the poor construction practice in India. Before the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, constructions with poor seismic resistance were assumed to be a feature of non-urban areas, with urban structures considered safer due to the use of engineering knowledge and modern construction materials. However, this earthquake shattered the myth of urban seismic safety through widespread damage to modern buildings. The low awareness among the general public towards structural safety and the inability of regulatory bodies and technical professionals in maintaining quality standards in constructions has created an urgent need to educate the leaders, public, city planners, architects and the engineering professional about the consequences of earthquakes.

There is thus a need to develop standard building typology catalogues of prevalent construction types in India, and to further determine the seismic vulnerability of each class of building in the catalogue. When classes of buildings are considered for risk assessment, the vulnerability can be established in terms of the structural characteristics, and suitable modifiers to the vulnerability function can be established in terms of the geometrical characteristics. Since the construction practices vary in different parts of the country even when using the same construction material, the vulnerability function of different buildings in the typology catalogue will need to be developed for each region separately.

This report presents a summary of the building typologies proposed for India. The proposed building typology is hierarchical, and considers material of construction, structural system, structural irregularities, building height, code compliance and level ofmaintenance. The building typology catalogue is also developed in a format that is amenable to database management and use of portable computing devices for field data collection.

Chapter 1 Project Background

India, being a large country, faces continuous threat from natural or manmade disasters in different parts of the country. Earthquake disaster is one such challenge which is sudden and leaves no time for preparation unlike others such as flood or hurricane where advance warning is possible. Earthquake risk reduction requires knowledge of likely consequences of an earthquake in the region or area of interest. Since the impact of earthquakes is strongly dependent on the strength of constructions in the affected area, realistic assessment is feasible only if the nature of constructions and their ability to withstand earthquakes is known. As a result, it is imperative to know about the different types of building constructions in the country and their seismic vulnerability, i.e., expected performance during earthquakes. Use of this knowledge when formulating earthquake risk reduction programs will not only help to reduce human and economic loss, but also to decide the long term actions to increase earthquake resistance of the built environment.

The seismic vulnerability quantifies the propensity of types of buildings to be damaged due to specified ground motions. When carrying out risk assessment of large areas, where the built environment information may be available only at low resolution, vulnerability of the buildings implied in macro-seismic intensity scales is most commonly used. There is thus a need to develop standard building typology catalogues of prevalent construction types in India, and to further determine the seismic vulnerability of each class of building in the catalogue. When classes of buildings are considered for risk assessment, the vulnerability can be established in terms of the structural characteristics, and suitable modifiers to the vulnerability function can be established in terms of the geometrical characteristics. Since the construction practices vary in different parts of the country even when using the same construction material, the vulnerability function of different buildings in the typology catalogue will need to be developed for each region separately.

Keeping above objectives in mind an ambitious project “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Building Types in India” was started in June-2011. Project, funded and monitored by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), was taken up jointly by 5 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). To account for the regional construction practices five different IITs in different parts of the country were chosen: (1) IIT Roorkee – North Region,(2) IIT Guwahati – North East Region, (3) IIT Kharagpur – East Region, (4) IIT Bombay – West Region, and (5) IIT Madras – South Region. The overall project coordinated by IIT Bombay and Prof Ravi Sinha wasProject Coordinator. The main aim of the project was to define building typologies for Indian construction and to assess their seismic vulnerability.

Chapter 2 Building Typology for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

The earthquake resistance of buildings greatly influences seismic losses. The overwhelming majority of deaths and injuries in earthquakes occur because of the disintegration and collapse of buildings, and much of the economic loss and social disruption caused by earthquakes is also attributable to the failure of buildings and other human-made structures.

Studies of earthquake damage show that some types of construction tend to be more vulnerable than others. The form of construction of the main vertical load-bearing elements is one of the main determinants of vulnerability of a building. For instance, a building with unreinforced masonry walls can be expected to be much more vulnerable than a timber frame building. Thus, preparation of a building typology catalogue and using the catalogue for seismic vulnerability assessment is necessary (Coburn and Spence, 2002).

A standard building typology catalogue has not been prepared in the country that considers the resistance of buildings to earthquake ground motions as the primary criteria. Preliminary efforts in classifying construction typology for housing in India highlight the diversity in materials and technologies used in construction within the country (EERI-IAEE, 2002).

From the understanding of the problem and the observations regarding wide variation in behaviour of buildings to earthquake ground motions, it is important that a Building Typology Catalogue of India be prepared from seismic vulnerability considerations. The building types given in the catalogue should further be analysed to determine the vulnerability of the each building type. This should also consider the modifications to the vulnerability due to geometric and/or structural modifiers. The outcome of this effort can then provide invaluable information for carrying out earthquake damage scenario analysis, and thereby help to quantify the seismic risk in different parts of the country.

The necessity of preparing a building typology catalogue in the country and determination of seismic vulnerability of different building types has been recognised by experts. In the absence of a building typology catalogue, the Buildings Materials Technologies Promotion Council (BMTPC) has used housing census data for preparing the Vulnerability Atlas of India. The Atlas has provided potential damageability of different buildings on the basis of their material of construction. A more detailed assessment has not been feasible in any country-wide study in the absence of the building typology catalogue, the seismic vulnerability functions and more detailed information on built environment.

Some damage scenario studies have considered the seismic vulnerability of some building types in pilot areas (Arya, 2008, Sinha and Adarsh, 1999, Gulati, 2006, Prasad et al.,

2009). These studies have considered sample areas and have provided earthquake damage scenario based on the available information and limited data collection. The structural characteristics of buildings in these studies were not collected to develop the building typology catalogue and thus not directly useful for this work. Apart from modern constructions in urban and semi-urban areas, vernacular architecture and non-engineered, traditional construction techniques are widespread, not only in rural and semi-urban areas, but they also constitute a majority of the dwellings in urban historical nuclei. Hence there is a need to quantify the seismic resistance of such traditional constructions.

Chapter 3 Proposed Building Typologies for India

Based on building typologies adopted world-wide for seismic vulnerability, the building typology catalogue for Indian conditions is proposed.

Important international models of building typologies for seismic vulnerability have been evaluated for their technical details and relevance to Indian constructions. These models have been used in different parts of the world. It is noted that the initial proposals for building typology were primarily aimed to improve the ability to assess damage intensity following an earthquake. The typology thus consisted of broad classifications based on the material of construction or a combination of material of constriction and the basic structural system. Over time, as tools for seismic risk assessment were developed, the building typologies have been extended to provide useful data for risk assessment.

It is also seen that very few countries have country-specific building typology. Researchers in several other countries have used standard typology available in published literature.

The recent developments in building typology have considered the requirements of more advanced risk assessment methodologies. These typology catalogues therefore require much larger number of parameters. The typology has been defined consistent with the requirement of vulnerability assessment or for specification of vulnerability functions. It is noted that the parameters used in typology catalogue facilitate selection of vulnerability functions from an ensemble of standard functions.

The Typology Catalogue for Indian buildings has been proposed after evaluating the typology catalogues in other parts of the world. In addition, the proposed typology catalogue has also considered the peculiarities of construction practice in India and experiences from past earthquakes. Parameters such as material of construction, load resisting system, number of storeys, horizontal and vertical irregularities,quality of construction and level of ground are considered for categorization of buildings. It is proposed that buildings can be given unique 12 letters alpha-numeral code following the survey. The survey form and methods are not included in this report and are covered elsewhere. However, it may be mentioned that the survey will cover a much large number of attributes so that in addition to identification of the building type, the survey will also provide useful information regarding exposure and likely consequences of damage due to an earthquake.

Table 3.1 classifies buildings in various categories. A unique alpha-numeric 12 letters code is assigned to each building typology. Each of the parameter considered has been given a two letter code (Alphabet/Numeric).

Table 3.1 Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M

Sub- Types

Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)

Parameters Building Category No. of Stories Irregularity

Quality of Constru-ction

Level of Ground

Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof)

Stone Masonry Walls

Number of stories in the building (01-99)

Horizontal Only (HO)

Vertical Only

Horizontal and Vertical both

Code complied and Good

Code complied and Poor

Not codecomplied and Good

Not code complied and Poor

Level Ground (LG)

Sloping Ground

MASTXXXXXXXX

Massive stone masonry (in lime/cement mortar)

-do- -do- -do- -do- MBSTXXXXXXXX

Dressed stone (regular shape) masonry (in lime/cement mortar)

-do- -do- -do- -do- MCSTXXXXXXXX

Mud walls

Earthen/Mud/

Adobe/RammedEarthen Walls

-do- -do- -do- -do- MDEWXXXXXXXX

Mud walls with horizontal wood elements

-do- -do- -do- -do- MEEWXXXXXXXX

Adobe block walls

(F) -do- -do- -do- -do-

MFEWXXXXXXXX

Rammed earth/Pise construction

-do- -do- -do- -do- MGEWXXXXXXXX

Table 3.1(a) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M

Sub- Types

Level of Ground

Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar

Burnt clay brick/block masonry walls

-do- -do- -do- -do- MHBWXXXXXXXX

Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts

-do- -do- -do- -do- MIBWXXXXXXXX

Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar

-do- -do- -do- -do- MJBWXXXXXXXX

Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs

-do- -do- -do- -do- MKBWXXXXXXXX

Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems)

-do- -do- -do- -do- MLBWXXXXXXXX

Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams

-do- -do- -do- -do- MMBWXXXXXXXX

Unreinforced lime/cement (various floor/roof) (N)

Concrete block masonry

(CB) -do- -do- -do- -do- MNCBXXXXXXXX

Table 3.1(b) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M

Sub- Types

Level of Ground

Reinforced, in cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)

Concrete block masonry

(CB) -do- -do- -do- -do-

MOCBXXXXXXXX

With reinforced concrete (P)

Mixed Structure (MS)

-do- -do- -do- -do- MPMSXXXXXXXX

With composite steel

-do- -do- -do- -do- MQMSXXXXXXXX

With timber, bamboo or others (R)

-do- -do- -do- -do- MRMSXXXXXXXX

Designed for gravity loads only (predating seismic codes i.e. no seismic features)

Moment Resisting Frame

-do- -do- -do- -do- CAMFXXXXXXXX

Designed with seismic features (various ages)

-do- -do- -do- -do- CBMFXXXXXXXX

Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls

-do- -do- -do- -do- CCMFXXXXXXXX

Flat slab structure

(D) -do- -do- -do- -do- CDMFXXXXXXXX

Precast frame structure

-do- -do- -do- -do- CEMFXXXXXXXX

Frame with concrete shear walls (dual system)

-do- -do- -do- -do- CFMFXXXXXXXX

Table 3.1(c) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M

Sub- Types

Level of Ground

Open ground storey structure (G)

Moment Resisting Frame (MF)

-do- -do- -do- -do- CGMFXXXXXXXX

Walls cast in-situ

(H) Shear Wall Structure

-do- -do- -do- -do- CHSWXXXXXXXX

Precast wall panel structure

-do- -do- -do- -do- CISWXXXXXXXX

With load bearing masonry (J)

-do- -do- -do- -do- SJMSXXXXXXXX

With composite steel

-do- -do- -do- -do- SKMSXXXXXXXX

With timber, bamboo or others (L)

-do- -do- -do- -do- SLMSXXXXXXXX

With brick masonry partitions

Moment Resisting Frame

-do- -do- -do- -do- SAMFXXXXXXXX

With cast in-situ concrete walls

-do- -do- -do- -do- SBMFXXXXXXX

With lightweight partitions

-do- -do- -do- -do- SCMFXXXXXXX

With various floor/roof systems

Braced Frame

(BF) -do- -do- -do- -do- SDBFXXXXXXXX

Single storey LM frame structure

Light Metal Frame

(LF) -do- -do- -do- -do- SELFXXXXXXX

With load-bearing masonry (F)

-do- -do- -do- -do- SFMSXXXXXXX

With Reinforced Concrete (G)

-do- -do- -do- -do- SGMSXXXXXXX

Table 3.1(d) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M

Sub- Types Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)

Parameters Building Category No. of

Stories Irregularity

Level of Ground

With composite steel and concrete vertical members (H)

-do- -do- -do- -do- SHMSXXXXXXX

With Timber, Bamboo or others(I)

-do- -do- -do- -do- SIMSXXXXXXX

Thatch roof

Load Bearing Timber Frame

-do- -do- -do- -do- WATFXXXXXXXX

Post and beam frame

(B) -do- -do- -do- -do-

WBTFXXXXXXXX

Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)

-do- -do- -do- -do- WCTFXXXXXXX

Frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill

-do- -do- -do- -do- WDTFXXXXXXXX

Frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing

-do- -do- -do- -do- WETFXXXXXXX

Frame with stud walls

(F) -do- -do- -do- -do-

WFTFXXXXXXXX

Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (G)

-do- -do- -do- -do- WGTFXXXXXXXX

Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (H)

-do- -do- -do- -do- WHTFXXXXXXXX

Thatra with timber plank partitionswith light weight sloping roof (I)

WITFXXXXXXXX

Thatra with timber plank partitionswith heavy/stone sloping roof (J)

WJTFXXXXXXXX

Table 3.1(e) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M

Sub- Types Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)

Parameters Building Category No. of

Stories Irregularity

Level of Ground

Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitionswith light weight sloping roof (K)

Load Bearing Timber Frame

-do- -do- -do- WKTFXXXXXXXX

Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone sloping roof (L)

-do- -do- -do- -do- WLTFXXXXXXXX

Kath-Kunni walls with stone packingwith light weight sloping roof (M)

-do- -do- -do- -do- WMTFXXXXXXXX

Kath-Kunni walls with stone packingwith heavy/stone sloping roof (N)

-do- -do- -do- -do- WNTFXXXXXXXX

Thatch roof (A) Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions‘Bunga’ (BF)

-do- -do- -do- -do- BABFXXXXXXXX

Building Category column in Table 3.1 gives a unique 12 letter code for each typology where values of X will be values specified in columns: Number of Stories, Irregularity, Quality of Construction and Ground slope. Code for the Number of stories will be same as number of stories (2 digit code) of the building.

Chapter 4 Field Surveys by IITs

A number of field survey visits at pilot scale were carried out by survey teams of IITs. The details of these surveys are given below in Table 4.1 and Tables 4.1(a) to 4.1(d) for IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Roorkee, IIT Guwahati, and IIT Kharagpur respectively.

Table 4.1 Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Bombay

No. State District/City

Survey Dates Survey Teams

1. Maharashtra

Latur 19th June to 22nd June,

1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay

Karad 11th July to 14th July,

2. Gujarat

Bhuj 14thMay to 19th May,

1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 4. Paresh Vishnoi, 2nd Year M.Tech Student, IIT Bombay

Ahmedabad 30th July to 3rd August,

1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 4. Saurabh Shiradhonkar, Research Scholar, IIT Bombay

3. Goa North Goa 2nd July to 6th 1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay

No. State District/City

Survey Dates Survey Teams

July, 2012 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay

South Goa 2nd July to 6th

July, 2012

Table 4.1(a) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Madras*

No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams

1. Andhra Pradesh

Nellore 9th July to 11th

July, 2012

1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr CVR Murty, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu,Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras

Prakasam 12th July to 13th

July, 2012

1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr A Meher Prasad, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project

Consultant, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras

2. Kerala

Kottayam 25th June to

27th June,2012

1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 3. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras

Thrissur 28th June to

29th June, 2012

1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr A Meher Prasad, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project Consultant, IIT Madras 4. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras

5. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 12. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras

3. Tamil Nadu

Chennai

28th May to 1st June, 2012

3rd July to 5th July, 2012

1. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project Consultant, IIT Madras 2. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 3. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras

Kancheepuram 6th July, 2012

1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 3. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer

Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras

Coimbatore 17th July to 20th

July, 2012

1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr A Meher Prasad, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Dr Devdas Menon, Professor, IIT Madras 4. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project Consultant, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 6. Mr. S. Dinakaran, Project Officer, IIT Madras 7. Mr. Senthil Kumar, Project Officer, IIT Madras

Notes:

*The team from IIT Madras collaborated with the following teams from local engineering colleges in Kerala and TamilNadu.

1. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam, KERALA

Faculty

1. Dr A. Praveen, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Students

1. Mr. Sooraj B 2. Mr. Nithin Cherian Mathew 3. Mr. Arjun S 4. Mr. Deepak Vijay 5. Mr. Sreejith PS 6. Mr. Shibin P Shaji 7. Mr. Vishnu Ramesh

8. Mr. Jithin Boss KJ

2. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Faculty

1. Mr. Kiran CJ, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Students

1. Mr. Ranjith, KB 2. Mr. Sreejith, KS 3. Mr. Sarath, N 4. Mr. Sreekrishna Murali Panicker

3. Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore

Faculty

1. Prof. Meenambal, Dept. of Civil Engineering 2. Prof. Arockiaraj, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Students

1. Mr. Ligin Somasundaram 2. Mr. N. Raju 3. Ms. Stefi Stephen 4. Ms. J. Arockia Leo Preethy

Table 4.1(b) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Roorkee

1. NCR-Delhi

South Delhi and

Ghaziabad (Rural)

1. 5th August 2011

2. 10th September to 22nd October, 2011 (Weekends)

3. 25th June to 3rd July, 2012

1. Dr. Shilpa Pal, Assistant Professor, GBU, Greater NOIDA 2. Dr. S.M. Mudassir, Associate Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 3. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 4. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 5. Mr. Akhilesh Kumar, PG Student, GBU 6. Mr. Bhanu Pratap Singh, PG Student, GBU

2. Uttarakhand Mussoorie, 1. 5th January

to 12th 1. Dr. Yogendra Singh, Associate Professor, IIT Roorkee

Dehradun,

Haridwar, Roorkee, and

nearby villages

January, 2012

2. 26th May to 1st June, 2012

3. 20th June to 23rd June 2012

2. Mr. D.S. Narsimha, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 3. Mr. Vijay N. Khose, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 4. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 5. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 6. Mr. Veereswara Rao, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 7. Mr. Mitesh Surana, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 8. Mr. A. Pramodh, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 9. Mr. Atir Hassan Saifi, Work Hire, IIT Roorkee

3. Uttar

Pradesh

Muzaffarnagar and nearby

villages

1. 10th August to 12th August, 2012

2. 18th August to19th August, 2012

1. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 2. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 3. Ar. Deeplaxmi Nulkar, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 4. Ar. Arshiya Ahmed, PG Student, IIT Roorkee

Himachal Pradesh

(H.P.)

Hamirpur, Kangra, Chamba, Shimla, Kinnaur,

Lahaul Spiti, and nearby

villages

1. 7th to 17th Sept., 2011

2. 4th to 16th Nov., 2011

3. 8th to 18th June, 2012

1. Dr. Hemant Kumar Vinayak, Assistant Professor, NIT Hamirpur 2. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 3. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee

Table 4.1(c) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Guwahati*

1. Arunachal Pradesh

Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri

26th June to 10th August, 2012

1. Techi Nabo, Assistant Engineer, PWD 2. Mano Tayeng, Assistant Engineer, PWD 3. Shanam Yomso, Assistant Engineer, PWD 4. Tumken Ete, Assistant Engineer, PWD 5. Tumken Lollen, Assistant Engineer, PWD 6. Dawa Norbu, Assistant Engineer, PWD

East Siang 20th June to 30th

June, 2012

West Kameng

15th July to 25th July, 2012

Upper Siang and West

20th June to 30th June, 2012

Changlang and Tirap

15th July to 17th August, 2012

Tawang 20th June to 10th August, 2012

2. Assam

Kamrup (Guwahati

and suburbs)

15th June to 17th August, 2012

1. Sudip Paul, M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 2. Nithin V.L., M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 3. Syed Humayun Basha, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 4. Rhitwika Barman, Associate Project Engineer, IIT Guwahati 5. Thainswemong Choudhury, PhD Student, IIT Guwahati 6. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 7. V. Dineshkumar, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 8. Sandeep Patil, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 9. Benazir F. Ahmed, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 10. Arijit Acharya, M.Tech. student, IIT Guwahati 11. Snehal Kaushik, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati, 12. Sreya Dhar, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati 13. Nishant Sharma, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati

Silchar and Hailakandi

1st July to 17th August, 2012

1. Anowar H. Laskar, Ph.D. Student, NIT Silchar 2. Ruhul A.Mazumdar, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar 3. Samarjit Kalita, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar

Jorhat 17th August to 18th August,

1. Sudip Paul, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 2. Nithin V.L., M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 3. Thainswemong Choudhury, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 4. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati

3. Meghalaya

East Khasi Hills

20th June to 31st July, 2012

1. Tennyson Kharmujai, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 2. Kerius Khongmen, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 3. Lashanlang Rynjah, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 4. Comingstarful Marthong, Faculty, Shillong Polytechnic College

Jaintia Hills 20th June to 31st

July, 2012

1. Joelvanstar Tymmenngiang, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 2. Janson David Warjri, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 3. Michael Andrew Duia, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College

West Garo Hills

20th June to 31st July, 2012

1. Protin Rabha, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 2. Nikcheng Ch. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 3. Popalson A. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College

4. Mizoram Aizawl

20th September to 23rd

September, 2012

*Survey dates provided by IIT Guwahati are flexible as they have carried out the field surveys over the span of months subject to rainy season and hilly area.

Table 4.1(d) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Kharagpur

1. Orissa Bhubneshwar and Cuttack

16th August to 18th August,

1. Prof. Nirjhar Dhang, IIT Kharagpur 2. Prof. S. Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur 3. Prof. A. Deb, IIT Kharagpur 4. Md Riyaz Ali, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 5. Mr. M. Pramodh, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur

6. Mr. Sanjay Balakrishnan, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur Mr. Rohit Singh Karakoti, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur

2. West

Bengal Kolkata

10th August to 12th August,

1. Prof. Nirjhar Dhang, IIT Kharagpur 2. Prof. S. Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur 3. Prof. A. Deb, IIT Kharagpur 4. Md Riyaz Ali, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 5. Mr. M. Pramodh, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 6. Mr. Sanjay Balakrishnan, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 7. Mr. Rohit Singh Karakoti, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur

Chapter 5 Building Typologies Prevalent Across Various Regions of the Country

Based on the series of field surveys carried out by various IITs across the country, most of the building typologies from Table 3.1 are validated. Out of 12 letter unique alpha-numeric code, 4 letter code is used to describe the building typology based on the primary material of construction and load resisting system. These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeric code.

Building typologies which are common in all regions of the country are listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 5. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 6. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 7. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 8. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 9. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 11. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 12. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 13. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 14. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)

5.1 Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)

Random rubble stone is of irregular shape, including small or medium-size river stones, smooth stone boulders with rounded edges, or stones from a quarry. Sometimes, these round stones are partially dressed to achieve a relatively regular shape. These stones are usually laid in a low-strength mortar such as mud or lime mortar. The wall thickness is usually on the order of 600 mm, but it can be excessively large—up to 2 m. In many instances, the exterior walls in the building are constructed first and the interior walls are constructed later without any connection. Some example buildings of this typology are illustrated below in Table 5.1

Table 5.1 Building Typology: Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)

Sr. No.

Place Example Building Characteristics

1. Random rubble stone with white sand mortar

1.A dry stone masonry house

2. A type frame is used for roof.

1. Masonry with random rubble stone and bricks

2. Mud mortar

Sr. No.

Stone-masonry walls with roof of timber planks and timber truss; house of Monpa tribe

1. RRM plinth

2. Timber posts and wall panels

3. Timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles

5.2 Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)

Dressed stone masonry is constructed using stones of regular shape that look like solid blocks. A stone with a rectangular or square face is also called ashlar, hence the name ashlar masonry. Mortar in dressed stone masonry walls is usually of poor quality, however the seismic resistance is superior compared to other types of stone masonry due to frictional forces between adjacent stones. The thickness of dressed stone masonry walls is in the range of 300 to 600 mm. A few examples of dressed stone masonry with cement mortar buildings are shown below in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Building Typology: Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)

Sr. No.

1. Dressed stone unit used for construction in Bhuj rural area

1. Stone masonry with cement mortar

2. Stone masonry building having thick roof (more than 8 inch thick)

1. Sloping Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles

2. Stone masonry walls with cement mortar

Sr. No.

1. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar

1.Stone masonry in cement mortar 2. Built after 1993 Latur earthquake

Sr. No.

1.Mangalore tiles sloping roof building

5.3 Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)

This type of construction is generally found in rural areas. Typically, this is a single-story construction. The main load-bearing elements are unreinforced brick masonry walls in mud/lime mortar built without any seismic provisions. This construction type has been in practice for less than 100 years. There are typically no foundations in buildings of this type.There is no special provision for the lateral load transfer; in general, these buildings are very weak against the earthquake loads.

Table 5.3 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)

Sr. No.

1. Residential and Commercial occupancy

2. Re-entrant corners

3. Year of construction:1938

4.Good workmanship

5.Different storey heights present

Sr. No.

1.Unreinforced brick in mud mortar

1. Wooden roof

2. Load bearing unreinforced brick walls

1. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar

2. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof

Sr. No.

1. Stone masonry with mud mortar

3. Articulated gable walls

4. Few cross walls

1. URM laterite stone with LM

2. RRM plinth

3. Sloped roof with timber truss, Mangalore tiles

4. School building

5.4 Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)

Unlike the above mentioned building typology MHBW, in this typology cement mortar is used instead of mud mortar. This type of construction is also typical in rural areas.

Table 5.4 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime/cement mortar (MJBW)

Sr. No.

1. Poor quality of masonry without any earthquake resistant feature

2. Poor foundation leading to crack due to settlement.

1. Half brick thick interior walls without ant band

A typical lintel over windows and doors – no band

Sr. No.

Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar without bands

1. URM cement block/clay brick with CM

2. No lintel band

3. Raised dry pack RRM plinth

4. On river embankment

5. Pitched roof (steel tubes, AC sheeting)

1. URM, laterite blocks and CM

2. RRM plinth

3. RC plinth band, lintel band

4. RC flat and sloped roofs

5.5 Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)

This building typology comprises masonry as well as timber, bamboo and other wood elements in one single structure. It is also called mixed construction where major construction is masonry with some other wood elements.

Table 5.5 Building Typology: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)

Sr. No.

1. Wooden column resting on stone block

2. Wooden column embedded in walls

1.Unreinforced masonry walls

2. Nadiya roof type Mangalore tiles

1.Bunga construction roof

Sr. No.

1. Masonry walls with wooden roof

1. Stone masonry with wooden post

1. Wooden beam/slab with mud mortar

Sr. No.

1. Building with wooden vertical posts

2.Composite structure with mud mortar and cement mortar

1. Masonry mixed structure

2. Wooden balconies

3. GI sheet roof

1. Laterite stone blocks with lime mortar (LM)

2. Wood panels

3. Timber floor

4. Timber truss roof with ties and braces, Mangalore tiles

5.6 RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)

This building typology consists only frame structure which design only for gravity loads, no seismic features are considered in the design of this type of buildings.

Table 5.6 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)

Sr. No.

Discontinuity in vertical member of a school building

1. Moment resisting frame stricture 2. Curved beam

3. Commercial shops on the ground floor

1. RC frame structure

2. Apartment building

Sr. No.

1. Under construction moment resisting frame building

2. Unreinforced brick masonry infill walls

1.Building partially on stilts

2. Repaired building

5.7 RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)

This building typology contains frames structures like CAMF but design by considering seismic features.

Table 5.7 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)

Sr. No.

1.Base isolated structure in Killari

1. Base isolating footing

Sr. No.

1. Base Isolated Hospital in Bhuj

1. Base isolating footing

5.8 RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

This typology contains frame structure with the non-load bearing walls which is not braced by reinforced beams.

Table 5.8 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

Sr. No.

1. Building under construction

1. Highly Irregular Plans

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

Building for residential purposes

Sr. No.

RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls and partial open ground storey; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes

1.Multi-storey building

2. Sunshades

1.Building with torsional irregularity

2. Communication tower on roof top

4. Stiffness irregularities

Sr. No.

1. Open storey at the ground floor,

Residential multi-storey apartment

1. RC frame residential bunglow

1. RC frame government guest house

Sr. No.

1. Residential bunglow

2. Brick masonry infill walls

1. Building partially on stilts

2. Commericial shops on ground floor

Sr. No.

1. RC with infill masonry

2. RC floor slab

3. Independent villas

4. Regular frame

1. RC with infill masonry (G+2)

2. RC floor slab

3. No offset between buildings

4. .Cantilevers

5. Narrow plot configuration

5.9 RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)

This building types comprises flat slabs which are thick enough and do not contain beams. Flat slab are provided to avoid the beam so that enough head space can be provided.

Table 5.9 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)

Sr. No.

1. Flat slab structure with Circular columns

Tapered columns at floor levels

1. Latur DCC bank 2. Only 7 storey building in Latur 3. Non-structural cladding

Sr. No.

1.Hospital building with circular columns

5.10 RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)

This typology consist typical frame structures with stilts/open ground floors.

Table 5.10 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)

Sr. No.

1.Building partially on stilts

2.Communication tower

Sr. No.

1. Building under construction with open ground storey

1. Open ground storeys for parking

Residential building with parking space at bottom

Sr. No.

Partially open ground storey building

Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)

1. RC with infill cement block masonry (G+5)

2. RC floor slabs

3. RC footings

4. No seismic design

5. Open ground storey (OGS)

5.11 Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)

It consists of steel moment resisting frame with light weight partition walls such as GI sheets.

Table 5.11 Building Typology: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)

Sr. No.

1.Steel Girder and columns

2. GI sheets partition walls

1.Steel Girder and columns

2. GI sheets partition walls

Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)

Sr. No.

1. Multi-storey industrial unit

5.12 Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF)

This typology includes steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems

Table 5.12 Building Typology:With various floor/roof systems (SDMF)

Sr. No.

1. Steel structure

2. Braced frame

3. Steel beams and columns

4. Steel roof

5.13 Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)

This building type includes steel light metal structures with single storey

Table 5.13 Building Typology: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)

Sr. No.

1.Steel Frame structure

1.GI sheet roof

1.I-section steel beams

Sr. No.

1. Industrial unit

2. Steel Columns

5.14 Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)

Table 5.14 Building Typology: Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)

Sr. No.

1.GI sheets partitions

Sr. No.

1. Commercial steel structure

1. Steel roof

2. Steel beams

3. Steel and RC composite structure

1. First floor steel partition

Sr. No.

1. Industrial unit

1. RC and steel composite structure

Sr. No.

1.RC frame structure with GI sheets

Chapter 6 Building Typologies in Various Regions of the Country

Region-wise distribution of building typologies is given below:

6.1 Building Typologies for North Region

After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Roorkee in the north region, 19 building typologies were identified and are listed below:

1. Thathara with timber plank partitions and light weight sloping roof (WITF) 2. Thathara with Dhajji-Diwari partitions and light weight sloping roof (WKTF) 3. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF) 4. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF) 5. Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber

roof) (MAST) 6. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 7. Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW) 8. Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 10. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 11. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

slabs (MKBW) 12. Unreinforced concrete block in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)

(MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)

The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is

likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out. For example, there were some new/composite typologies identified in the north region after the finalisation of the building typology matrix. These building types are listed below:

New/composite building typologies which were identified in the North Region:

1. Thathara with infills of stone masonry in mud mortar and light weight sloping roof 2. Thathara with infills of dry stone and light weight sloping roof 3. Thathara with infills of brick masonry in cement mortar and light weight sloping roof 4. Thathara with timber plank partitions and flat roof 5. Thathara with Kath-Kunni infill walls 6. Thathara with mixed infill walls 7. Mixed Kath-Kunni construction 8. Kath-Kunni construction with flat roof 9. Mixed rammed earth/Pise construction 10. Dry rubble stone masonry with flat slab 11. Mixed dry rubble stone masonry 12. RC moment resisting frame with open intermediate storey structure 13. RC moment resisting frame with mixed infills 14. Unreinforced brick masonry and RBC slab structure 15. Rectangular (dressed) stone with mud mortar

The list of building typologies which were not identified during the pilot field survey is given below.

1. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 2. Mud Walls (MDEW) 3. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 6. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems)(MOCB) 7. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 8. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 9. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 11. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 12. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 13. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 14. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 15. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 18. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 19. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 20. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 21. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 22. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 23. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 24. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 25. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF) 26. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 27. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)

(WCTF)

28. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 29. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 30. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 32. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 33. Load bearing timber frame Thathara with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WJTF) 34. Load bearing timber frame Thathara with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WLTF) 35. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

The above mentioned building typologies identified in the NorthRegion of the country are illustrated in Annexure 2.

6.2 Building Typologies For North East Region

After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Guwahati in the north east region, 25 building typologies were identified and are listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Mud Walls (MDEW) 4. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

slabs (MKBW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 10. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 11. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF 15. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 16. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 18. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 19. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 20. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

21. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF)

22. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 23. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)

(WCTF) 24. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 25. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF)

Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight sloping roof (WMTF)

The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out.

1. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 2. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 3. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 4. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 5. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MNCB) 6. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MOCB) 7. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 8. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 9. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 11. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 12. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 13. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 14. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 15. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 16. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 17. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 18. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 19. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 20. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 21. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 22. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 23. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 24. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight

sloping roof (WITF) 25. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WJTF) 26. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with light weight

sloping roof (WKTF) 27. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WLTF) 28. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WNTF)

The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in the North East Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 3.

6.3 Building Typologies For East Region

After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Kharagpur in the east region, 21 building typologies were identified and are listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 7. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 8. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 9. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 11. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 14. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 15. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 18. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 19. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 20. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 21. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS)

1. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 2. Mud Walls (MDEW) 3. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 4. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 5. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 8. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MNCB) 9. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MOCB) 10. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 11. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 12. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF)

13. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 14. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 15. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 17. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 18. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS)

(WCTF) 22. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 23. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 24. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 25. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 26. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 27. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight

sloping roof (WLTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight

sloping roof (WMTF) 32. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WNTF) 33. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in East Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 4.

6.4 Building Typologies For West Region

After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Bombay in the west region, 32 building typologies were identified and are listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Mud Walls (MDEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW)

10. Unreinforced in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) (MNCB) 11. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 12. Concrete block masonry with cement mortar (MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 15. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 16. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 18. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 19. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 20. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 21. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 22. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 23. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 24. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 25. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 26. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 27. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 28. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 29. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 30. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 31. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 32. Timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)

1. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 2. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 3. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 4. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MOCB) 5. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 6. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 7. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 8. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS)

(WCTF) 12. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 13. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 14. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 15. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 16. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight

sloping roof (WITF)

17. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone sloping roof (WJTF)

18. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with light weight sloping roof (WKTF)

19. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone sloping roof (WLTF)

20. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight sloping roof (WMTF)

21. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)

22. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in West Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 5.

6.5 Building Typologies For South Region

After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Madras in the north region, 32 building typologies were identified and are listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 9. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 10. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MNCB) 11. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 12. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 13. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 20. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 21. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 22. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 23. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 24. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 25. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 26. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)

27. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 28. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 29. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF) 30. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 32. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF)

1. Mud Walls (MDEW) 2. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 3. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 4. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 5. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MOCB) 6. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 7. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 8. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 9. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 10. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 11. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 12. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)

(WCTF) 13. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 14. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 15. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 16. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight

sloping roof (WLTF) 20. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight

sloping roof (WMTF) 21. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone

sloping roof (WNTF) 22. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in South Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 6.

Chapter 7 Discussions

The present documentfocuses on standard building typology catalogue proposed for seismic vulnerability assessment in India. It discusses building typologies which are common in various parts of the country. The proposed building typologies were validated by pilot field surveys carried out in various parts of the country by respective IITs. It was noted that though the building typology may be same for two different regions, the local variations in terms of methods and quality of construction are quite different. Especially the non-engineered building typologies in various regions have such local variations. Thus, it gives an insight into building typologies prevalent in different parts of the country as well.

References

Coburn, A. and Spence, R. (2002). Earthquake Protection, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2nd Edition, Chichester, England.

EERI-IAEE (2002). World Housing Encyclopaedia Report – Country: India Gulati, B.(2006). "Earthquake risk assessment of buildings: The applicability of HAZUS in

Dehradun, India", MSc. Thesis, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, 2006. Prasad, J.S.R., Singh, Y., Kaynia, A.M. and Lindholm, C. (2009). "Socioeconomic clustering

in seismic risk assessment of urban housing stock", Earthquake Spectra, 25(3), 619-641.

Sinha, R., Shaw, R., Goyal, A., Choudhary, M.D., Jaiswal, K., Saita, J., Arai, H., Pribadi K. And Arya, A.S.(2001). "The Bhuj Earthquake of January 26, 2001", Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Centre, Miki, Japan.

ANNEXURE 1

The Project team would like to express their gratitude to the following for facilitating to prepare the documentand enable the team to meet the NDMA project objectives.

1. Dr. B. Bhattacharjee, Hon'ble Member, NDMA 2. Prof. A.S. Arya, Prof, Emeritus, IITR 3. Mr. Saurabh Shiradhonkar, Research Scholar, IIT Bombay 4. Mr. Paresh Vishnoi, 2nd Year M.Tech Student, IIT Bombay 5. Mr. S. Dinakaran, Project Officer, IIT Madras 6. Mr. Senthil Kumar, Project Officer, IIT Madras 7. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 12. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 13. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 14. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 15. Dr. Shilpa Pal, Assistant Professor, GBU, Greater NOIDA 16. Dr. S.M. Mudassir, Associate Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 17. Ar. Deeplaxmi Nulkar, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 18. Ar. Arshiya Ahmed, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 19. Mr. Akhilesh Kumar, PG Student, GBU 20. Mr. Bhanu Pratap Singh, PG Student, GBU 21. Mr. D.S. Narsimha, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 22. Mr. Vijay N. Khose, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 23. Mr. Veereswara Rao, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 24. Mr. Mitesh Surana, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 25. Mr. A. Pramodh, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 26. Mr. Atir Hassan Saifi, Work Hire, IIT Roorkee 27. Dr. Hemant Kumar Vinayak, Assistant Professor, NIT Hamirpur 28. Mr. Techi Nabo, Assistant Engineer, PWD 29. Mr. Mano Tayeng, Assistant Engineer, PWD 30. Mr. Shanam Yomso, Assistant Engineer, PWD 31. Mr. Tumken Ete, Assistant Engineer, PWD 32. Mr. Tumken Lollen, Assistant Engineer, PWD 33. Mr. Dawa Norbu, Assistant Engineer, PWD 34. Mr. Sudip Paul, M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 35. Mr. Nithin V.L., M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 36. Mr. Syed Humayun Basha, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 37. Ms. Rhitwika Barman, Associate Project Engineer, IIT Guwahati 38. Mr. Thainswemong Choudhury, PhD Student, IIT Guwahati

39. Mr. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 40. Mr. V. Dineshkumar, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 41. Mr. Sandeep Patil, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 42. Mr. Benazir F. Ahmed, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 43. Mr. Arijit Acharya, M.Tech. student, IIT Guwahati 44. MS. Snehal Kaushik, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati, 45. MS. Sreya Dhar, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati 46. Mr. Nishant Sharma, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati 47. Mr. Anowar H. Laskar, Ph.D. Student, NIT Silchar 48. Mr. Ruhul A.Mazumdar, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar 49. Mr. Samarjit Kalita, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar 50. Mr. Sudip Paul, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 51. Mr. Nithin V.L., M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 52. Mr. Thainswemong Choudhury, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 53. Mr. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 54. Mr. Tennyson Kharmujai, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 55. Mr. Kerius Khongmen, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 56. Mr. Lashanlang Rynjah, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 57. Mr. Comingstarful Marthong, Faculty, Shillong Polytechnic College 58. Mr. Joelvanstar Tymmenngiang, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic

College 59. Mr. Janson David Warjri, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 60. Mr. Michael Andrew Duia, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 61. Mr. Protin Rabha, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 62. Mr. Nikcheng Ch. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 63. Mr. Popalson A. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 64. Mr. Md Riyaz Ali, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 65. Mr. M. Pramodh, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 66. Mr. Sanjay Balakrishnan, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 67. Mr. Rohit Singh Karakoti, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur

ANNEXURE 2 Catalogue of Building Types for North Region

After a series of field surveys in the States in Northern India viz. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) and Delhi-NCR by IIT Roorkee survey teams, following building typologies are identified for north region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:

1. Thathara with timber plank partitions and light weight sloping roof (WITF) 2. Thathara with Dhajji-Diwari partitions and light weight sloping roof (WKTF) 3. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF) 4. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF) 5. Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber

roof) (MAST) 6. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 7. Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW) 8. Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 10. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 11. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs

(MKBW) 12. Unreinforced concrete block in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)

(MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)

These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeral code.

These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below through some example buildings during various field visits.

Sr. No.

1 Example

Place K

e buildings surveyed

Example

d in North

es Building

h Region

BuilThatplanklightroof

1. Ahousfloorand thathcornplan

BuilThatplanlightroof

1. Atypic

1.Muthathverabetwsuppwoo

Characteris

lding Categthara with ti

nk partitionst weight slof (WITF)

A small thathse with grour of stone wfirst floor hharas at all ners with wonks partition

lding Categthara with t

A three storecal thathara

Mud plasteredhara at cornandah and inween the rooported over oden posts

gory: imber

s and oping

hara und

wall has

ooden ns

gory: imber

s and oping

ey a house

gory: imber

s and oping

d ners of n of is

Sr. No.

Example

es Building

1. Embe se

2. Winfilstore

BuildThathDiwalight roof

1. Dinfilcons

BuilThattypeTypo

1. Wcertacourlowe

2. Wpartistore

Characteris

mpty thathaeen

Wooden plall in the uppey

ding Categhara with Dari partitionweight slop(WKTF)

Dhajji Dewarll in a thathastruction

lding Categthara with m

es of infills (ology)

Wooden courain intervalsrses of stoneer floors

Wooden planitions in theey

gory: imber

s and oping

ara can

anks as per

gory: Dhajji-ns with ping

ri as ara

gory: mixed (New

rses at s in e –

nks e upper

Sr. No.

Example

es Building

BuilThatKun(New

1. Win bestonmud

BuilThatof stmudweig(New

1. Aon sl

2. Afloorarea abov

3. befirst out

BuilThatof stmudweig(New

1. Thsuppbeam

Characteris

lding Categthara with K

nni infill waw Typology

Wooden memetween cour

ne masonry id mortar

lding Categthara with itone masonrd mortar andght sloping w Typology

A thathara holoping site

Area of grour is smaller

a of the floorve

eams suppot floor are je

lding Categthara with itone masonrd mortar andght sloping w Typology

hathara porting the rm can be se

gory: Kath-lls

mbers rses of in

gory: nfills ry in d light roof

nd than r

orting etting

gory: nfill ry in d light roof

ridge en

Sr. No.

Example

es Building

BuilThatof drweig(New

1. Thplast

2. Dbetw

3. Thfloorwithwill of be

BuilThatof brcemlightroof

1. Bwithhas rearli

BuilThatplanflat rTypo

1. Aroof plastwall

2. Uwooto su

Characteris

lding Categthara with iry stone andght sloping w Typology

hathara hastered

Dry stone paween thathar

he gap betwr beams is f

h loose stonresult in slieams

lding Categthara with irick masonr

ment mortar t weight slof (New Typo

Brick masonrh cement moreplaced theier material

nk partitionsroof (New ology)

A house withf and mud tered thathrls.

Unhewn thinoden logs arupport the r

gory: nfill d light roof

cking ras

ween filled es, iding

gory: nfill ry in and

oping ology)

ry ortar e

gory: imber

h flat

ra and

n re used oof

Sr. No.

Place Examples Buildings Characteristics

Building Category: Thathara with timber plank partitions and flat roof (New Typology)

1. A house with flat roof and mud plastered thathra and walls.

2. Unhewn wooden logs are used to support the roof

Building Category: Thathara with mixed infills (New Typology)

1. Horizontal wooden planks are used as partition in one wall whereas other two partitions are in stone masonry

2. Change in slope of roof can be seen

Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF)

1. Kath kunni house under construction

Sr. No.

Building Category:

Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF)

1. Wooden frame work being packed with stones

2. Butterfly ties, to hold the two parallel wooden beams in place, can also be seen

Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)

1. Cantilevered balcony in an old kath kunni house

1. Alternate courses of wood and stone – a typical kath kunni construction

2. Cantilever supported by a wooden post

Sr. No.

1. A typical kathkuni house with hipped roof

1. Multi-storey construction in Kath-kunni, existing for more than 100 years (confirmed by Carbon dating)

1. A small Kath kunni structure

Sr. No.

1. Projected wooden balcony and small window openings

1. Kath kunni house on sloping site

2. Balcony supported over RCC columns

3. Walls are mud plastered

1.Kath kunni houses plastered with mud

2. Walls finished with mud slurry in lower floors and white washed in floors above

Sr. No.

1. Access through wooden stairs in a kath kunni house

1 Increased gap in between layers of wood can be notice. The gap increased with time, as the timber became costlier.

1. Gable-end sloping roof in old kath kunni houses

Sr. No.

Building Category: Mixed Kath-Kunni construction (New Typology)

1. A Kath-Kunni house under construction

2. Timber frame with wooden planks partition can be seen

1. RCC beams and columns in the verandah at ground floor 2. Timber framed construction in verandah above

2. Multi-storey kath-kunni house under construction

3. The outer envelop of the building is going to be timber framed with glass windows

Sr. No.

1.Dhajji-diwari construction in the first floor of a kath kunni house

Building Category: Kath-Kunni construction with flat roof (New Typology)

Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)

1. A typical Spitian architecture house

Sr. No.

1. Built with rammed earth technique

2. Built on split level to suit the local topography

1. A typical spitian house under construction with foundation in stone masonry

1. Flat roof of mud supported over thin wooden logs and tree branches

Sr. No.

1. A typical Spitian architecture house

1. Large openings in new house

1. View of village Kibber – All houses built on sloping terrain

Sr. No.

1. Spitian mud houses with boundary wall of stones

Building Category: Mixed rammed earth/Pise construction (New Typology)

1.A typical spitian house where verandah is being built in RCC columns and beams

Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)

1. A typicalmud building

Sr. No.

1. First floor supported on bamboos and covered with mud

1. Walls made of mud blocks and plastered with mud

1. Hipped roof on mud walls and lean-to-roof over verandah

Sr. No.

1. A typicalmud building with varying window sizes

2. Roof covering on one portion has been replaced with GI sheets

1. Another mud bouse with slate roofing

1. Wooden post supporting the beam above

2. Wooden beams laid over main beam to support the floor above can also be seen

Sr. No.

1. A mud house in out skirts of Roorkee

Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)

1. Use of wooden beams to support the floor above

2. To make room for cupboards, bricks have been used

3. A type frame for roof.

1. A dry stone masonry structure under construction

Sr. No.

2. A type frame is used for roof.

1. Use of RCC columns and beams along with dry masonry structure

2. Roof covering is of light weight slates

1. A dry stone masonry structure under construction

Sr. No.

Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually and timber roof) (MAST)

1. An dry stone masonry shed with GI sheets roofing

Building Category: Dry rubble stone masonry with flat slab

Sr. No.

Building Category:

Dry rubble stone masonry with flat roof

Building Category: Dry rubble stone masonry with flat RC roof

Building Category: Mixed dry rubble stone masonry

1. Main entrance lobby of house is being built in RCC while rest of the house is dry stone masonry construction

Sr. No.

d Building

Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

1. Irregular configuration to suit hill topography

Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

1. Building on hilly terrain

Sr. No.

Building

Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

1. Beam is not being concreted fully as some part of reinforcement is left exposed to be concreted with slab.

1. Part of column left exposed – poor construction practices

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)

1. Use of stilts to support buildings at road level in hilly areas

Sr. No.

1. Open ground storeys for parking

1. Irregular framing

Sr. No.

1. Highly irregular plan as well as elevation

Sr. No.

Building Category:

RC moment resisting frame with open intermediate storey structure

1. Use of bricks and concrete blocks as infill in the same building

2. Intermediate soft storeys in the building to accommodate parking

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open top storey structure

1. Columns of varying heights to support the floor above

2. Open storey at the top

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with RC bracing

1. Cross bracing of RC

Sr. No.

Example

es Building

BuilRC mframbrac

BuilRC mframinfil

1. Uconcinfillbuild

BuilRC mframinfil

1. Utype

Characteris

lding Categmoment res

me with RC cing

A-type RC b

me with mixlls

Use of brickscrete blocksl in the samding

me with mixlls

Use of differes of infills

gory: sisting

racing

gory: sisting xed

s and s as

gory: sisting xed

Sr. No.

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with mixed infills

2. Highly irregular plan

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with mixed infills

Building Category: RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS)

1. A composite structure where columns can be seen on outer facade but no beams

Sr. No.

Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)

1. RB roof on RC posts with stone and brick masonry in mud mortar .

Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)

1. RCC columns and beams with infill walls of rammed earth

Sr. No.

Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)

1. In top floor brick column can be seen

1. Use of stilts to support buildings at road level in hilly areas

2. At places, brick piers instead of RCC columns have been used

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)

1. Poor quality of masonry without any earthquake resistant feature

2. Poor foundation leading to crack due to settlement.

Sr. No.

1. Half brick thick interior walls without any band

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)

1. A typical shuttering for roof construction

1. A typical lintel over windows and doors – no band

Sr. No.

1. Large projected sunshade and slab

1. Irregular elevation and balcony and roof projections

1. Floating walls - Walls not directly placed over walls below

Sr. No.

1. Parapets and various projections in a house

1. Floating walls - Walls on projected part

1. Irregular elevation in a brick masonry house

Sr. No.

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry and RB slab structure (New Typology)

1. Large opening sizes

1. An RB roof on masonry walls – typical construction in north-Indian plains

2. Large openings in walls and no earthquake resistant features

1. Walls not directly placed over walls below

Sr. No.

) Building Category:

Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)

1. A school building with vertical posts and ties at lintel level, but no reinforcement at Jambs and Sill level.

Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)

1. Projections , irregular shapes and unplanned extensions

1. Plinth beam with discontinued reinforcement

Sr. No.

1. A composite structure with beam being resting on the wall

1. A school building with vertical posts and ties at lintel level, but no reinforcement at Jambs and Sill level.

1. Very narrow plinth band with two bars lying side by side

Sr. No.

1. A composite structure with beam being resting on the wall

1. Infill of stone with cement mortar

1. No vertical reinforcement/column/ post

Sr. No.

1. A RB roof on RC posts with masonry in mud mortar.

2. No vertical post at corner

Building Category: Rectangular (dressed) stone with mud mortar (New Typology)

1. Stone in mud mortar, also projected stone piers to give additional strength to the wall

Sr. No.

) Building Category:

Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)

ANNEXURE 3 Catalogue of Building Types for North East Region

After a series of field surveys in the States in North Eastern India viz. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh by IIT Guwahati survey teams, following building typologies are identified for north east region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Mud Walls (MDEW) 4. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 10. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 11. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF 15. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 16. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 18. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 19. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 20. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

(WCTF) 24. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 25. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 26. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight

sloping roof (WMTF)

Table 2: Example buildings surveyed in North East Region

Sr. No.

Building Category: Rubble stone in mud/lime or without mortar (MAST)

Constructed with random rubble and dressed stone masonry in cement mortar. Light weight sloping roof with proper ties.

Sr. No.

Stone-masonry walls with roof of timber planks and timber truss; house of Monpa tribe

Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MJBW)

Sr. No.

Building Category:

Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MKBW)

Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar and with bands

Building Category:

Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MKBW)

Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar and with bands

Sr. No.

Building Category:

Mud Walls (MDEW)

Mud house with no columns and foundation

Building Category:

Mud Walls (MDEW)

Mud house: Earth walls with CGI sheet sloping roof

Sr. No.

Building Category:

Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MDEW)

Mud walls with horizontal and vertical wood framing elements

Building Category:

Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MGBW)

Mud construction using sundried bricks.

Building Category:

Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MGBW)

Sun dried brick house with no foundation constructed with thatch roof

Sr. No.

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)

No seismic design or detailing carried out

Sr. No.

Building with floating columns

Sr. No.

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)

Sr. No.

School building

Residential building

Sr. No.

Residential building

Sr. No.

L shaped building

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)

Tapered columns at floor levels

Sr. No.

Flat slab building under construction

Residential building with parking space at bottom

Sr. No.

Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)

Steel trusses on RC frame

Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF)

Factory for making plastic products

Sr. No.

Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF)

Sr. No.

Partition made of alloy of tin

Sr. No.

Partition of both tin alloy and brick masonry

Building Category: Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)

Sr. No.

Building Category: Wooden Structures: Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)

Wooden frame with light partition wall consists of bamboo strips which are plastered with cement mortar. Stone foundation which is about 20 cm below the ground level. Lintel bands are present. Good connection between walls at corners.

Sr. No.

Building Category: Wooden Structures: Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)

Timber construction with light sloping roof. Masonry foundation columns are connected to the timber with the bolts.

Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)

Ikra type house

Sr. No.

Ikra type house

This house is locally known as Dotla nok (house).

There is no foundation but the timber post has been fastened with clip to act as column. Till 80 cm the wall is of one brick wall and the rest has been built with timber frame putting bamboo in the middle and it has been plastered.

Sr. No.

Building Category:Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF)

Timber-framed house with significant mass and stiffness irregularity; building on slope

Ikra type house in Guwahati

Single storey

Residential

Ikra type building used for Administrative purpose in Guwahati.

Two storey.

Sr. No.

Building Category:Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF)

Timber-framed house with walls of timber planks; Jack Arch type timber truss in roof

Building Category:Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)

Timber-framed house with walls of timber planks; Jack Arch type timber truss in roof

Timber framing with walls of wooden planks; house of Monpa tribe

Sr. No.

Timber framing with timber plank partitions; house of Idu-Mishmi tribe

Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)

Bamboo frames with Bamboo partitions

‘Bunga’

Bamboo frames with Bamboo partitions and

Open ground storey

Sr. No.

Bamboo house with no proper foundation.

One room house.

Wooden frame with single leaf walls, Horizontal wooden members are present, good connections between walls at corners.

Sr. No.

Bamboo walls with thatch roof. This type of house is very cheap and is constructed with locally available materials.

Bamboo-framed house with thatched roof of straw leaves; building on stilt; typical house of Nyishi tribe

Sr. No.

Bamboo-framed building with wooden planks in floors and thatched roof; typical house of Adi tribe

Timber framed structure with bamboo floors and partitions; typical house of Tangsa tribe

Sr. No.

Thatched roof with columns of thick bamboo upto roof level; typical house of Minyong tribe

Bamboo-framed house with bamboo-thatched roof; typical house of Apatani tribe

Sr. No.

An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes.

Inside view of the above structure.

An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes.

Sr. No.

Side view of the above structure

An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced brick masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes; partial open ground storey

Side view of the above structure

Sr. No.

A community church on isolated footing with partial open ground storey

Lower structural view

An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced brick masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes.

Sr. No.

Inside view of the above structure.

A residential RC building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes; RC frame within reinforced brick masonry infill walls.

Inside view of the above structure

Sr. No.

A residential RC building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes; RC frame within reinforced brick masonry infill walls

A residential RC building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes; RC frame within reinforced brick masonry infill walls.

Sr. No.

A RC school building on isolated footing built on the hill; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls.

Inside view of the above building

A RC building on isolated footing; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls

Sr. No.

A community church on isolated footing built over the hill slope with partial open ground storey; RC frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls.

Inside view of the same building

Sr. No.

RC building with partly tin roof and walls and open ground storey; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls

Inside view of the above structure

RC frame building with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls and glass façade; RC shear walls as internal core walls

Sr. No.

A RC residential building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes with partial open ground storey; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls.

RC frame building with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls and built on isolated footing.

Sr. No.

RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls and partial open ground storey; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes.

RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes

Sr. No.

Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) Wood-framed house with raised platform, asbestos sheet as wall and having tin roof; significant soft storey vulnerability

Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A local house with walls partly asbestos sheet and tin. Supports consist of steel tubes and wooden columns.

Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A local house on raised platform and timber frames along the hill slope. The wall is made of asbestos sheet and tin roof is present

Sr. No.

Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A house over raised platform, supported by wooden members

Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) Bottom view of the above structure

Sr. No.

Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A non-engineered building with an outside projection. The walls are asbestos sheet and the roofs are made of tin.

ANNEXURE 4 Catalogue of Building Types for East Region

After a series of field surveys in the States in Eastern India viz. West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar by IIT Kharagpur survey teams, following building typologies are identified for east region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 7. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 8. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 9. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 11. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 14. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 15. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 18. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 19. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 20. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 21. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS)

Table 3: Example buildings surveyed in East Region

Sr. No.

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)

1. Old structure

2. Circular Column

3. Unreinforced brick masonry

4. Presence of isolated vertical posts

1.Circular Columns

2. Relatively open ground storey

3. Large window openings

1. Central open courtyard

2. Arch openings

3. Circular columns

Sr. No.

1. Building with torsional irregularity

2. Communication tower on roof top

4. Stiffness irregularities

1. Residential and Commercial occupancy

4. Year of construction:

5. Good workmanship

6. Different storey heights present

Sr. No.

1. Open hall

2. Circular column

3. Sloping roof

4. Year of construction : 1817

5. Church cum school single storey building

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)

1. Torsional irregularity

2. Building with large window openings

1. Multi-storey building

2. Sunshades

Sr. No.

Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)

1. Masonry mixed structure

2. Wooden balconies

3. GI sheet roof

1. Mass irregularity

2. Masonry building

Sr. No.

1. RC slab

3. Extended GI sheet roof

1. Residential and commercial building

2. Stone slab

3. Similar to Row housing

Sr. No.

1. Assembly hall

3. Stiffness irregularity

4. Different storey heights

2. Irregular shape

3. Old masonry building

2. Irregular shape

Sr. No.

2. 0m distance with the adjoining building

3. Good connections at the corners

Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF)

3. Large windows opening

1. Banquet Hall

2. Visible glass cladding

Sr. No.

1. Falling Hazard: Balconies

2. Out of plane offsets

3. Vertical stiffness irregularity

1. Constructed in 1931

3. Multiple re-entrant corners

4. Falling hazard: sunshades and balconies

1. Masonry building

3.RC slabs

Sr. No.

1. RC slab

3. Irregular shape

4. Falling hazard-balcony

1. Open storey at the ground floor, 2. Residential multi-storey apartment

Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)

1. Discontinuity in vertical members over height

2. Partly laterite blocks wall

Sr. No.

2. Partly laterite blocks wall

2. Presence of arches

1. Presence of large open central courtyard

2. Presence of short or captive columns

Sr. No.

1. Sloping sunshade

1. Presence of re-entrant corners

1. Presence of double height columns

2. Visible claddings

3. Parapets at the roof

4. Falling hazard: Balconies

Sr. No.

1. Open portico with a grid roof resting on long columns 2. Large window openings

2. Opening closed to corners

3. Decorative arch

1. Significant re-entrant corners 2. Sloping balcony roofs

Sr. No.

1. Significant re-entrant corners

2. Irregularly shaped portico with roof slab supported on short columns

1. Significant re-entrant corners 2. Staircases provided almost in the centre of the building

Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF)

1. Cast-in-situ shear walls are present,

2. Open storey at ground floor

Sr. No.

Building Category:RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)

1. Cast-in-situ shear wall is present

2. Commercial and Residential building

Sr. No.

1. Commercial building

2. Vertical and horizontal projections

1. Government College building

2. Discontinuity of vertical members

3. Partially open ground storey

1. Re-entrant corners are present

2. Partially open storey

4. Staggered floors

Sr. No.

1. Government quarters

3. Plan irregularity

4. Presence of expansion joints

ANNEXURE 5 Catalogue of Building Types for West Region

After a series of field surveys in the States in Western India viz. Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa by IIT Bombay survey teams, following building typologies are identified for west region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Mud Walls (MDEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 10. Unreinforced in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) (MNCB) 11. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 12. Concrete block masonry with cement mortar (MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 15. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 16. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 18. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 19. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 20. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 21. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 22. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 23. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 24. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 25. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 26. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 27. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 28. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 29. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 30. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 31. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS)

32. Timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)

Table 4 Example buildings surveyed in West Region

Sr. No. P

Example Building Characteristics

1. Commercial Office Building

2. Glass claddings

Sr. No. P

1. Commercial building

2. Vertical Irregularities

2. Staggered floors

1. Large window panels

2. Irregular shaped building

Sr. No. P

1. RC frame structure under construction

2. Multi storey apartment building

1. Vertical Irregularities

2. Glass claddings

Sr. No. P

1. RC frame structure under construction

2. U shaped in plan

Sr. No. P

1. A residential bungalow

1. Corner house of the row houses

2. Falling hazard such as balconies, sunshades, parapets

Sr. No. P

1. Commercial complex

2. Large open space in the centre

1. Arch openings

2. Sloping roof

Sr. No. P

1. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation building

1. RC frame with unreinforced brick walls

Sr. No. P

2. Load bearing masonry structure

3. Distance from adjacent building is 0 m.

1. Jack-arch wooden roof

Sr. No. P

Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)

1. Wooden floor supported on steel I-section beams

2. Concrete columns

Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)

1. Steel I-section beams supporting wooden floor

2. Load bearing walls

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)

1. Sloping GI sheet roof supported on wooden beams

2. Wooden balcony

3. Load bearing structure

Sr. No. P

1. Sloping GI sheet roof supported on wooden beams

2. Wooden balcony

3. Load bearing structure

1. Sloping GI sheet roof

2. Load bearing wall

1. Wooden beams

2. Wooden floor

Sr. No. P

1. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar

2. Steel sections supporting the brick wall

1. Small width road and congested housing in old Ahmedabad city

1. Congested construction in old city of Ahmedabad

Sr. No. P

Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MLBW)

1. Load bearing walls

2. Large arch opening

1. Load bearing unreinforced brick masonry with roof band

Sr. No. P

Building Category:Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)

1. Wooden roof

2. Load bearing unreinforced brick walls

Sr. No. P

Building Category:Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)

1. Wooden structure

2. Wooden beams and columns

3. Masonry walls

Building Category:Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)

1. Building with torsional irregularity

1. Buildings attached to each other

Sr. No. P

2. Concrete block masonry infill walls

Building Category:Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)

1. GI sheet supported on wooden beams

Sr. No. P

2. Large arch opening

3. Load bearing brick walls

Sr. No. P

Building Category:Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)

1. An industrial unit

Building Category : Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)

2. Arch roof

3. Glass claddings

1. An industrial steel structure

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)

Building Category : Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)

1. A load bearing masonry industrial unit

Building Category : Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)

1. An industrial structure with asbestos sheet roof

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)

1. Steel structure with roof truss

Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)

Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)

1. Steel beams supporting the floor

Sr. No. P

1. An industrial steel structure

3. Roof truss

4. GI sheet roof

Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)

1. Building with underground parking

2. Soft storey

1. Column reinforcement

2. 135 degree bents

Sr. No. P

1. Less space between the ties near the beam-column joint at the slab level

2. More space between the ties away from the beam-column joint in between slabs

Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (MLBW)

1. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar

2. Presence of lintel and roof bands

1. Isolated footings

Sr. No. P

1. Reinforcements for footing

Building Category : Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)

1. Steel roof truss

2. Concrete columns

1. Brick roof on cross wooden beams

Sr. No. P

1. Steel structure

3. Steel roof

Building Category : Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF)

1. Steel structure

2. Braced frame

4. Steel roof

Sr. No. P

Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)

1. Government guest house in Bhachau

4. Presence of circular columns

1. Moment resistance frame building.

4. Sunshades

Sr. No. P

1. Basement of the GK General hospital in Bhuj

2. Base isolators are installed to enhance seismic resistance

1. Base isolators installed to enhance the seismic resistance of the building

Sr. No. P

Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)

1. One of the few remaining multi-storey building in Bhuj

2. Constructed before 2001 Bhuj earthquake

3. Falling hazard such as Balconies

Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)

1. Row house construction

2. Ground floor used for commercial occupancy

3. First floor used for residential occupancy

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)

1. Sloping GI sheet roof

2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar

Building Category : Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)

2. Dressed stone masonry unit

Sr. No. P

2. Stone masonry walls with cement mortar

1. Dressed stone unit used for the construction in Bhuj rural area

Sr. No. P

1. Steel roof truss

2. Roof top made up of asbestos sheets

Sr. No. P

Building Category : RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)

1. Steel and Concrete composite structure

2. Concrete walls

3. Steel and Concrete composite columns

4. Steel roof truss

5. Roof top made up of GI sheets

Building Category : RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)

1. Steel beams

2. Steel and concrete composite columns

3. Steel roof truss

Sr. No. P

1. Steel roof truss

Building Category : Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW)

1. Bunga construction

2. Thatch roof

3. Circular in plan

4. Mud walls

Building Category : Mud Walls (MDEW)

1. Mud walls

2. Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles

Sr. No. P

1. Bonga construction

2. Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles

1. Laterite stones structure

Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)

Sr. No. P

1.Mangalore tiles roof building

Building Category : Random rubble stone with mud mortar (MAST)

1. Masonry with random rubble stone and bricks

2. Mud mortar

Sr. No. P

1. Load bearing Masonry

2. Sloping roof of wooden post with Mangalore tiles

Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)

1.Partial Concrete blocks and bricks wall

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)

1. Load bearing masonry with steel structure

Building Category : Mud Walls (MDEW)

1. Dry stone packing foundation 2.Sun dried mud block walls

Building Category : Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)

1. wooden construction with stone masonry walls

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)

1. Random rubble stone with white sand mortar

Sr. No. P

1. Wooden column resting on stone block

2. Wooden column embedded in walls

Building Category : Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)

1. GI sheet roof

Sr. No. P

1. Steel beams-columns

Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)

1. Circular columns

1. Stone masonry in cement mortar 2. Built after 1993 Latur earthquake

Sr. No. P

Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)

1. Govt. residential quarter 2. Load-bearing structure 3. Sunshades 4. Water tank on the roof

Building Category : Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST)

1. Old temple at Killari Village 2. Stone masonry work

Sr. No. P

1. Base-isolated shopping complex in Killari 2. Sunshade

1. Base-isolated footing

1. Base-isolated school building in Killari

Sr. No. P

Building Category : RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW)

1. Dome shaped Govt. allotted residential house 2. Total reinforced concrete structure

1. Sketches of dome shaped house

Sr. No. P

1. Dome shaped Govt. allotted residential house 2. Total reinforced concrete structure

1. Govt. allotted residential house 2. RC wall structure

Sr. No. P

1. Govt. allotted residential house in Kawatha 2. Very poor column-wall connection 3. Wide cracks in wall and column

1. Govt. allotted residential house in Kawatha 2. Cracks in the wall 3. Foundation settlement

ANNEXURE 6 Catalogue of Building Types for South Region

After a series of field surveys in the States in Southern India viz. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala by IIT Madras survey teams, following building typologies are identified for south region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:

1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof

systems) (MLBW) 9. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 10. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof

systems) (MNCB) 11. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 12. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 13. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 20. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 21. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 22. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 23. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 24. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 25. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 26. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 27. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 28. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 29. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF) 30. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)

32. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF)

These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below in Table.

Table 5 Example buildings surveyed in South Region

Sr. No. P

Building Category: Random rubble stone with mud mortar (MAST)

1. RRM plinth

2. Timber posts and wall panels

1. Timber wall panels

2. Precast concrete vertical confining elements

3. Sloped roof with timber rafters and Mangalore tiles

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure with laterite stone blocks, mud mortar

2. Raised RRM plinth

2. Sloped roof with timber rafters and Mangalore tiles

1. Palm leaf wall panels in timber frame

2. RRM plinth

3. Part masonry columns/walls

3. Timber truss roof supported on timber posts

4. Thatch roof

Sr. No. P

1. Masonry - burnt clay bricks, mud mortar

2. Small central courtyard

3. Heavy timber truss roof with country tiles

4. RRM foundation

1. Stone masonry with mud mortar

3. Articulated gable walls

4. Few cross walls

Sr. No. P

1. Masonry - burnt clay brick, mud mortar

2. RRM foundation

3. Tied timber pitched/lean-to roof, Mangalore tiles

1. Masonry - burnt clay brick, mud/lime mortar

2. RRM foundation

3. Tied timber pitched roof, Mangalore tiles

4. Open central courtyard, weaving room

Sr. No. P

1. RC with infill brick masonry

2. RC floor

3. Sloped RC roof, tiled

4. Architectural resemblance to older constructions

2. RC floor slab

3. Individual RC footing

4. Characteristic long cantilevers

Sr. No. P

1. RC with infill brick masonry (G+3)

2. RC floor slabs

3. Typical 9”x21” columns

4. No seismic detailing (e.g. 90° hook)

1. RC with infill cement block masonry

2. RC floor

3. 9” RC footing, 4’0” deep

4. Indira Aawaz Yojana (IAY)

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slab

3. Independent villas

4. Regular frame

2. RC floor slabs

3. RC footings

5. Regular frame, open central coutryard

6. Columns: 230x400 Beams: 400x230 (mm)

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slabs

3. RC footings

5. Part open ground storey

6. 5. Columns: 230x375 (mm)

2. RC floor slabs

3. RC footings

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor

3. 9” RC footing, 4’0” deep, plinth beam over RRM base - 60cm wide

4. Single-storied

5. IAY

2. RC floor

3. 9” RC footing, 4’0” deep, plinth beam over RRM base - 60cm wide

4. With staircase

5. IAY

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor

3. Buildings on slope (raised plinth)

4. With staircase

5. IAY

2. RC floor

3. With staircase

4. Cantilevers

5. Urban permanent housing

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor

3. Cantilevers

4. Rural housing

5. Concrete 1:2:4 RC columns: 9”x9”, 4 nos. 10mm ��6mm � @ 200c/c

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slab

3. Seismically designed

4. Aspect ratio of columns (1:4)

5. Shear core: lift

6. M40 concrete

7. Raft foundation

2. RC floor slab

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slabs

3. RC footings

2. RC floor slabs and sloped RC roof slab

3. Irregular frame

4. Glazed façade

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slabs

3. RC footings

4. Few RC shear walls - random

5. Double height entrance portico

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slab

3. 8 RC footings, 1.5 m deep (0.9x0.9 m)

4. RC columns 0.23x0.23 m

5. Concrete: 1:1.5:3

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slabs

3. M 20 concrete

4. Regular frame

5. RC footing

6. RC Columns 9”x12” (6 nos. 16mm ��stirrups @ 450c/c)

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slab

3. 8 RC footings, 1.5 m deep (0.9x0.9 m)

4. RC columns 0.23x0.23 m

5. Concrete: 1:1.5:3

Sr. No. P

1. RC infill brick masonry (G+3)

2. RC floor slabs

3. M 20 concrete

4. Irregular frame, offsets

5. RC footing

6. RC columns 0.23x0.38m

7. M20 Concrete: 1:1.5:3

Sr. No. P

1. RC infill brick masonry (G+4)

2. RC floor slabs

3. M 20 concrete

4. Seismically designed

6. RC columns 0.23x0.45m

7. Part OGS

Sr. No. P

1. RC infill clay brick, Aerocon blocks (G+11)

2. RC floor slabs

3. Staircase, lift well: shear core

4. Seismic design detailing: IS13920

5. Basement car park

6. M40 concrete

1. RC infill clay brick (G+3)

2. RC floor slabs

3. No beams between 2 bays (coupling only by slab)

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slab

3. Irregular frame (stagger)

4. .9m cantilever

5. Heavy communication tower mounted on terrace

1. RC with infill masonry (G+1), with semi-basement

2. RC floor slab

3. Glazed façade

4. Irregular frame

Sr. No. P

2. RC floor slab

3. No offset between buildings

4. .Cantilevers

5. Narrow plot configuration

1. Laterite stone blocks with lime mortar (LM)

2. Wood panels

3. Timber floor

4. Timber truss roof with ties and braces, Mangalore tiles

Sr. No. P

1. Unreinforced hollow cement block masonry with cement mortar (CM)

2. With lintel band

3. Random rubble plinth

4. Flat RC roof

1. Unreinforced hollow cement block masonry with CM

2. With lintel band

3. Random rubble plinth (RRM)

4. RC filler slab with Mangalore tiles

Sr. No. P

1. URM hollow cement block with CM

2. No lintel band

3. RRM plinth

4. Pitched roof (timber truss Mangalore tiles, steel tubes, AC sheeting)

1. URM cement block/clay brick with CM

2. No lintel band

3. Raised dry pack RRM plinth

4. On river embankment

5. Pitched roof (steel tubes, AC sheeting)

Sr. No. P

1. Mixed RC masonry building

2. RC ground storey, URM upper storeys

3. Built on river embankment

4. RC floor, timber floor and timber sloping roof with Mangalore tiles

2. RRM plinth on soil consolidated on 4’ bamboo poles

4. RC vertical confinement

5. Sloped roof

Sr. No. P

3. Sloped roof with timber truss

4. Positive connections in timber between roof and masonry walls to prevent relative displacement

1. URM with laterite stone blocks and CM (ground) and hollow cement blocks with CM (upper floor)

2. RC plinth, lintel band

4. RC floor and roof slab

Sr. No. P

2. RRM plinth

4. RC flat and sloped roofs

2. RRM plinth

3. Sloped roof with timber truss, Mangalore tiles

4. School building

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure with upper floor in lightweight steel construction

2. RC floor

3. Steel laced columns with steel truss roof and GI sheeting

4. School building

1. URM structure laterite stone blocks, LM

2. Double-height central chamber

3. Timber floors and timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles

Sr. No. P

2. Timber floors and truss roof, Mangalore tiles

3. Timber, stone and masonry columns supporting roof

4. Attic floor

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure cement blocks, cement mortar

2. RC roof slab

3. RC plinth and lintel band

4. Tsunami rehabilitation housing

1. URM structure (ashlar) laterite stone blocks, LM

2. Timber floors and truss roof, Mangalore tiles

4. Connections in timber between roof, masonry walls to prevent relative displacement

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar

2. Masonry footing

3. RC roof slab

4. Government housing

2. RC roof slab

3. RC plinth and part lintel band

4. RRM foundation 60cm wide on 1:4:8 PCC base

Sr. No. P

2. Block size (12”x8½”x6”) resulting in vertical joints

3. Cuduppah slab for lintels (variation)

2. RC roof slab

3. RC plinth and RC lintel band

4. RRM foundation 60cm wide on 1:4:8 PCC base

Sr. No. P

Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MLBW)

1. RC structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar

2. RC roof slab

3. Part construction sequence making it confined masonry

2. RC roof slab

3. RC plinth and RC lintel band

4. RRM foundation (laterite blocks)

Sr. No. P

1. Burnt clay bricks, cement mortar

2. RC roof slab

3. Part construction sequence making it confined masonry

4. IAY

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure clay brick, cement mortar

2. RC roof slab

3. No lintel band

4. Timber lintels

5. RRM foundation

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure clay brick, cement mortar

2. RC roof slab, RC cantilever anchored in masonry

3. No lintel band

4. RRM foundation

1. URM structure cement blocks (1:8), cement mortar

2. RC filler slab with Mangalore tile (filler)

Sr. No. P

2. Gently sloped AC sheet roofing on steel pipes (temporary structure) – 2½” @ 1.25m c/c, with “J” bolts

4. RRM foundation

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure in brick and LM

2. Timber floors, Madras terrace

3. Timber posts to partly support roof/floor

4. Salt merchant’s houses

2. RRM foundation (sandy soil)

3. RC roof slab

4. No lintel band

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure in laterite blocks (Ashlar), LM

2. Timber truss roof (ties/braces) Mangalore tiles

3. Timber posts support lean-to roof

4. Different storey heights

5. Arches, gables

(1900 A.D.)

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure in brick, massive stone, LM

2. Timber-steel truss roof (ties/braces) Mangalore tiles, Madras terrace

3. Arches with steel ties

4. Bell tower

1. URM structure brick with cement mortar

2. RC roof slab

3. No lintel band

4. Weaver’s settlements (govt. housing scheme)

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure in brick, LM (G+1)

2. Timber-steel truss roof (ties/braces) Mangalore tiles, Madras terrace

3. Double-height central hall on first floor

2. RC roof slab and/or pitched roof with Mangalore tiles

3. RC lintel band

4. Green housing scheme

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM (G+1)

2. RC footing (8’ deep)

3. RC roof slab

4. RC lintel band

2. RRM found. with bond stones

4. RC lintel band

5. Green housing scheme (solar)

Sr. No. P

2. RRM found. with bond stones

4. RC lintel band and plinth band

1. URM structure CSE blocks with mud mortar

2. RRM found.

3. Steel truss roof with thatch

4. Stone lintel slabs

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure brick, cement mortar (G+3)

2. RC roof slab

3. Strip footing

4. Ground floor walls 380 mm

1. URM structure brick with lime mortar

2. Timber-steel truss roof (ridge 6.4m) with Mangalore tiles

3. All openings arched

(1885 AD)

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM (1:5 mix)

2. Masonry strip footing

3. RC roof slab

4. RC lintel and plinth beam

2. Open courtyard

2. Strip footing

3. RC roof slab

4. RC lintel and plinth beam

Sr. No. P

Building Category: Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) (MNCB)

1. URM structure concrete blocks (16”x8”x6”), cement mortar

2. No lintel band

3. Steel box sections for rafters: Mangalore tiles and AC sheet

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure brick, LM

2. Timber truss roof (metal straps as ties), Mangalore tiles

3. Arched openings, long walls with openings, gable with joists supported on it

(1896 AD)

1. URM structure brick, cement mortar (G+1)

2. RC Footing with RRM foundation

3. RC plinth and lintel beam

4. RC floor slab

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM

2. RRM foundation

3. RC roof slab

4. No lintel band

5. Government housing scheme

1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM

2. RRM foundation

3. Walls stiffened by pilasters

3. RC roof slab

4. Lintel band

5. Community hall

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure burnt clay brick, cement mortar (G+3)

2. RC floor slabs

1. URM structure burnt clay brick, lime mortar (G+1)

2. Madras terrace floor slabs

Sr. No. P

1. URM structure burnt clay brick, lime mortar (G+1)

2. Madras terrace floor slabs

3. Arched openings

Building Category: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)

1. Steel I-section columns bolted to concrete foundation blocks

2. Steel truss bolted to column

3. GI sheeting

Sr. No. P

Building Category: Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)

1. Steel pre-engineered building (PEB)

2. Height: 13m

3. Span 21m,

8.5m span longitudinal

4. I-section

0.91x0.25m

5. Gantry cranes at 6.5m height

6. Masonry infill partial height

Building Category: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)

1. Steel hollow circular section columns bolted to concrete foundation blocks

2. Steel truss bolted to column

3. AC sheeting

Catalogue of Building Types in India

Documents

Vestige Product catalogue india

Stamp auction catalogue: India

Des Ma India Catalogue

India Design Mark Catalogue

Fisher & Paykel India Product Catalogue

India Hicks Spring / Summer Catalogue

Magickwoods India Kitchen Catalogue

Creative Roots India Services Catalogue

Swastik catalogue -India (Delhi)

Caliber India Catalogue

Royal india luxury catalogue

Enviro India Air Catalogue

PRODUCT CATALOGUE - Kleenoil Filtration India

GIC India catalogue 2014

Novatek India Catalogue 2013

BDS India price catalogue