Cash Flows by Kieso
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STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
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1. Describe the purpose of the statement of cash flows.
2. Identify the major classifications of cash flows.
3. Differentiate between net income and net cash flow from operating
activities.
4. Contrast the direct and indirect methods of calculating net cash flow
from operating activities.
5. Determine net cash flows from investing and financing activities.
6. Prepare a statement of cash flows.
7. Identify sources of information for a statement of cash flows.
8. Discuss special problems in preparing a statement of cash flows.
9. Explain the use of a worksheet in preparing a statement of cash flows.
Learning Objectives
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Preparation of theStatement
Special Problems inStatement
PreparationUse of a Worksheet
Usefulness
Classification of cashflows
Cash and cashequivalents
Format of statement
Steps in preparation
Examples
Sources of information
Indirect vs. directmethod
Adjustments to netincome
Accounts receivable (net)
Other working capitalchanges
Net losses
Disclosures
Preparation ofworksheet
Analysis oftransactions
Preparation of finalstatement
Statement of Cash Flows
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23-4 LO 1 Descr ibe the purpo se of the statement o f cash f lows .
Primary purpose:
To provide information about a companys cash receipts
and cash payments during a period.
Secondary objective:
To provide cash-basis information about the companys
operating, investing, and financing activities.
Section 1 - Preparation of theStatement of Cash Flows
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23-5 LO 1 Descr ibe the purpo se of the statement o f cash f lows .
Provides informationto help assess:
1. Entitys ability to generate future cash flows.
2. Entitys ability to pay dividends and obligations.
3. Reasons for difference between net income and net
cash flow from operating activities.
4. Cash and noncash investing and financing transactions.
Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
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IncomeStatement
Transactions
Operating
Activities
Changes inInvestments and
Long-Term
Asset Items
Investing
Activities
Changes inLong-Term
Liabilities and
Stockholders
Equity
Financing
Activities
Classification of Cash Flows
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
IFRS allowssome flexibility regarding
the classification of certain items such as
interest, dividends, and taxes.
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Illustration 23-1Classification of TypicalCash Inflows andOutflows
Classification of Cash Flows
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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Illustration 23-1Classification of TypicalCash Inflows andOutflows
Classification of Cash Flows
LO 2
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The basis recommended by the IASB for the statement ofcash flows is actually cash and cash equivalents. Cash
equivalentsare short-term, highly liquid investments that are
both:
Readily convertible to known amounts of cash, and
So near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of
changes in value (e.g., due to changes in interest rates).
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Generally, only investments with original maturities of three
months or lessqualify under this definition.
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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Typical
Company
Product Life
Cycle
Classification of Cash Flows
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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Format of the Statement of Cash Flows
Presentation:
1. Operating activities.
2. Investing activities.
3. Financing activities.
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Reportinflows and outflows from investing and financing
activities separately.
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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Format of the Statement of Cash Flows
Illustration 23-2
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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Three Sourcesof Information:
1. Comparative statements of financial position.
2. Current income statement.
3. Selected transaction data.
Steps in Preparation
Three Major Steps:
Step 1. Determine change in cash.
Step 2. Determine net cash flow from operating activities.
Step 3. Determine net cash flows from investing and
financing activities.
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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First Example - 2010
Illustration: Tax Consultants Inc. started on January 1, 2010,when it issued 60,000 shares of $1 par value common stock
for $60,000 cash. The company rented its office space,
furniture, and equipment, and performed tax consulting
services throughout the first year.
The comparative statements of financial position at the
beginning and end of the year 2010 appear in Illustration 23-3.
Illustration 23-4 shows the income statement and additionalinformation for Tax Consultants.
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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First Example - 2010
Illustration 23-3Illustration 23-3
ComparativeStatementsof Financial Position,Tax Consultants Inc.,
Year 1
Illustration 23-4Income Statement,
Tax ConsultantsInc.,Year 1
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First Example - 2010
Step 1: Determine the Change in CashIllustration 23-3
LO 2 Ident i fy the major classi f icat ions o f cash f lows .
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First Example - 2010
Company must determine revenues and expenses on a
cash basis.
Eliminatethe effects of income statement transactions
that do not result in an increase or decrease in cash.
Convert net income to net cash flow from operating
activities through either a directmethod or an indirect
method.
Step 2: Determine the Net Cash Flow fromOperating Activities
LO 3 Dif ferent iate between net incom e and net cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
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First Example - 2010
Step 2: Determine the Net Cash Flow fromOperating Activities
Illustration 23-5Net Income versus Net CashFlow from Operating Activities
LO 3 Dif ferent iate between net incom e and net cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
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Deducts operating cash disbursements from operating cash
receipts.
LO 4 Contrast the direct and indirect methods of calculat ingnet cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
Net cash provided by operating activities is the equivalent of
cash basis net income.
Illustration 23-6
First Example - 2010
Direct Method
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23-20 LO 4
Illustration 23-6
First Example - 2010
Accounts Receivable
1/1/10 Balance 0
Revenues 125,000
Receipts from customers 89,000
12/31/10 Balance 36,000
Direct Method
Illustration 23-7
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First Example - 2010
Accounts Payable
1/1/10 Balance 0
Operating expenses 85,000
12/31/10 Balance 5,000
Payments for expenses 80,000
Illustration 23-6Direct Method
LO 4
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First Example - 2010
Income Tax Payable
1/1/10 Balance 0
Tax expense 6,000
12/31/10 Balance 0
Payments for taxes 6,000
Illustration 23-6Direct Method
LO 4
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First Example - 2010
Indirect Method
LO 4
Illustration 23-8
Computation of Net CashFlow from Operating Activities,Year 1Indirect Method
Common adjustments to Net Income (Loss):
Depreciation and amortization expense.
Gain or loss on disposition of long-term assets.
Change in current assets and current liabilities.
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First Example - 2010
Step 3: Determine Net Cash Flows from Investingand Financing Activities
Illustration 23-3
No long-term assets, thus no investing activities.
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from inv est ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
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First Example - 2010
Step 3: Determine Net Cash Flows from Investingand Financing Activities
Illustration 23-3
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from inv est ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
Purchase of common stock for $60,000 (Financing).
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First Example - 2010
Net income of $34,000 (Operating).
Dividends paid of $(14,000) (Financing).
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from invest ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
Step 3: Determine Net Cash Flows from Investingand Financing Activities
Illustration 23-3
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First Example - 2010
Statement of Cash Flows - 2010 Illustration 23-9
LO 6 Prepare a statement of cash flows.
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E23-6: Norman Companys financial statements for the year ended
December 31, 2010, contained the following condensed information.
Operating ActivitiesIndirect Method
2010 2009 Change
Revenues from fees 840,000
Operating expenses 624,000
Depreciation expense 60,000
Loss on sale of equipment 26,000
Income before income tax 130,000
Income tax 40,000
Net income 90,000
Accounts receivable 37,000 59,000 ( 22,000)
Accounts payable 46,000 31,000 15,000
Income taxes payable 4,000 8,500 (4,500)
LO 4
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Cash flows from operating activities
Net income 90,000$
Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense 60,000
Loss on sale of equipment 26,000
Decrease in accounts receivable 22,000Increase in accounts payable 15,000
Decrease in income taxes payable (4,500)
Net cash provided by operating activities 208,500
E23-6: Prepare the operating activities section of the statement of cash
flows using the indirect method(Step 2).
Operating ActivitiesIndirect Method
LO 4Advance slide to uncover solution
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E23-5: Norman Companys financial statements for the year ended
December 31, 2010, contained the following condensed information.
Operating ActivitiesDirect Method
2010 2009 Change
Revenues from fees 840,000
Operating expenses 624,000
Depreciation expense 60,000
Loss on sale of equipment 26,000
Income before income tax 130,000
Income tax 40,000
Net income 90,000
Accounts receivable 37,000 59,000 ( 22,000)
Accounts payable 46,000 31,000 15,000
Income taxes payable 4,000 8,500 (4,500)
Assume accountspayable relates to
operatingexpenses.
LO 4
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E23-5: Prepare the operating activities section of the statement ofcash flows using the Direct method(Step 2).
LO 4 Contrast the direct and indirect method s of calculat ingnet cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
Illustration 23-22
Operating ActivitiesDirect Method
Accounts Receivable
1/1/10 Balance 59,000
Revenues 840,000
Receipts from customers 862,000
12/31/10 Balance 37,000
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Accounts Payable
1/1/10 Balance 31,000Operating expenses 624,000
12/31/10 Balance 46,000
Illustration 23-24
Operating ActivitiesDirect Method
Payments to suppliers 609,000
E23-5: Prepare the operating activities section of the statement ofcash flows using the Direct method(Step 2).
LO 4 Contrast the direct and indirect method s of calculat ingnet cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
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Income Tax Payable
1/1/10 Balance 8,500Income tax expense 40,000
12/31/10 Balance 4,000
Operating ActivitiesDirect Method
Payments for income tax 44,500
Illustration 23-24
E23-5: Prepare the operating activities section of the statement ofcash flows using the Direct method(Step 2).
LO 4 Contrast the direct and indirect method s of calculat ingnet cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
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Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from customers $ 862,000
Cash paid for operating expenses (609,000)
Cash paid for income taxes (44,500)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 208,500
Operating ActivitiesDirect Method
E23-5: Prepare the operating activities section of the statement ofcash flows using the Direct method(Step 2).
LO 4 Contrast the direct and indirect method s of calculat ingnet cash f low from operat ing act iv i t ies.
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E23-2 (a):Plant assets that had cost25,000 6 years before
and were being depreciated on a straight-line basis over 10
years with no estimated scrap value were sold for5,300.
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from invest ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
Step 3: Determine Net Cash Flow fromInvesting and Financing Activities
Plant assets (cost) 25,000
Accumulated depreciation ([25,000 / 10] x 6) 15,000
Book value at date of sale 10,000
Sale proceeds (5,300)
Loss on sale 2,700
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Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flow from operating activitiesNet income (loss) ( 50,000)
Adjustment to reconcile net income to cash:
Loss on sale 2,700
Depreciation expense 22,000
Gain on sale (9,000)Cash from operations (34,300)
Cash flow from investing activities
Sale of plant assets 5,300
Sale of land 39,000
Cash from investing activities 44,300
Cash flow from financing activities
Sale of common stock 330,000
Purchase of company stock (47,000)
Cash from financing activities 283,000
Net Change in Cash 293,000
Statement of Cash Flows (a,b,d,h)
O
I
F
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E23-2 (b):During the year, 10,000 shares of common stockwith a stated value of $10 a share were issued for $33 a
share.
E23-2 (b)
Shares sold 10,000
Market value per share 33$
Value of shares 330,000$
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from invest ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
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Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flow from operating activitiesNet income (loss) ( 50,000)
Adjustment to reconcile net income to cash:
Loss on sale 2,700
Depreciation expense 22,000
Gain on sale (9,000)Cash from operations (34,300)
Cash flow from investing activities
Sale of plant assets 5,300
Sale of land 39,000
Cash from investing activities 44,300
Cash flow from financing activities
Sale of common stock 330,000
Purchase of company stock (47,000)
Cash from financing activities 283,000
Net Change in Cash 293,000
Statement of Cash Flows (a,b,d,h)
O
I
F
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E23-2 (d):The company sustained a net loss for the year of$50,000. Depreciation amounted to $22,000, and a gain of
$9,000 was realized on the sale of land for $39,000 cash.
E23-2 (d)
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from invest ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
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Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flow from operating activitiesNet income (loss) ( 50,000)
Adjustment to reconcile net income to cash:
Loss on sale 2,700
Depreciation expense 22,000
Gain on sale (9,000)Cash from operations (34,300)
Cash flow from investing activities
Sale of plant assets 5,300
Sale of land 39,000
Cash from investing activities 44,300
Cash flow from financing activities
Sale of common stock 330,000
Purchase of company stock (47,000)
Cash from financing activities 283,000
Net Change in Cash 293,000
Statement of Cash Flows (a,b,d,h)
O
I
F
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E23-2 (h):During the year, treasury stock costing $47,000was purchased.
E23-2 (h)
LO 5 Determine net cash f lows from invest ing and f inancing act iv i t ies.
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Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flow from operating activitiesNet income (loss) ( 50,000)
Adjustment to reconcile net income to cash:
Loss on sale 2,700
Depreciation expense 22,000
Gain on sale (9,000)Cash from operations (34,300)
Cash flow from investing activities
Sale of plant assets 5,300
Sale of land 39,000
Cash from investing activities 44,300
Cash flow from financing activities
Sale of common stock 330,000
Purchase of company stock (47,000)
Cash from financing activities 283,000
Net Change in Cash 293,000
Statement of Cash Flows (a,b,d,h)
O
I
F
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23-43 LO 7 Ident i fy sources of informat ion for a statement of cash f lows.
Sources of Information for theStatement of Cash Flows
1. Comparative statements of financial position.
2. An analysis of the Retained Earnings.
3. Writedowns, amortization charges, and similar book
entries, such as depreciation, because they have no
effect on cash.
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23-44 LO 7
Net Cash Flow from Operating ActivitiesIndirect Versus Direct Method
Adjustments Needed to Determine Net Cash Flowfrom Operating Activities.
Indirect Method
Illustration 23-18
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Net Cash Flow from Operating ActivitiesIndirect Versus Direct Method
Illustration 23-21
Companies adjust each item in the incomestatement from the accrual basis to the cash basis.
Direct Method
LO 7
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23-46 LO 7 Ident i fy so urces of inform at ion for a statement o f cash f lows .
In Favor of the Direct Method
Shows operating cash receipts and payments. Information about cash receipts and payments is more
revealing of a companys ability
1. to generate sufficient cash from operating activities to pay
its debts,
2. to reinvest in its operations, and
3. to make distributions to its owners.
Net Cash Flow from Operating ActivitiesIndirect Versus Direct Method
Direct Versus Indirect Controversy
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23-47 LO 7 Ident i fy so urces of inform at ion for a statement o f cash f lows .
Net Cash Flow from Operating ActivitiesIndirect Versus Direct Method
Direct Versus Indirect Controversy
In Favor of the Indirect Method
Focuses on the differences between net income and net
cash flow from operating activities.
Provides link between the statement of cash flows and the
income statement and statement of financial position.
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Adjustments to Net Income
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Amortization of limited-life intangible assets.
Amortization of bond discount or premium.
Depreciation and Amortization
Postretirement Benefit Costs
Company must adjust net income by the difference
between cash paid and the expense reported.
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Adjustments to Net Income
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Affect net income but have no effect on cash.
Changes in Deferred Income Taxes
Equity Method of Accounting
Net increase in the investment account does not affect
cash flows.
Company must deduct the net increase from net income
to arrive at net cash flow from operating activities.
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Adjustments to Net Income
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
A loss is added to net income to compute net cash flow
from operating activities because the loss is a non-cash
charge in the income statement.
Company reports a gain in the statement of cash flows as
part of the cash proceeds from the sale of equipment
under investing activities, thus it deducts the gain from
net income to avoid double-countingonce as part of netincome and again as part of the cash proceeds from the
sale.
Loss and Gains
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Adjustments to Net Income
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Cash is not affected by recording the expense.
The company must increase net income by the amount of
compensation expense from share options in computingnet cash flow from operating activities.
Share-Based Compensation
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Accounts Receivable (Net)
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Because an increase in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts results
from a charge to bad debt expense, a company should add
back an increase in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to net
income to arrive at net cash flow from operating activities.
Indirect Method
Illustration 23-28Accounts ReceivableBalances, Redmark Co.
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Accounts Receivable (Net)
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
One methodof presenting this information in the statement
of cash flows:
Indirect Method
Illustration 23-29
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Accounts Receivable (Net)
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Alternate method(net approach) of presenting this
information in the statement of cash flows:
Indirect Method
Illustration 23-30
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Accounts Receivable (Net)
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Company should not netAllowance for Doubtful Accounts
against Accounts Receivable.
Direct Method
Illustration 23-31
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Accounts Receivable (Net)
LO 8
Company should not net
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
against Accounts Receivable.
Direct Method
Illustration 23-31
Cash sales should be reported at $85,000 ($100,000 - 9,000 - 6,000).
Increase in Accounts Receivable
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Some changes in working capital, although they affectcash, do not affect net income.
Purchase of short-term non-trading equity investments.
Issuance of a short-term non-trade note payable forcash.
Cash dividend payable.
Other Working Capital Changes
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
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Illustration: If the net loss is $50,000 and the total amount ofcharges to add back is $60,000, then net cash provided by
operating activities is $10,000.
Net Loss
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Illustration 23-33Computation of Net CashFlow from Operating
ActivitiesCash Inflow
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Disclosures
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Significant Non-Cash TransactionsCommon non-cash transactions that a company should
disclose:
1. Acquisition of assets by assuming liabilities (including financelease obligations) or by issuing equity securities.
2. Exchanges of non-monetary assets.
3. Refinancing of long-term debt.
4. Conversion of debt or preference shares to ordinary shares.
5. Issuance of equity securities to retire debt.
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Disclosures
LO 8 Discuss sp ecial problems in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
Special DisclosuresIFRS requires companies to disclose:
Cash paid for taxes.
Cash flows from interest and dividends received and
paid.
The category (operating, investing, or financing) that each item
was included in must be disclosed as well.
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Use of a Worksheet
LO 9 Expla in the use of a wo rksheet in prepar ing a statement of cash f lows.
A worksheet involves the following steps.
Step 1. Enter the statement of financial position accounts and
their beginning and ending balances in the statement of financial
position accounts section.
Step 2. Enter the data that explain the changes in the statement
of financial position accounts and their effects on the statement of
cash flows in the reconciling columns of the worksheet.
Step 3. Enter the increase or decrease in cash on the cash line
and at the bottom of the worksheet. This entry should enable the
totals of the reconciling columns to be in agreement.
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Companies preparing financial statements under U.S. GAAP must
prepare a statement of cash flows as an integral part of the financialstatements.
Both IFRS and U.S. GAAP require that the statement of cash flows
should have three major sectionsoperating, investing, and financing
along with changes in cash and cash equivalents.
Similar to IFRS, the cash flow statement can be prepared using either
the indirect or direct method under U.S. GAAP. For both IFRS and U.S.
GAAP, companies choose for the most part to use the indirect method
for reporting net cash flow from operating activities.
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U.S. GAAP encourages companies to disclose the aggregate amount of
cash flows that are attributable to the increase in operating capacityseparately from those cash flows that are required to maintain operating
capacity.
The definition of cash equivalents used in IFRS is similar to that used in
U.S. GAAP.
IFRS requires that non-cash investing and financing activities be
excluded from the statement of cash flows. Instead, these non-cash
activities should be reported elsewhere.
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