Case 2. 5 hrs PTC VS BP 120/90 HR 88 RR 24 T 38.2°C Symmetrical chest expansion, hyperresonant on percussion left, absent breath sounds left Apex.
Post on 01-Apr-2015
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STEPHANIE M. GO
Case 2
5 hrs PTC
VS BP 120/90 HR 88 RR 24 T 38.2°C Symmetrical chest expansion, hyperresonant on
percussion left, absent breath sounds left Apex beat parasternal 5th LICS Flat abdomen, NABS, (-) mass (-) tenderness
34/FChief Complaint: epigastric pain
(+) vague abdominal pain
(-) change in BM Persistence
consult
PhysicalExamination
History of present illness
Patient’s Radiographs
Scout film of the abdomen Chest X-Ray
On interpretation, plain film of the chest was requested by the radiologist
SCOUT FILM OF THE ABDOMEN
Information from a plain scout film:
Presence of calcifications Abnormal gas collection Abnormal size of the liver and spleen Ascites Abnormal gas pattern Abscesses Foreign bodies
Normal Scout Film of the Abdomen
What to examine?
Gas pattern Extraluminal air Soft tissue masses Calcifications
Normal Gas Pattern
Large vs Small Bowel
Large bowel Peripheral Haustral pattern does
not fully traverse the colon
Small bowel Central Valvulae conniventes
SFA correlation
normal patient
CXR correlation
normal patient
PNEUMOTHORAX
Presence of air in the pleural space Anatomy
Visceral pleura is adherent to lung surface
There is no air in the pleural space normally
The introduction of air into the pleural space separates the visceral from the parietal pleura
PNEUMOTHORAX
Pathophysiology Either from disruption of visceral
pleura trauma to parietal pleura
Clinical findings Acute onset of:
Pleuritic chest pain Dyspnea (in 80-90%) Cough Back or shoulder pain
PNEUMOTHORAX
Etiologies: Penetrating trauma Blunt trauma Iatrogenic Spontaneous pneumothorax Other causes of a pneumothorax
Neonatal disease Malignancy Pulmonary infections Complication of pulmonary fibrosis Asthma or emphysema “Catamenial pneumothorax” Marfan’s syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Pulmonary infarction Lymphangiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis
PNEUMOTHORAX
TYPES: Closed pneumothorax = intact thoracic cage Open pneumothorax = "sucking" chest wound Tension pneumothorax
Accumulation of air within pleural space due to free ingress and limited egress of air
Pathophysiology: Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure in lung
during expiration (check-valve mechanism) Frequency
In 3-5% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax Higher in barotrauma (mechanical ventilation)
Simple pneumothorax –no shift of the heart or mediastinal structures
Imaging findings in PNEUMOTHORAX visceral pleural white line
Very thin white line that differs from a skin fold by its thickness
Absence of lung markings distal or peripheral to the visceral pleural white line
Displacement of mediastinum and/or anterior junction line
Deep sulcus sign On frontal view, larger
lateral costodiaphragmatic recess than on opposite side
Diaphragm may be inverted on side with deep sulcus
Supine position
PNEUMOTHORAX
NORMAL Pneumothorax, R
CXR correlation
normal patient
PNEUMOTHORAX
Pitfalls in diagnosis: Skin fold
Thicker than the thin visceral pleural white line Air trapped between chest wall and arm
Will be seen as a lucency rather than a visceral pleural white line
Edge of scapula Follow contour of scapula to make sure it does not
project over chest Overlying sheets
Usually will extend beyond the confines of the lung Hair braids
THANK YOU!
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