Cartels ppt
Post on 10-May-2015
2216 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Transcript
ECONOMIC OF GLOBAL TRADE & FINANCE
Economic of Integation- Cartel.
M-com- 1By
Mangesh BarhateRoll No: 25
2
‘Cartels’
CONTENT
What is Cartel?Facts of Cartels. Definition.Type of Cartels.Cartel success.Why cartel often fail.Detecting cheat. OPECAmerican anti-trust law.Cartels in India.Conclusion.
WHAT IS CARTEL ?
A Cartel is formal “agreement’’
among competing firms. It is a formal
organization of producers and manufacturers
that agree to fix prices, marketing, and
production.
Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic
industry.
A group of parties, factions, or nations
united in a common cause; a bloc.
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
5Firms form a cartel so that they can raise
Profits
FACTS OF CARTELS
The name is derived from Edmund
Cartel and Georges Cartel. The aim of such
collusion is to increase individual
members' profits by reducing competition.
Cartels usually occur in an Oligopolistic
Industry .Cartel members may agree on
matters as Price Fixing
Total Industry Output , Market Shares,
Allocation Of Customers
'
A cartel is a collection of businesses or countries
that act together as a single producer and agree
to influence prices for certain goods and services
by controlling production and marketing. A cartel
has less command over an industry than a
monopoly - a situation where a single group or
company owns all or nearly all of a given product
or service's market
Definition of 'Cartel'
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
8
CARTEL
PUBLIC CARTEL
DEPRESSION CARTEL
CRISIS CARTEL
PRIVATE CARTEL
Types of cartel
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
9
Conditions for cartel success
Cheating can be detected and prevented
Low expectation of severe government punishment
Low organizational costs
Cartel controls market
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
10
They earn greater profit by coordinating their activities rather than acting independently
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
11
firms don't cooperate
due to a lack of trust
Firms “cheat”
Produce extra output (or lower the
price)
Why Cartels often fail ?
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
12
Detecting Cartels
Detecting Cartels
Structural Methodolog
y
Behavioral Methodolog
y
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
13
Structural MethodologyNumber of Firms
Concentration and Firms Size
Demand Variability
Capacity Utilization
Cost/Expense to Sales Ratio
Entry Barriers
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
14
Examples
Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates,
and Venezuela.
Cartel of twelve countries
Mechanism for implementing production restrictions.Incentives to cheatEnforcement requires detection and effective penalties.In the United States, cartels are illegal; however, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - the world's largest cartel - is protected by U.S. foreign trade laws.
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
15
Refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid 20th century oil production, refining, and distribution
According to a report, 56 per cent of cartel complaints relate to the petrol sector.
Seven oil companies
AMERICAN ANTITRUST LAW
The Clayton Act and its AmendmentsClayton Act 1914Robinson-Patman Act 1936Cellar-Kefauver Act 1950
These Acts prohibit the following practices only if they substantially lessen competition or create monopoly.
AMERICAN ANTITRUST LAW
The Clayton Act and its Amendments 1. Contracts that prevent a buyer from
reselling a product outside a specified area (called territorial confinement).
2. Acquiring competitor’s shares or assets.3. Interlocking directorships among competing
firms.
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
18
Cartels in India
Cartels in Soda Ash• In 1996 (ANSAC) comprising of 6
American producers.• Attempted to ship a
consignment @ cartelize price but held by MRTP
Cartelization in the bidding process of Railways
Cartelization in the Cement Industry in India
Apr 1
1, 2
02
3
19
Conclusion
Cartel agreements are economically unstable.
Once a cartel is broken, the incentives to
form the cartel return and the cartel may be
re-formed.
International and national cartels are hard to
burst.
Cartels do not abolish competition, but
regulate it.
Apr 11, 2023 20
top related