Transcript
Carp Polyculture
BAT 313 AquacultureSoo Mei Chin
93648
Source: http://www.agfc.com/
IntroductionCarp polyculture •cultured more than one species of carp in a pond without overlapping their ecological niches
•Efficiency utilize different level of food web in the pond (algae, aquatic plant, zooplankton, benthos).
•History date back 2400years ago in China
Advantages (a)efficiency utilize natural foods (b)maximize production per unit area of pond surface.(c) Improve pond condition(d)Easy to handle with minimum technical know how(e)Low capital and maintenance
Carps
• Order :CyprinifomesFamily : Cyprinidae
• Widely distribute world wide Europe, Asia, North America and Africa in natural Australia, South America, Madagascar by human introduced
• Major carp species used in carp culture are Common carp, Chinese carp (silver carp, grass carp, bighead, black carp and mud
carp.) Indian carp (catla, rohu, mrigal)
Source : http://www.arkive.org/
Factor favorable Carps to culture in polyculture system
1. Diverse feeding regime feed at every tropic level - higher plant, phytoplankton,
zooplankton, benthos, detritus opportunistic and able to change feeding behavior according to season and
food availability.
2. Tolerate wide range and fluctuation of Temperature (1 to 35 °C) pH (pH 5 to 9) DO (< 1mg O2/L) Salinity (10-11ppt)
3. Easy to spawn in captivity & high fecundity 200,000 to 300,000 eggs produce each breed Brood stock and continue breed a few years
4. Hardy, easy to handle Minimum care Tolerate wide range and fluctuation of water quality, temperature Non-territory behavior, not aggressive little technical know how
5. Low production cost Feed low in food chain, and supplement food Minimal capital Minimal labor energy
Current Status
•Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are by far the most common cultured species.
•producing 80% of total fresh water aquaculture production
• China is the world leading carps production country that alone produce 2.2 million MT or 69% of world production of common carp in 2002.
• Other carp major producing countries include India, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia and Myanmar.
• Carps production volume records as third highest in Malaysia fresh water aquaculture production of 10.08% after tilapia(44.7%) and catfish (36.7%).
• It’s production value contribute to 10% of total fresh water aquaculture production value of Malaysia. (FAO, 2009)
Principle of carp polyculture
1. Stocking density• Economics of culture and market demand for fish• Ecological niche to be filled• Natural food availability• Water quality, available of water and aeration equipment• Size of fish stocking• Size of fish desire to harvest• Climate and length of growing season• Energy and labor available for stocking, harvesting and processing
stocking rate in polyculture. (After Shan-Jian,1983)
2. Fish combination • Each combination is based on 1 or 2 major producing
species, other species are only complement of major species.
• Better utilization of vertical water column, natural food
• mutual benefit between species achieve with stocking of reasonable proportion and species.
• Some of species in combination play roles in maintenance of oxygen regime and ponds sanitary condition. (exp : silver carp consume on algae, grass carp consume on aquatic plant)
• Example of fish combination• comprises of surface, column and bottom feeder• Catla is surface and column feeder feed on algae,
plankton, rotifer, protozoa, mollusk and macrophyte.
• Rohu is column feeder mainly feed on decaying macrophyte and algae.
• Mrigal is bottom feeder feed on algae, diatom, higher plant and detritus.
• Composite carp culture introduces grass carp and silver carp to improve production and control pond environment condition.
3. Pond fertilizing and supplementary food• Organic and inorganic fertilizer• Organic fertilizer (Cow, poultry and pig manures )
readily availability low cost
• directly contribute to food source (small organic particle and bacteria) for aquatic invertebrate
• type of supplementary food feed is added to depending on fish ages and size. Ex: ground cereal, whole grain and fermented cereal.
4. Harvest and marketing• Different countries vary in the period to produce
marketable size due to vary in fish size demand, climatic condition
Israel 4 to 6 months (0.5-0.6kg ) Europe, 2 to 3 years (1-1.5kg)
• Marketable size in most countries is 1-1.5kg, except South East Asia countries which accept smaller size of carp
• Yield Extensive – 0.5 tons/hectareSemi-intensive 2-3 tons/hectare
Source: http://www-tc.pbs.org/
Challenge and restriction• Water deterioration and environment
pollution increase input of organic material (eutrophication) industrial polluted water
• Fish quality safety of aquatic product culturing in integrated culture system
with manure and waste water more susceptible by bacteria invasion in fish muscle during
stress. no or few bacteria invasion to fish muscles is observed in well
managed pond
• Disease Aeromonas hydrophila Pond water organic material concentration found to
positive correlated to A. hydrophila population size. Fish bacterial septicaemia is a severe infectious
disease, particularly susceptible to major Chinese carp
• Genetic degenerationLack mass selection, improve of strain and inbreedIndicator of genetic degeneration such as slower
growth, poor resistance to disease and early maturation
Source: www.fisheries.org
Source:en.wikipedia.org//
Reference1. Roland Billard, Jacqueline Marcel, 1986, Aquaculture of cyprinid, INRA Service des Publication.2. Roland Billard, 1995, Carp Biology and culture, INRA Paris3. Alan Lowther ,2004, Highlight of FAO database on Aquaculture Statistic, FAO Aquaculture
Newsletter.4. Robert R. Stickney, 1993, Culture of nonsalmonid freshwater fishes,CRC Press Inc.5. Jinyun Ye,2002, Carp Polyculture System in China: Challenges and Future Trends, Zhejiang Institute
of Freshwater Fisheries6. http://www.imbc.gr/biblio_serv/aquachallenge/jinyun.html. 7. Carole Ruth Engle, Kwamena Quagrainie,2006 Aquaculture marketing handbook, Blackwell
Publishing 8. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (FAO)
http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_malaysia/en 9. T.V.R Pillay, M.N. Kutty, 2005, Aquaculture Principle and Practice, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Publishing
Ltd. 10. Roland Billard, Paolo Berni, 2004,Polyculture, Cybium 2004, 28(3)11. 12. M. Mustafizur Rahman, Leopold A.J. Nagelkerke, Marc C.J. Verdegem, M. Abdul Wahab, Johan A.J.
Verreth, 2008, Relationships among water quality, food resources, fish diet and fish growth in polyculture ponds: A multivariate approach, Aquaculture 275 (2008) 108-115
13. Laszlo Horvath, Gizella Tamas, Chris Seagrave, 2002, Carp and pond fish, Blackwell Science Ltd.
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