Carbohydrates!

Carbohydrates!

Structure Structure

C, H, O/ 1:2:1 C6H12O6 (CH2O)x many isomers

Function ENERGY!!! Cell signaling Structural material

Types of Carbs1. Monosaccharides -

single monomermany isomers

2. Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides

**3-10 = oligosaccharides**

3. Polysaccharide –100’s1,000’s monosaccharides

sugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugar

Classifying sugar Most names end in -ose Classified by # carbons

6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

HOH

O

Glucose

H

OH

HO

O H

HHO

H

Ribose

CH2OH

Glyceraldehyde

H

H

HH

OH

OH

OC

C

C6 5

3

Func

tiona

l gr

oups

Structure determines function!!!!

5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution

What is the medium that makes up most cells?

What do you notice abouteach carbon in the ring?

Numbering!

C

CC

C

CC

1'

2'3'

4'

5'6'

Oenergy stored in C-C bonds

harvested in

cellular respirat

ion

Saccharide Synthesis dehydration synthesis builds

polymers

glycosidic linkage (C-O-C)

|glucose

|glucose

|maltose

H2O

Polysaccharides Classified by composition &

function

homopolysaccharides – same monomer

Ex: starch, glycogen (glucose)

Heterosaccharides – different monomers

Ex: hyaluronic acid (D-glucuronic acid & D-N-acetylglucosamine) found in connective tissue

And by function…1. cell identity - glycoproteins

have carb tail identifying each cell

2. Energy storage – can be hydrolyzed to form ATP1. Starch (plants)2. Glycogen (animals)

3. Structure – chains bind for support1. Cellulose (cell walls)2. Chitin (exoskeleton, fungi)

Role of Shape

starch

glycogen

energystorage

slow release

fast release

Starch vs. Cellulosestarc

heasy to

digest

enzyme

enzyme

cellulose

hard to

digestonly bacteria

can digest

Fight for Fiber!

Providing StructureChitin

Peptidoglycan