Transcript
CALL“Computer Assisted Language Learning”
Lecturer Department of English Language & Literature , University of the Punjab , Lahore Pakistan
What is CALL?Levy (1997 ):
“the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning”
Chapelle (2001):
“ the area of technology and second language teaching and learning”
What is CALL?Beatty(2003) :
“ any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language”
Is CALL A Method?• The focus of CALL is:
– learning – not teaching
• CALL is not a method• CALL is a form of computer
based learning– which carries two important
features:
–Bidirectional learning–Individual learning
CALL• CALL includes issues of:–Materials design– Technologies– Pedagogical Theories –Modes of Instruction
CALL MaterialBeatty (2003):• CALL made for language learning • Its material is purpose full• A student-centered learning
material • It includes: – Computer-based materials– (video, audio, web, internet etc.)
• CALL materials promotes:– language learning process– self-paced learning– tool for teaching/ learning
CALL Technologies • In language teaching and
learning ICT (Information &Communications Technology ) encompasses many different types of software applications
• Two distinct types of applications are:
– Generic software application– CALL software applications
Generic Software Application• Theses are multi-purpose programs– Not designed specifically for
language teaching and learning• These software include:– Word- processor: Microsoft
Word– Presentation software :
PowerPoint– Email packages– Web browsers: using the world
wide web in language teaching and learning
– Spreadsheet : Excel
CALL Software Application• These are programs designed
specifically to:– Promote language learning
• They usually include:– Interactivity language
learning e.g.–Language Lab
Software–CD-ROMS–Web-based interactive
exercises/quizzes
Pedagogy&
Software Design of CALL
Methodologies of Teaching foreign Language
• Approaches to teaching foreign languages are constantly changing, dating back to:
The grammar-translation MethodThe direct method The audio-lingual MethodCommunicative Approach Constructivism
The Grammar-translation Method• A method derived from the classical method of
teaching Greek & Latin• In grammar-translation classes:– students learn grammatical rules – apply those rules by translating sentences between
the target language and their native language• The method has two main goals to: – enable students to read and translate literature
written in the target language– develop their general intellect
The Direct Method
• The method uses only target language – refrains from using native language
• Focuses on:– spoken language– question-answer patterns
• Concepts & vocabulary are taught by:– real life objects and other visual materials
• Grammar is taught by:– Inductive approach "bottom up“ approach• from specific to broader generalizations
– Deductive approach is "top-down" • from the more general to the more specific
The Audio-lingual Method• Based on behaviourist theory– humans could be trained through a system of
reinforcement• This method advised that:– Students be taught a language directly
• It didn’t focus on:– teaching vocabulary Rather, the teacher drilled students
in the use of grammar• In audio-lingualism, there is no explicit grammar instruction– everything is simply memorized in form
The Communicative Approach• An approach to language teaching that emphasizes:
• Interaction as:– the means and – the ultimate goal of study
• Communication of any sort: – Among groups– Organizations– Nations or states
ConstructivismA theory to explain:• How knowledge is constructed in the human
being• When information comes into contact with
existing knowledge• That had been developed by experiences
Designing &Creating CALL Software• Developing a CALL package is more than just
putting a text book into a computer• It is an extremely demanding task– It calls upon a range of skills
• Major CALL development projects are usually– managed by a team of people:
A Subject Specialist: usually a language teacher who is responsible for providing the content and
pedagogical input
Designing &Creating CALL SoftwareA Programmer who is familiar with the chosen programming
language or authoring tool
A Graphic Designer to produce pictures and icons to advise on fonts, colour, screen layout, etc.
A Professional Photographer a very good amateur photographer
Designing &Creating CALL Software
A Sound Engineer & A Video Technician will be required if the package is to contain
substantial amounts of sound and video
An Instructional Designer will probably have a background in cognitive
psychology and media technology
will be able to advise the subject specialists in the team on the appropriate use of the chosen technology
TYPES OF CALL ACTIVITIES
Types of CALL Activities
•Multiple-choice
•True/false Quizzes
• Gap-filling Exercise
• Cloze
• Matching
• Re-ordering/sequencing
Types of CALL Activities
• Crossword puzzles
• Games
•Web Quests/searching
• Web Publishing
• Writing & Word-processing
• Online Communication (synchronous and asynchronous)
Advantages of Computers
(based on Meskill, 2002)
1. Predetermined Judgment
Computer can judge:
• Predetermined right-or-wrong answers e.g.
• Multiple choice
• Fill-in-the-blanks
2. Immediate Fixed ResponseComputers can provide:
• Immediate, yet fixed response e.g.
• Feedback
•Suggestions
• Encouragement
3. Authentic InformationComputer can provide authentic information through:
• Multimedia – texts•Images• Sounds• Videos• Animations
4. Motivation
Computer can
•Motivate task persistence
5. Keep RecordComputer can record learner’s:
Writing
Speech
Learning progress
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
(based on Meskill, 2002, p. 122)
1.Unexpected InputComputer can’t
• Judge unexpected input
2. Individualized Feedback
Computer can’t provide:
Individualized feedback beyond
a predetermined list of messages
3. Face-to-Face InteractionComputer can’t engage learner in:
Rich negotiation of meaning
Characteristic of face-to-face
interaction
4. Human InteractionComputer can’t motivate:
Depth and quality of engagement Characteristic of human interaction
Roles of the Computer in
Language Learning &
Teaching
1. TutorComputer plays role as a tutor for:
Language Drills
Skill Practice
2. ToolComputer plays role as a tool for:•Reading, Writing, Listening•Presenting•Researching• Reinforcement –what has been learned in the
classrooms• Correction–To help learners with limited
language proficiency
3. Medium• Computer plays role as a medium of:
Global communication
Computer&
The Language Class
Teaching with one computer in the class
Delivery of Content:•PowerPoint•Word-processor•WebPages, etc.
Classroom Activities/discussions:•Mediated by the computer
Teaching with one computer in the classInteractive Whiteboard
•A large interactive display that connects to a computer
•A projector projects the computer's desktop onto the board's surface
• where users control the computer using a pen, finger or other device
Network-based Language TeachingTask-based group Work /activities
Computer-mediated Communication (CMC): asynchronous/synchronous
Tandem Learning: • A method of language learning based on mutual language exchange between tandem partners
(ideally each learner is a native speaker in the language the proponent wants to learn)
Self-access Learning
Independent learning:
• Drills and exercises
•Word processing
• Resource searching
Distance Learning
• Individual learners work by themselves
• At a place and time of their choice
Reasons for CALL Rise in Use
Internet Availability
•Internet access has become increasingly available:
• to learners in homes and Internet Cafes
Technology Availability •Technology is becoming increasingly mobile
•Younger learners have grown up with technology
•and have integrated it into their lives
International Language•English, as the international language
is being used in technologically contexts
Authentic Tasks & Materials•Technology and The Internet gives learners and instructors
• new opportunities for authentic tasks and materials
Collaboration•The Internet provides uses with excellent opportunities for
• collaboration between learners
Integration•Technology is offered and integrated in course books and other learning materials
•Learners more and more expect language schools to integrate technology into their courses
Tool for Language Practice •Technology offers new ways for practicing and assessing language abilities
•Technology provides tools that can be used for exposure and practice in the four main language skills:
•speaking, listening, writing and reading
HISTORY OF CALL
Origin of CALL• CALL originates from CAI – (Computer Assisted Instruction)
• Where computers were first viewed as:– an aid for teachers
• The philosophy CALL is:– more student-centered with the lessons allowing the
learner to:–Learn their own –Use structured/ unstructured interactive lessons
History of CALL• CALL’s origins and development trace back to
the 1960’s
• Since the early days CALL has developed into a symbiotic relationship between:– The development of technology– Pedagogy
Development of CALL• Warschaure (1996) divided the development of
CALL into three phases:1. Behaviouristic CALL
2. Communicative CALL
3. Integrative CALL(multimedia and the internet)
• Bax (2003) perceived the three phases as:RestrictedOpen Integrated
• And there have been several other attempts to categorize the history of CALL
Behaviouristic CALL • It is defined by Skinner’s behaviouristic theories of learning• Because repeated exposure to material was considered:
To be beneficial Or even essential
• Computers were considered ideal for this aspect of learning as :
• The machines: did not get boredOr impatient with learners
• Computer could present material: to the students as their own pace
• Computer can adapt the drills: to the level of the students
Communicative CALL • It is based on the communicative approach• The focus is on:– Using the language rather than analysis of the
language– Teaching grammar implicitly rather explicitly
• It also allowed for originality & flexibility in student output of language– To generate original utterances
Integrative/ Explorative CALL • Starting from 1990’s tries to:– integrate the teaching of language skills into tasks or
projects – to provide direction and coherence
• It also coincides with the development of multimedia technology:– Providing text– Graphics– Sound– Animation– Computer-mediated communication
Integrative/ Explorative CALL
• Call in this period saw a ultimate shift of use of computer for:– drill and – tutorial purposes – (computer as an authoritative base for a specific task)
• To a medium for:– extending education beyond the classroom– and recognizing instruction
CMC Programs• Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
programs include:
Synchronous:– online chat– video-conferencing
Asynchronous:– email– discussion forum– message board
Steps toward Integrative CALL
• Integrative approaches to CALL are based on two important technological developments:
1. Multimedia Technology
2. Internet
Internet based CALL Latest Advancement
The world wide web was introduced in 1992Reached the general public by 1993 Opened up new possibilities in CALL
Internet Activates vary considerably from
Online software CMC Application• Online version of software
( where the learner interacts with a networked computer)• To computer-mediated communication
(where the learner interacts with other people via computer)
• To applications that combine these two elements
Multimedia CALL • MCALL provides a variety of media:– Use of Audio / Video clips– Sound– Animation– Text– graphics– Interlingual method (clippings in Urdu and English)– Language learning: vocabulary: Synonyms,
Antonyms– Reading– Grammar– Role Play Task– Translation– Fluency Task
Web based/ Internet CALL• icall includes following learning programs :• Web platforms used in this experiment:–Wiki educator– Other web-resources to be used:– Hot potatoes– SL– YouTube/ Ustream– Blogs– Social networking sites (facebook)– Hi5, ning, netlog etc
Web based/ Internet CALL•Online Dictionaries• Online Encyclopedias• Online Concordancers• News/magazine sites• e-texts•Web-quests• Web publishing
YOUR TASK
1. Prepared text based two video clips
2. Use text based two visual aid
This Task Carries 6 marks
“And the total number of stars in the universe is probably something like
the total number of grains of sand on
all the seashores of the world. such is the littleness of our home in space when measured up against the total substance of the universe”.
English Book –II (Modern Prose and Heroes):The Dying Sun. (1).
English Book –II (Modern Prose and Heroes):On Destroying Book. (17).
English Book –II (Modern Prose and Heroes):On Destroying Book. (17).
English Book –II (Modern Prose and Heroes):On Destroying Book. (17).
English Book –II (Modern Prose and Heroes):On Destroying Book. (17).
Lake District (On Destroying Books )
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