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Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE UPGRADING OF THE
RURAL ACCESS ROAD D281 BETWEEN THE N11 AND
DAGGAKRAAL
Mpumalanga Province
Commissioned by:
NCC Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd
18 January 2016
Compiled by: Trevor O’Donoghue (Cert.Sci.Nat) and Alistair Burt
Reviewed by: Professor LR Brown (Pri.Sci.Nat)
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................iii
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ iv
DETAILS OF SPECIALIST AND REVIEWER ....................................................................................... vi
CV SUMMARY OF SPECIALISTS AND REVIEWER ....................................................................... vi
CV OF REVIEWER ............................................................................................................................vii
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ................................................................................................. viii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1
SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 1
TERMS OF REFERENCE .................................................................................................................. 2
ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................. 2
LIST OF APPLICABLE LEGISLATION ............................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................................... 4
Geographical Location ........................................................................................................................ 4
Vegetation and floral description ......................................................................................................... 5
Biome .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Vegetation units .............................................................................................................................. 6
Climate ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Soils and Geology ........................................................................................................................... 8
Conservation targets ....................................................................................................................... 8
Plant species ................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 3: STUDY METHODS ............................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 4: RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 11
Borrow pit and Construction camp one (BPCC1) ............................................................................. 11
Stream crossing 1 (SC 1) .................................................................................................................. 16
Stream crossing 2 (SC 2) .................................................................................................................. 21
Stream crossing 3 (SC 3) .................................................................................................................. 24
Borrow pit and Construction Camp 2 (BPCC 2)................................................................................ 27
D281 road reserve and deviation ...................................................................................................... 32
Borrow pit and construction camp 3 (BPCC3) .................................................................................. 37
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF PLANT SPECIES ....................................................................................... 42
Protected plants ................................................................................................................................ 42
Alien and invasive plants ................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 6: RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................... 46
Pre - construction .......................................................................................................................... 46
During construction ....................................................................................................................... 47
After construction .......................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Appendix A: Species list of plants observed during the survey of D281 and outlying areas ................ 51
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Geographical location of the study area
Figure 2: The Biomes of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)
Figure 3: The vegetation units at the study area
Figure 4: An image indicating the location of BPCC 1
Figure 5: An image indicating the location of BPCC 2
Figure 6: A photo indicating the eastern view across BPCC 1.
Figure 7: A photo indicating the western view across BPCC 1 and severe sheet and gully erosion.
Figure 8: Gravel excavated on the eastern section of BPCC1.
Figure 9: A photo indicating the direction of flow and eastern view for SC1
Figure 10: A photo indicating the western view for SC1 with Datura ferox and D. stramonium in the
foreground.
Figure 11: One of the various waste bags dumped in the SC1.
Figure 12: Eucomis autumnalis (Pineapple flower) observed south of SC 1.
Figure 13: Hypoxis hemerocallidea (Star flower) observed south of SC 1.
Figure 14: Eastern view of SC 2.
Figure 15: Western view of SC2
Figure 14: North-western view of SC 3.
Figure 15: Northern view of SC 3 in relation to the D281 road
Figure 16: South-eastern view of BPCC 2 indicating the natural grassland used as grazing by the
community.
Figure 17: Sheet erosion that may lead to gully erosion at BPCC 2
Figure 18: Signs of historical gravel mining noted at BPCC 2
Figure 19: One of many domestic waste disposal sites observed at BPCC 2.
Figure 20: A possible grave site next to the D281 road reserve
Figure 21: A Google Earth image illustrating the different types of old fields contained in the BPCC 3
Figure 22: NW view of the cultivated land dominated by C. bipinnatus and Z. mays
Figure 23: SE view of the old field dominated by S. africanus and E. curvula
Figure 24: Contours with low canopy cover dominated by H. kraussii and P. longissima and S.
sisymbrifolium in the distance.
Figure 25: The South African Red list categories for species (SANBI, 2009)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Important and protected plants found during the survey
Table 2: Restricted activities for listed invasive species in the NEMBA and CARA
Table 3: Alien and Invasive species identified during the survey of D281
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: Species list of plants observed during the survey of D281 and outlying areas
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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This report was compiled by:
Trevor O’Donoghue (B Tech: Nat cons. UNISA) Cert.Nat.Sci 300055/14
Cell: 084 465 4058
trevorod@ncc-group.co.za
AND
Alistair Burt (B Tech: Nat cons. TUT)
Cell: 071 630 2780
alistairb@ncc-group.co.za
This report was reviewed by:
Prof. L.R. Brown (Phd UP), Pr.Sci.Nat 400075/98 2016-02-15
Tel: 011 471 2339
envguard@telkomsa.net
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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DETAILS OF SPECIALIST AND REVIEWER
CV SUMMARY OF SPECIALISTS AND REVIEWER
TL O’Donoghue Cert.Sci.Nat Reg. No. 300055/14 (Ecological Science).
Mr Trevor Lourens O’Donoghue has more than 10 years’ experience in the Environmental
Management (EM) and Conservation sector. He is based in Gauteng and has working
experience in the North West, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Northern Cape and Western Cape
Province. He started his conservation career in the Timbavati Private nature Reserve from
2003 – 2007. He has operated as an Environmental Control Officer on large construction
projects from 2008 - 2012 where his duties included monitoring, auditing and mitigating
impacts caused by construction as well as implementing and monitoring the restoration and
rehabilitation of such projects after construction. From 2013 to current, he has been a senior
environmental advisor on large construction projects in various provinces around South
Africa and assisted and conducted numerous vegetation and wetland surveys. He has
experience in botanical assessments,- research and in wetland delineation. Applicable
qualifications that merit his expertise as a specialist are listed below:
B – Tech: Nature Conservation, UNISA, 2014
National Diploma: Nature Conservation, TUT, 2003
SACNASP Certified Natural Scientist, Level B – Reg No: 300055/14
Environmental Law for Environmental managers, NWU, 2008
Introduction to Waste management and Integrated Waste management planning, NWU, 2009
Introduction to Wetlands and Wetland delineation, UFS, 2015
He is currently registered for an MSc in Nature Conservation at UNISA
AR Burt
Mr Alistair Burt assisted Mr O’Donoghue during this botanical assessment. He shares similar
interests and experience in the Conservation and EM field. Mr Burt’s conservation
experience dates back to 2004 when he completed his experiential training with South
African National Parks – Kruger National Park. Thereafter he was the Trails Ranger at
Nossob Eco Trail in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park where he moved on to the City of Cape
Town as the Conservation Manager of the Witsand-Soetwater Conservation Area in the
Western Cape. In the EM field he has worked as an ECO and Senior Environmental advisor
on numerous linear projects making him a suitable person to assist in the recommendations
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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and mitigations during linear assessments. He has extensive experience in dealing with
landowners and interested and affected parties on these projects, which involved conflict
management, access agreements and constant liaison between the client and interested
and affected parties. Mr Burt is an active volunteer with the SANParks Honorary Rangers,
using his extensive EM skills within the conservation sector. He has experienced many
elements of the Eskom Corporate; Renewables; Transmission line and sub-station
construction processes over the past 7 years making him familiar with the EIA regulations of
2008 – 2014.
Applicable qualifications that merit his expertise as a specialist are listed below:
B – Tech: Nature Conservation, TUT, 2006,
National Diploma: Nature Conservation, TUT, 2004
DQS Environmental Management Systems Lead Auditors Course, 2010
Conflict Management Course, 2010
CEM: Environmental Law for Environmental Managers, 2010
CEM: Implementing Environmental Management Systems, 2011
CEM: Environmental Risk Assessment and Management based on ISO 31000, 2013
Green Gain Consulting: Environmental Legal Liability Training, 2013
USB: Project Management Course, 2014
CV OF REVIEWER
Professor LR Brown (PhD) Pri.Sci.Nat Reg. No. 400075/98 (Botanical Science and
Ecological Science)
Leslie Brown is a Professor in Plant Ecology at the University of South Africa. His research
interests include plant phytosociology, veld management, restoration, long-term monitoring,
and plant-animal interactions. He currently heads the Applied Behavioural Ecology and
Ecosystem Research Unit that conducts animal-plant interaction research in collaboration
with various international institutions. He is a registered plant ecologist and botanist (Pri Sci
Nat) with the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions, a Professional Member
(MGSSA) of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa, while also being a member of eight
professional bodies. He has served on various advisory committees and executive boards and
has presented many short courses in veld management and grass and tree identification. He
has more than 24 years’ experience in vegetation surveys, Impact Assessments, and
research. He has conducted more than 220 vegetation/wetland impact assessments in
South Africa and specialises in the savanna, grassland and Nama-karoo biomes. He has the
following qualifications:
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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PhD Terrestrial plant ecology
MSc. Water ecology
BSc Hons (Botany)
BSc (Ed) (Botany, Zoology, Education)
Wetland and Riparian Delineation (DWAF Accredited Course)
Soil Classification and Wetland Delineation Short Course – TERRASOIL Science
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
We, Trevor Lourens O’Donoghue and Alistair Robert Burt, declare that we:
acted as the independent specialists in this application;
regard the information contained in this report as it relates to our specialist input/study to be true and correct, and
do not have and will not have any financial interest in the undertaking of the activity, other than remuneration for work performed in terms of the NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2014 and any specific environmental management Act;
have and will not have any vested interest in the proposed activity proceeding;
have disclosed, to the applicant, EAP and competent authority, any material information that have or may have the potential to influence the decision of the competent authority or the objectivity of any report, plan or document required in terms of the NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2014 and any specific environmental management Act;
are fully aware of and meet the responsibilities in terms of NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2014 (specifically in terms of regulation 17 of GN No. R. 543) and any specific environmental management Act, and that failure to comply with these requirements may constitute and result in disqualification;
have provided the competent authority with access to all information at our disposal regarding the application, whether such information is favourable to the applicant or not; and
are aware that a false declaration is an offence in terms of regulation 48 of the NEMA EIA Regulations.
Signature of the specialists
NCC Environmental Services Pty (Ltd)
Name of company
18 January 2016
Date
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report includes the identification of the individual plant species as identified in
different vegetation units occurring within or along the D281 road reserve as well as
the pre-identified areas to be used for borrow pits and construction camps.
From this background knowledge:
A plant species inventory could be created and used during construction
Protected plants can be identified and removed with the necessary statutory
permissions
Alien and invasive plants can be destroyed and prevented from re-
establishing
Soil conservation measures can be planned ahead
The planning of physical infrastructure, e.g. roads, construction camps,
laydown areas, buildings, etc. can be made
Storm water and –drainage can be planned
Rehabilitation and re-establishment of vegetation can be planned
SCOPE
NCC Environmental Services have been appointed by the Applicant, The
Mpumalanga Department of Public Works, Roads and Transport to ensure
compliance with the regulations contained in Section 24 of the National
Environmental Management Act (NEMA, No 107 of 1998 as amended in 2014) to
conduct a Basic Assessment (BA) for the construction of a tar road on an existing
gravel road and submit the mandatory application for environmental authorisation to
the relevant authority.
In terms of Section 24 of NEMA, an application should be made for
authorisation for the construction and upgrade of the D281 access road. The
application will be submitted to The Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture Rural
Development, Land and Environmental Affairs (DARDLEA) to consider a decision
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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with regards to the following listed activities as per Listing Notice 1 (Government
Notice R 983 Government Gazette 38282 of 4 December 2014).
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Botanical assessment of the existing D281 road and reserve.
A botanical assessment of the deviation of the road from the N11.
A botanical assessment of the two areas identified that will be used for
Construction Camps and Borrow pits
ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
It is assumed that vegetation on the fringes of the roads and in the construction
camp sites and within areas designated for borrow pits will be impacted on or
destroyed during construction and associated activities during the upgrade of the
road. Conclusions reached and recommendations made are based not only on
occurrence of individual species, but more appropriately on habitats and ecosystem
processes. Planning must therefore allow for the maintenance of species, habitats
and ecosystem processes. Recommendations are made based on experience,
observations in the field and from literature.
The survey was undertaken during a once off visit to the site on 18 January
2016 in the wet season. Geophytic, annual, rare and cryptic plant species could
therefore have been missed due to their inconspicuous growth forms and specific
flowering times. Multiple visits to any site during the different seasons of the year
could therefore increase the chances to record a larger portion of the total species
complex associated with the area. Taking the low rainfall into account during the
spring of 2015 it must be noted that this report may not indicate the presence of
certain plant species but this does not mean that they do not occur; therefore all
precaution must still be taken to ensure that all damage to indigenous vegetation is
kept to an absolute minimum.
While all care was taken to ensure the correct identification of plant species and
associated habitats it cannot be guaranteed that every species has been surveyed
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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and identified. The survey of the study site is however considered as successful with
a correct identification of the different vegetation units. The findings of this report
should be seen as the baseline data that can be included into the Environmental
Management Program (EMPr).
LIST OF APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
The listed acts below ensure the protection of ecological processes, natural systems
and natural beauty as well as the preservation of biotic diversity in the natural
environment. It also ensures the protection of the environment against disturbance,
deterioration, defacement or destruction as a result of man-made structures,
installations, processes or products or human activities.
NATIONAL ENVIRONEMTAL MANAGEMENT ACT, NO. 107 OF 1998
NATIONAL ENVIRONEMTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT, NO. 10 OF 2004
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: WASTE ACT, NO 59 OF 2008
NATIONAL WATER ACT, NO. 36 OF 1998
NATIONAL HERITAGE RESOURCES ACT, NO. 25 OF 1999
MPUMALANGA NATURE CONSERVATION ACT, NO. 10 OF 1998
CONSERVATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES ACT, NO.43 OF 1983
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Chapter 2: STUDY AREA
Geographical Location
The study area is situated in the Mpumalanga province 16 km north of the Town of
Volksrust. It is located between the N11 and the settlement of Daggakraal
(27°12'57.99"S; 29°53'5.80"E). The study site surrounds an existing gravel road
(D281 ) and extends for 17 km from West to East. Figure 1.
Latitude (S): Longitude (E):
Starting point of the activity 27
o 12’ 58.45“ 29
o 53‘ 2.61“
Middle point of the activity 27
o 9‘ 33.05“ 29
o 56‘ 28.83“
End point of the activity 27
o 6‘ 22.75“ 29
o 59‘ 19.89“
Figure 1: Geographical location of the study area
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Vegetation and floral description
Biome
The main vegetation type present in the study area forms part of the Grassland
Biome (Figure 2). The grassland biome has been under pressure from agriculture
and mining that has resulted in only 1% of this biome to be protected for
conservation (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). Large parts of our grasslands occur on
deep fertile soils of high agricultural value. Much of this landscape has already been
converted to crops, timber or intensive animal production. Grasslands originally
covered 61% of Mpumalanga, but 44%of this has been transformed by agriculture
and other development. This substantial and irreversible reduction of the biome is
due mainly to cultivation, especially industrial scale agriculture and timber growing.
These land uses destroy biodiversity but extensive livestock grazing can be
reasonably biodiversity-friendly, provided good management and safe stocking rates
are applied (Ferar & Lotter, 2007).
Mpumalanga’s grasslands are mainly found above 1000m above sea level.
These are cool, dry open landscapes, with rainfall of more than 500mm/yr. Frost, hail
storms and lightning strikes are common. Due to the high altitude these areas
experience cold temperatures especially during winter periods. The cold
temperatures (especially extreme temperatures) as well as the frequent occurrence
of fires favours the herbaceous vegetation and maintain these areas grasslands with
only few woody species present. Grasslands have shallow rooted vegetation with a
growing season limited (Ferar & Lotter, 2007).
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 2: The Biomes of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Mucina &
Rutherford, 2006)
Vegetation units
According to Rutherford and Mucina (2006) two vegetation types are present namely
the Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland (Gm 13) and the Wakkerstroom Montane
Grassland (Gm 14) (Figure 3).
Amersfoort Highveld Grassland is made up of undulating grassland plains
with scattered patches of rocky dolerite outcrops in certain areas. The vegetation is
mainly short grassland largely dominated by Themeda triandra which is often heavily
grazed. It extends from just South of Ermelo down through Amersfoort to the Memel
Area in the south. It mainly occurs in the KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga Provinces.
The altitude ranges between 1580 – 1860 m.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland is linked to the southern and northern
Drakensberg escarpments. It’s made up of low mountains and undulating plains.
Vegetation is mainly short montane grasslands on relatively flat areas such as
plateaus. It occurs from the Escarpment just north of Sheepmoor to southeast of
Utrecht, and then from the vicinity of Volksrust in the West to Mandhlangampisi
mountain near Luneburg in the east. Altitude ranges between 1440 – 2200 m.
Figure 3: The vegetation units at the study area
Climate
Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland receives rainfall mainly in the early summer
with a mean annual rainfall of 694 mm. Winters are cold and summers are mild with
incidences of frost being very high. Mean annual temperature is 14oC.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Rainfall in the Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland is highest in midsummer. It
receives more rainfall than adjacent areas with a mean annual rainfall of 902 mm.
The winters are very cold with mild summers with a similar mean annual temperature
to the Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland of 14oC.
Soils and Geology
Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland mostly has vertic clay soils weathered from
dolerite.
Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland is situated on Voluminous Jurassic
dolerite dykes and sills (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006) mudstone, sandstone and shale
of the Madzaringwe and Volksrust Formations (Karoo Supergroup).
Conservation targets
Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland is classified as a vulnerable vegetation type.
The conservation target is 27% but none is formally protected. Some 25% of this unit
is transformed, predominantly by cultivation (22%). The area is not suited to
afforestation. Exotic Acacia species (Silver and Black Wattle) and Salix babylonica
invade drainage lines. Erosion potential varies from very low (57%) to low (40%)
(Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland is considered to be a least threatened
vegetation type. Conservation target is 27%, but less than 1% is statutorily protected.
There are 10 South African Natural Heritage Sites in this unit, although very little of it
is formally protected. Land use pressures from agriculture are low (5% cultivated)
probably owing to the colder climate and shallower soils. The area is also suited to
afforestation, with more than 1% under Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus spp.
plantations. The black wattle is an aggressive invader of riparian areas. Very little
erosion occurs in these areas (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006).
Plant species
A large number of rare and endangered species occur in grasslands. They are
mostly small, very localised and visible for only a few weeks in the year when they
flower (Ferar & Lotter, 2007). A list of all species observed including their families
and conservation status is attached to this report. See Appendix A.
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Chapter 3: STUDY METHODS
A desktop study of the study area was done prior to the actual site visit. We gathered
data of the study area from text books, research papers and previous assessments
of other planned construction projects in the area. The D281 upgrade consists of
different activities and different sensitive areas that vegetation may be impacted
upon and was therefore divided into six different study units and surveyed
accordingly. The D281 study units were as follows:
1. Borrow pit and Construction camp 1 (BPCC1) (Figure 4)
2. Borrow pit and Construction camp 2 (BPCC2) (Figure 5)
3. Stream Crossing 1 (SC1)
4. Stream Crossing 2 (SC2)
5. Stream Crossing 3 (SC3)
6. Road reserve and Deviation (RD) (Figure 4)
7. Borrow pit and Construction camp 3 (BPCC3) (Figure 21)
Stratification of the area into physiographic-physiognomic vegetation units was done
using 1:50 000 stereo aerial photographs (Brown et al., 1996) and Google Earth geo-
referenced images. The area was physically walked by the specialists on foot and all
plants were identified on 18 January 2016. BPCC 1 & 2 was walked with a Garmin
E-Trex® handheld GPS with pre-loaded data of the boundaries of the areas. A list of
all plant species present, including trees, shrubs, grasses, forbs, geophytes and
succulents were compiled. All identifiable plant species were listed. Notes were
additionally made of any other features that might have an ecological influence.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 4: An image indicating the location of BPCC 1 Figure 5: An image indicating the location of BPCC 2
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Chapter 4: RESULTS
Results for each study unit is described and listed below. The results explain the
occurrences of biotic and abiotic factors, vegetation structure, prominent species,
erosion, potential for erosion and a list of observed plant species.
Borrow pit and Construction camp one (BPCC1)
Coordinates: 27°12'55.09"S; 29°53'16.17"E
Soil Shallow heavy clay soils on hard rock and shale. In some areas soils are found on weathered dolerite materials.
Vegetation structure Open grassland with rocky outcrops covered by woody vegetation such as Diospyros lycioides and Leucosidea sericea.
Prominent species Cynodon dactylon, Berkheya zeyheri, Hyparrhenia tamba. The existing road
fringes contained the following geophytes during the survey: Hypoxis
hemerocallidea, Hypoxis iridifolia, Hypoxis rigidula, Gladiolus ecklonii,
Eucomis autumnalis, Erythrina zeyheri.
Severe overgrazing has caused the grass cover to form a lawn type structure that is
dominated by Cynodon dactylon. The proposed site is located on both sides of the
proposed road upgrade and includes the area that the deviation will run through. The
forb Berkheya zeyheri is dominant.
The site was surveyed on the eastern and western side of the road along with the
road reserve occurring on opposite sides of a cattle fence separating the road from
BPCC1. Figure 6 and 7.
On the road fringes where grazing has been absent as a result of the fence, the
grass layer is dominated by Hyparrhenia tamba and H. hirta. Geophytes were
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover < 1%
Grass cover 50 - 60%
Forb cover 15%
Rockiness 20%
Medium to steep slope
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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abundant in this area (See prominent species). Erosion is prominent and if not
controlled will result in further degradation and siltation of the stream below.
Erosion and erosion potential
Sheet and gully erosion is prominent as seen in Figure 7. The slope of the area
increases the potential for further erosion due to water runoff and lack of vegetation
cover. These risks must be taken into account during construction and mitigation and
prevention measures must be put into place to prevent further degradation. Signs of
gravel mining in this area were noted as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 6: A photo indicating the eastern view across BPCC 1.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 7: Western view across BPCC 1 and severe sheet and gully erosion.
Figure 8: Gravel excavated on the eastern section of BPCC1.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Plant species documented at BPCC 1
GRASSES
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Hyparrhenia tamba (Steud.) Stapf
Schizachyrium jeffreysii (Hack.) Stapf
Themeda triandra Forssk.
WOODY SPECIES
Diospyros lycioides Desf.
Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.
FORBS
Acalypha angustata Sond.
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet
Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Bidens pilosa L.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Crepis hypochoeridea (DC.) Thell.
Datura ferox L.
Datura stramonium L.
Dipcadi marlothii Engl.
Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees
Helichrysum aureum (Houtt.) Merr.
Helichrysum cephaloideum DC.
Helichrysum kraussii Sch.Bip.
Hermannia coccocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
Hermannia depressa N.E.Br.
Hermannia lancifolia Szyszyl.
Hibiscus micranthus L.f.
Hibiscus microcarpus Garcke
Hibiscus trionum L.
Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen.
Pentanisia angustifolia (Hochst.) Hochst.
Plantago longissima Decne.
Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth.
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Ricinus communis L.
Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Sida cordifolia L.
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey.
Tagetes minuta L.
Trichoneura grandiglumis (Nees) Ekman
Verbena bonariensis L.
Verbena tenuisecta Briq.
Xanthium spinosum L.
GEOPHYTES
Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt.
Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
Hypoxis iridifolia Baker
Hypoxis rigidula Baker
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f.
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Stream crossing 1 (SC 1)
Coordinates: 27°10'39.00"S; 29°55'26.32"E
Soil Deep vertic clay soils
Vegetation structure Open grassland with controlled grazing practises within a fenced in area.
Prominent species Outer fringes: Eragrostis inamoena, Sporobolus africana and Paspalum
dilatatum and Datura ferox and D. stramonium with grasses such a
Cynodon dactylon and Hyparrhenia tamba on the fringes.
Permanent wet zone: Schoenoplectus sp, Cyperus spp and Metha aquatica
(not dominant but present)
South of the SC1 the following geophytes occurs in dense stands: Hypoxis
hemerocallidea, Hypoxis iridifolia , Hypoxis rigidula, Eucomis autumnalis
Signs of grazing is present but the area is not overgrazed. The stream flows from the
western side to the eastern side of the D281 road (Figure 9 & 10).
The road fringe is dominated by Eragrostis inamoena, Sporobolus africana and
Paspalum dilatatum indicating the presence of moisture or at least a high water table
in the soils. The riparian vegetation within the SC1 consists mostly of sedges such
as Cyperus spp and Schoenoplectus spp in water with Cynodon dactylon and
Hyparrhenia tamba lining the edges and fringes of the stream. The embankments
are mostly bare soil. Berkheya radula is the most prominent forb and is also an
indicator of clay content of the soil. Alien and invasive weeds are encroaching on the
indigenous vegetation and forming dense stands consisting mostly of Datura ferox
and Datura stramonium (Figure 10).
A number of pollution factors were noted in the form of waste disposal activities that
seemed to look like the illegal dumping of medical waste in the form of sanitary
goods such as nappies and a large bag indicating the contents of it as waste (Figure
11). Some animal carcases and by-products from the slaughtering of animals were
also noted in the stream.
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover 0%
Grass cover 50%
Forb cover 15%
Rockiness < 1%
Mild slope
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To the Southern side of the SC1 dense stands of Hypoxis rigidula, H.
hemerocallidea, H. iridifolia and Eucomis autumnalis were observed. These
geophytes are plants that have significant cultural and medicinal value and continued
to occur on various intervals along the road reserve (Figure 12 & 13). The
significance and mitigation measures around these plants will be covered later in this
report.
Erosion and erosion potential
Erosion in this area was limited to the actual stream migration and meandering. It is
recommended that the water flow measures such as pipes and culverts to be
installed are designed in such a way that it dissipates the force of the water. This will
slow the flow of water and spread it evenly so that it prevents erosion of the
embankments during flooding or heavy rainfall. Narrowing of the water passage may
cause high speed discharge on the opposite side that can lead to erosion and
uneven dissipation of the water flow.
Figure 9: A photo indicating the direction of flow and eastern view for SC1
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 10: A photo indicating the western view for SC1 with Datura ferox and
D. stramonium in the foreground.
Figure 11: One of the various waste bags dumped in the SC1.
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Figure 12: Eucomis autumnalis (Pineapple flower) observed south of SC 1.
Figure 13: Hypoxis iridifolia observed south of SC 1.
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Plant species documented at SC 1
GRASSES
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Eragrostis inamoena K.Schum.
Hyparrhenia tamba (Steud.) Stapf
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Panicum schinzii Hack.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen.
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
Tragus berteronianus Schult.
FORBS
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Bidens pilosa L.
Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Cyperus species
Datura ferox L. x stramonium L. *
Plantago lanceolata L.
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera
Schoenoplectus species
Sonchus nanus Sond. ex Harv.
Tagetes minuta L.
Tribulus terrestris L.
Triraphis schinzii Hack.
Verbena bonariensis L.
GEOPHYTES
Erythrina zeyheri Harv.
Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt.
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
Hypoxis iridifolia Baker Hypoxis rigidula Baker
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Stream crossing 2 (SC 2)
Coordinates: 27° 9'54.06"S; 29°56'7.65"E
Soil Deep vertic clay soils
Vegetation structure Open Grassland.
Prominent species Outer fringes: Sporobolus africanus, Paspalum dilatatum and Eragrostis
inamoena.
Permanent wet zone: Schoenoplectus sp and Cyperus sp
The SC2 is situated on communal grazing land. It is similar to SC1 and the
vegetation is dominated by Sporobolus africanus, Paspalum dilatatum and
Eragrostis inamoena. The stream bed is wider, more waterlogged and trampling by
cattle is evident. Very few plants occur in the stream bed. Figure 14 & 15.
Figure 14: Eastern view of SC 2.
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover 0%
Grass cover 70%
Forb cover <10%
Rockiness 0%
Mild slope
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 15: Western view of SC2
Erosion and erosion potential
Erosion in this area was limited to the actual stream migration and meandering.
Besides the trampling there is no real evidence of excessive erosion. Plant cover is
fairly intact.
Plant species documented at SC 2
GRASSES
Eragrostis rotifer Rendle
Hyparrhenia tamba (Steud.) Stapf
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
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FORBS
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.
Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Crabbea acaulis N.E.Br.
Gazania species
Geigeria burkei Harv.
Gnidia gymnostachya (C.A.Mey.) Gilg
Ipomoea transvaalensis A.Meeuse
Mentha aquatica L.
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth.
Scabiosa columbaria L.
Schoenoplectus species
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam.
Verbena bonariensis L.
Verbena brasiliensis Vell.
Vernonia poskeana Vatke & Hildebr.
GEOPHYTES
Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet
Pelargonium pseudofumarioides R.Knuth
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f.
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Stream crossing 3 (SC 3)
Coordinates: 27° 9'0.47"S; 29°57'25.80"E
Soil Deep vertic clay soils
Vegetation structure Open grassland with signs of sever grazing and notably disturbed by anthropological activities
Prominent species Outer fringes: Eragrostis plana, Sporobolus africanus, Cynodon dactylon
and lawn forming Themeda triandra
Permanent wet zone: Schoenoplectus sp and Cyperus sp
The SC 3 is the last of three stream crossing described in this report. The vegetation
surrounding the SC 3 is open grassland that is used as communal grazing for cattle.
It has some homesteads build close to the banks of it to the north west of the stream
that may indicate people living there may be dependent on it as a water source for
domestic purposes as well (Figure 14).
The landscape surrounding this stream crossing slopes more than SC 1 and SC 2
and erosion potential in this area is higher. Figure 15. Dominant plant species
include Eragrostis plana, Sporobolus africanus, Cynodon dactylon and lawn forming
Themeda triandra in places. The stream is waterlogged and aquatic vegetation is
limited to Schoenoplectus spp and Cyperus spp. There are signs of dumping, that
mostly consists of building rubble and domestic waste (Figure 16).
Erosion and erosion potential
Erosion in this area was limited to the actual stream migration and meandering.
Trampling surrounding the stream was low and vegetation intact. The slope of the
road may have erosion implications during construction and all reasonable steps
must be taken to prevent siltation of the stream as it is likely to be used by people
living downstream.
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover 0%
Grass cover 70%
Forb cover <10%
Rockiness 0%
Mild to medium slope
from North to South
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 14: North-western view of SC 3.
Figure 15: Northern view of SC 3 in relation to the D281 road
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Plant species documented at SC 3
GRASSES
Bromus catharticus Vahl
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Eragrostis inamoena K.Schum.
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Panicum schinzii Hack.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen.
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
FORBS
Asclepias brevipes (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias fallax (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr.
Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Cyperus species
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Aiton f.
Jamesbrittenia aurantiaca (Burch.) Hilliard
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera
Schoenoplectus species
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey.
Tribulus terrestris L.
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Borrow pit and Construction Camp 2 (BPCC 2)
Coordinates: 27° 8'59.79"S; 29°57'39.79"E
Soil Loam to clay soils on the higher elevated regions becoming increasingly clay in the lower lying areas to almost vertic. The soils are shallow in areas with exposed rock closer to the road.
Vegetation structure The BPCC 2 consists of open grassland notably disturbed by anthropological activities.
Prominent species Eragrostis plana, Eragrostis curvula, Berkeya zeyheri, Aristida congesta
subsp congesta, Sporobolus africanus.
Three distinct disturbances were noted in the area namely: Natural grassland (2.23
ha); Old fields mainly in the form of planted pasture (5.3 ha) and Old borrow pits from
previous gravel mining (0.78 ha).
The natural grassland is dominated by the grasses Eragrostis plana, Sporobolus
africanus, Senecio coronatus and the forb Berkheya zeyheri (Figure 16). The old
planted pasture is severely overgrazed and dominated by forbs and pioneer species
and is in an early secondary successional phase. Sparse stands of Eragrostis
curvula does occur probably due to it been cultivated previously for animal feed but
this seems to be succeeded by the less palatable Eragrostis gummiflua.
Sheet erosion is prominent and signs of gully erosion are starting to show where
there once used to be access roads towards the planted pasture (Figure 17).
Historical gravel mining in the area was noted in the south western corner of the
BPCC 2 adjacent to the stream and existing D281 (Figure 18).
These open excavations have over time filled with rainwater and is utilised by cattle.
The establishment of hydrophytes, mostly Cyperus species and Schoenoplectus
species in these excavations indicate that they have been waterlogged/moist for
some time.
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover 0%
Grass cover 30%
Forb cover 20%
Rockiness < 5%
Mild to medium slope
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Dumping of construction- and domestic wastes were observed in the survey area
(Figure 19).
Erosion and erosion potential
Sheet erosion was noted in some localities. The slope of the area increases the
potential for further erosion due to water runoff. These risks must be taken into
account during construction and mitigation and prevention measures must be put
into place to prevent further degradation of the area and the stream to the south of
the survey area.
Figure 16: South-eastern view of BPCC 2 indicating the natural grassland
used as grazing by the community.
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Figure 17: Sheet erosion that may lead to gully erosion at BPCC 2
Figure 18: Signs of historical gravel mining noted at BPCC 2
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Figure 19: One of many domestic waste disposal sites observed at BPCC 2.
Plant species documented during the survey at BPCC 2
GRASSES
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Eragrostis gummiflua Nees
Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees
Eragrostis plana Nees
Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud.
Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. ssp. congesta
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
Themeda triandra Forssk.
FORBS
Acalypha angustata Sond. Anthericum fasciculatum Baker = Chlorophytum fasciculatum (Baker) Kativu
Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild.
Berkheya setifera DC.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
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Bidens formosa (Bonato) Sch.Bip. = Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Commelina africana L.
Crepis hypochoeridea (DC.) Thell.
Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees
Helichrysum caespititium (DC.) Harv.
Helictotrichon leoninum (Steud.) Schweick.
Hermannia coccocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
Hermannia depressa N.E.Br.
Hermannia erodioides (Burch. ex DC.) Kuntze
Hermannia grandistipula (Buchinger ex Hochst.) K.Schum.
Hibiscus aethiopicus L.
Hibiscus microcarpus Garcke
Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop
Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop
Monopsis decipiens (Sond.) Thulin
Nidorella anomala Steetz
Oxalis depressa Eckl. & Zeyh.
Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth.
Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam.
Stoebe vulgaris Levyns
Tephrosia capensis (Jacq.) Pers.
Vernonia oligocephala (DC.) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
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D281 road reserve and deviation
Coordinates: 27° 12'58.45"S; 29°53'2.61"E
Soil The soils vary from shallow rocky outcrops to very deep alluvial and vertic black clay.
Vegetation structure The D281 is a gravel road that runs through open grassland and adulating plains and crosses three stream crossings.
Prominent species Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Eucomis autumnalis, Gladiolus ecklonii are
important geophytes located along the road reserve. Alien vegetation is
located mostly along the riparian fringes of the stream crossings with
larger clumps of Eucalyptus sp and Acacia mearnsii close to old
homesteads next to the road
The road reserve forms the outlying vegetated area of the existing D281 gravel road
toward Daggakraal. Over the years the vegetation have established to a very dense
stand of Hyparrhenia tamba and a vast amount of geophytes have also managed to
settle and thrive within the reserve of the road. This establishment of geophytes may
be attributed to increased water runoff that form suitable conditions for these plants
to grow in. Top soil from this reserve, when the road is widened during construction,
can be used during rehabilitation and should be considered. Removal and relocation
of certain of these geophytes must be authorised or permitted. See the chapter 5 for
more details.
At the coordinates S 27o10’9.0”; E029o55’55.1” a pile of stones that looked
like a possible grave site was located (Figure 20). A heritage specialist should be
consulted to observe and asses if this is in fact a grave.
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover 0%
Grass cover 50%
Forb cover 20%
Rockiness < 5%
Mild to medium slope
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 20: A possible grave site next to the D281 road reserve
Erosion and erosion potential
Erosion was covered in individual areas throughout the report; the risk of erosion is
limited to a few areas as discussed in previous sections. The majority of the road
reserve is fairly intact and the risk of erosion is low. However all possible precautions
must still be taken to prevent erosion at all times regardless of the location of the
activities during construction.
Species located in the road reserve of D281
GRASSES
Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. ssp. congesta
Bromus catharticus Vahl
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Digitaria eriantha Steud.
Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Eragrostis gummiflua Nees Eragrostis inamoena K.Schum.
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Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees
Eragrostis plana Nees
Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud.
Eragrostis rotifer Rendle
Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf var. filipendula
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Hyparrhenia tamba (Steud.) Stapf
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Panicum schinzii Hack.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen. Schizachyrium jeffreysii (Hack.) Stapf
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
Themeda triandra Forssk.
Tragus berteronianus Schult.
Trichoneura grandiglumis (Nees) Ekman
WOODY VEGETATION
Acacia mearnsii De Wild.
Diospyros lycioides Desf.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Pinus pinaster Aiton
Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.
Salix babylonica L.
FORBS
Acalypha angustata Sond.
Alternanthera achyrantha R.Br. = Alternanthera pungens Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Anthericum fasciculatum Baker = Chlorophytum fasciculatum (Baker) Kativu
Argemone mexicana L.
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.
Asclepias brevipes (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias fallax (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr.
Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild.
Berkheya setifera DC.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Bidens formosa (Bonato) Sch.Bip. = Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
Bidens pilosa L.
Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Commelina africana L.
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Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Crabbea acaulis N.E.Br.
Crepis hypochoeridea (DC.) Thell.
Cyperus species
Datura ferox L.
Datura ferox L. x stramonium L. *
Dipcadi marlothii Engl.
Eriosema burkei Benth.
Fadogia homblei De Wild.
Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees
Gazania species
Geigeria burkei Harv.
Gnidia gymnostachya (C.A.Mey.) Gilg
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Aiton f.
Haplocarpha scaposa Harv.
Harpochloa falx (L.f.) Kuntze
Helichrysum aureonitens Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum aureum (Houtt.) Merr.
Helichrysum caespititium (DC.) Harv.
Helichrysum cephaloideum DC.
Helichrysum kraussii Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less.
Helictotrichon leoninum (Steud.) Schweick.
Hermannia coccocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
Hermannia depressa N.E.Br.
Hermannia erodioides (Burch. ex DC.) Kuntze
Hermannia grandistipula (Buchinger ex Hochst.) K.Schum.
Hermannia lancifolia Szyszyl.
Hibiscus aethiopicus L.
Hibiscus micranthus L.f.
Hibiscus microcarpus Garcke
Hibiscus trionum L.
Ipomoea transvaalensis A.Meeuse
Jamesbrittenia aurantiaca (Burch.) Hilliard
Mentha aquatica L.
Monopsis decipiens (Sond.) Thulin Nidorella anomala Steetz
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton
Oxalis deppressa
Pentanisia angustifolia (Hochst.) Hochst.
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago longissima Decne.
Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth.
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Ricinus communis L.
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Scabiosa columbaria L.
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera
Schoenoplectus species
Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.
Sida cordifolia L.
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey.
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam.
Sonchus nanus Sond. ex Harv.
Stoebe vulgaris Levyns
Tagetes minuta L.
Tephrosia capensis (Jacq.) Pers.
Tribulus terrestris L.
Triraphis schinzii Hack.
Verbena bonariensis L.
Verbena brasiliensis Vell.
Verbena tenuisecta Briq.
Vernonia oligocephala (DC.) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Vernonia poskeana Vatke & Hildebr.
Xanthium species
Xanthium spinosum L.
GEOPHYTES
Erythrina zeyheri Harv.
Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt.
Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
Hypoxis iridifolia Baker
Hypoxis rigidula Baker
Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop
Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop
Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet
Pelargonium pseudofumarioides R.Knuth
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f.
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Borrow pit and construction camp 3 (BPCC3)
Coordinates: 27° 9'35.19"S; 29°55'53.65"E
Soil The soils vary from sandy to sandy loam
Vegetation structure The area where BPCC3 is located consists of old fields. Forbs such as Cosmos bipinnatus and Taraxacum spp are dominant with bare patches of exposed soils. Grasses mostly consists of Zea mays and Sporobolus africanus with Solanum sisymbrifolium and Datura stramonium on old contour lines. Where grass cover has re – established it is in a late stage of secondary succession and grazed by cattle. Trampled footpaths also exists throughout the BPCC 3
Prominent species Sporobolus africanus, Cosmos bipinnatus, Verbena brasiliensis and Zea
mays and Taraxacum spp.
This area totally consists out of old fields previously used for crop and fodder
production and makes up the entire BPCC 3. It is dominated by forbs. Two main
areas were identified a) One of the areas fenced and isolated off from the rest of the
area has still recently been used for crop production and is in a very early stage of
secondary succession as indicated by the plants Cosmos bipinnatus and Taraxacum
spp (Figure 22). b) Areas not used for crop production is in further stages of
secondary succession with the grass Sporobolus africanus and Eragrostis curvula
dominating the herbaceous layer (Figure 23).
Erosion and erosion potential
Erosion is evident on old contours where the Ortic-A layer has been lost due to sheet
erosion from trampling and low plant canopy cover. Bare patches and exposed
contours create favourable environments for alien and invasive plant species such
as Solanum sisymbrifolium and Datura stramonium. Forbs such as Helichrysum
kraussii and Plantago longissima are prominent species growing on the exposed
contours (Figure 24). The area has low conservation value.
Tree cover 0%
Shrub cover 0%
Grass cover 30%
Forb cover 40%
Rockiness 0%
Mild slope
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Figure 21: A Google Earth image illustrating the different types of old fields
contained in the BPCC 3
Figure 22: NW view of the cultivated land dominated by C. bipinnatus and Z.
mays
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Figure 23: SE view of the old field dominated by S. africanus and E. curvula
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Figure 24: Contours with low canopy cover dominated by H. kraussii and P.
longissima and S. sisymbrifolium in the distance.
Species located in the BPCC 3
GRASSES
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Eragrostis gummiflua Nees
Eragrostis inamoena K.Schum.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Paspalum urvillei Steud.
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
Themeda triandra Forssk. Zea mays L.
FORBS
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult.
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Asparagus laricinus Burch.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Bidens pilosa L.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Conyza podocephala DC.
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
Datura ferox L.
Haplocarpha scaposa Harv.
Helichrysum kraussii Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less.
Hermannia transvaalensis Schinz
Hibiscus trionum L.
Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago longissima Decne.
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera
Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.
Senecio inornatus DC.
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam.
Sonchus nanus Sond. ex Harv.
Stoebe vulgaris Levyns
Tagetes minuta L.
Taraxacum species
Verbena brasiliensis Vell.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF PLANT SPECIES
Protected plants
To highlight the status of rare and endangered species for the purposes of
conservation, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) initially
established ten categories for the conservation status of species. The South African
National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) adapted these categories to be more useful
for South African species classification. Figure 25.
Figure 25: The South African Red list categories for species (SANBI, 2009)
Statutory protection of plants in this region falls under the Mpumalanga Nature
Conservation Act, No. 10 of 1998 (MNCA). Section 69 (1) (a) list all protected plants
within the province under Schedule 11. No person may pick, remove, damage,
destroy or be in possession of a plant listed under schedule 11 without a permit.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Section 70 – 80 of the act deals with possession and handling of protected plants
and conditions of this section must be adhered to.
Only three plant species of concern were identified that could trigger possible
permission to remove or clear. They are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Important and protected plants found during the survey
Plant species Environmental Significance SANBI 2009
Red List data MNCA act
Schedule 11
Eucomis autumnalis Medicinal Declining Protected
Gladiolus ecklonii Aesthetic and ornamental Least concerned Protected
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Medicinal Declining Not - Protected
Alien and invasive plants
Control and eradication of alien and invasive plants are regulated by:
1. The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act No, 10 OF 2004
(NEMBA);
2. Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, No. 43 of 1983 (CARA); and
3. the Mpumalanga Nature Conservation Act, No. 10 of 1998 (MNCA)
The first two acts deals with alien and invasive plants on a national level. CARA was
replaced by NEMBA in 2014 in terms of declared weeds and alien plants but may
still be applicable and practical to use in most cases. NEMBA lists four categories
(1(a), 1(b), 2 and 3) and CARA lists three categories (1, 2 and 3) as shown in Table
2. In the province of Mpumalanga the MNPCA deals with specific alien and invasive
weeds and plants on a provincial level. It has no specific categories for eradication
but clearly states in Section 80 that the plant species listed under Schedule 13 may
not be transplanted or transported or sold by any person and that he owner or
occupier of the property, where such invasive weeds and plants are found to have
established or growing must take the necessary steps to eradicate or destroy such
plants on the property that he/she is the owner or the occupier.
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Table 2: Restricted activities for listed invasive species in the NEMBA and CARA
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT NO, 10 OF 2004
RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES AS DEFINED IN THE ACT Category 1 a Category 1 b Category 2 Category 3
a. Importing into the republic, including introducing from the sea any specimen of a listed invasive species
Prohibited Prohibited Permit required Prohibited
b. Having in possession or exercising physical control over any specimen of a listed invasive species
Exempted Exempted Permit required Exempted
c. Growing breeding or in any other way propagating any specimen of a listed invasive species, or causing it to multiply Prohibited Prohibited Permit required Prohibited
d. Conveying, moving or otherwise translocation any specimen of a listed invasive species
Prohibited Prohibited Permit required Prohibited
e. Selling or otherwise trading in , buying, receiving, giving, donating or accepting as a gift, or in any way acquiring or disposing of any specimen of a listed invasive species
Prohibited Prohibited Permit required Prohibited
RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES AS DEFINED IN REGULATION 6
f. Spreading or allowing the spread of any listed invasive species
Prohibited Prohibited Permit required Prohibited
CONSERVATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES ACT, NO. 43 OF 1983
Category 1 No trade in pants and must be removed and destroyed immediately
Category 2 Invader plants may be grown under controlled conditions in permitted zones. No trade in these plants
Category 3 Invader plants may no longer be propagated or sold. Existing plants do not need to be removed
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Table 3: Alien and Invasive species identified during the survey of D281
GOVERNING LEGISLATION AND SCHEDULE CRITERIA OF DECLARED WEEDS AND ALIEN INVASIVE PLANTS
Alien invasive identified at D281 Common name NEMBA CARA MNCA Schedule 13
Acacia mearnsii Black wattle Yes, Category 2 Yes, Category 2 Yes
Argemone mexicana Yellow-flowered Mexican poppy Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 No
Argemone ochroleuca White-flowered Mexican poppy Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 No
Bidens pilosa Common blackjack No No Yes
Cirsium vulgare Scottish thistle Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 Yes
Datura ferox Large thorn apple Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 Yes
Datura stramonium Common thorn apple Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 Yes
Eucalyptus camaldulensis River red gum
a. Yes, Category 1b within- (i) riparian areas and grassland, (ii) protected areas declared in terms of the Protected areas act, (iii) within a listed Ecosystem.
Yes, Category 2 Yes
Penisetum vilosum Feathertop Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 No
Pinus pinaster Cluster pine Yes, Category 1 if not in a plantation
Yes, Category 2 Yes
Pyrancantha angustifolia Yellow fire thorn Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 3 Yes
Ricinus communis Castor-oil plant Yes, Category 2 Yes, Category 2 Yes
Solanum sisymbriifolium Dense-thorned bitter apple Yes, Category 2 Yes, Category 2 No
Tagetes minuta Khaki weed No No No
Verbena bonariensis Wild verbena Yes, Category 1b No No
Verben brasiliensis Brazilian verbena Yes, Category 1b No No
Xanthium sp (All Xanthium species) Cocklebur Yes, Category 1b Yes, Category 1 Yes
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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The survey identified numerous stands of alien and invasive plants listed in the
legislation within the road reserve and adjacent areas. The plants may lead to the
further spreading via seed or vegetative means.
It is the recommendation of this report that all alien and invasive plants
identified during this survey that are listed in Table 3 be eradicated and that care be
taken not to re – establish any alien and invasive plants due to the import of
materials and soils during construction and rehabilitation of the reserve and the
borrow pits.
For more information on alien and invasive plants and the legislation
applicable there to see www.invasives.org.za
Chapter 6: RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The recommendations listed below must be included as part of the Construction
Environmental Management programme (EMPr):
Pre - construction
A procedure for proper storm water management must be drafted and
approved to prevent siltation of impacted stream crossings and surrounding
vegetation. During construction the risk of erosion and siltation of the streams
is likely to occur if processes to prevent the occurrences are not implemented
in the case of high intensity rainfall events. The plan should be implemented
before construction starts and during site establishment.
A search and rescue programme must be conducted prior to construction to
locate and remove the following geophytes: Eucomis autumnalis, Gladiolus
ecklonii and Hypoxis hemerocallidea. This must be done by a suitably
qualified person in order to ensure that the plants are relocated to an area
suitable for them to grow. It is important that the timing of removal and
planting is planned with the onset of the growing season. Permission for the
removal and translocation of these plants should be applied for with the
Provincial authority (Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency). Details for
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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such permit applications and requirements can be obtained at
www.mtpa.co.za.
Top soil conservation is crucial as the import of top soil in the case of
shortages during rehabilitation has the risk to introduce alien and invasive
vegetation form other areas. Imported materials must preferably be from the
same area or vegetation community as the one construction is taking place in
(Specific attention must be drawn to the plant Campuloclinium
macrocephalum, although not noted during the field assessment, this species
is aggressively invasive in Grasslands, and the import of material from an
invested area could pose a threat to the local environment)
Top soil stripped from the road reserve must be stock piled and protected and
re-used for rehabilitation purposes along the road servitude, this will ensure
that no foreign or alien plants are imported.
During construction
A fire mitigation and prevention plan should be drafted before construction to
ensure preparedness toward preventing fires starting from construction or
elsewhere to limit or prevent damage to neighboring grazing that the
community depends on. The fire management plan must specify specifically
how fires will be prevented from frequently breaking out and causing damage
to the surrounding vegetation during construction. Excessive fires could have
a negative effect on vegetation in the area
An Alien Invasive Species Management Procedure to control, eradicate and
prevent alien and invasive plants to establish must be drafted to ensure that
the plants do not establish in impacted areas.
A registered Pest Control Officer’s (PCO) must be used in the application of
herbicides during alien plant eradication processes. This person must ensure
that herbicides are applied correctly and responsibly in terms of excessive
and responsible use. Herbicides applied close to the stream crossings must
be done selectively and minimised to prevent contaminating water bodies that
can cause possible non – selective damage to indigenous vegetation
downstream
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BPCC 1- The Southern slope of the area must protected against erosion and
runoff water that can further erode the area or silt up the lower lying stream
Timber from invasive species that need to be removed to make way for the
road can be offered to the local community.
After construction
Rehabilitation must commence in the construction area as soon as
construction has been completed. The use of a geo textile to stabilize the
exposed top soil surface is advised, especially on areas with mild to steep
slopes. The ultimate objective for rehabilitation should focus on the
stabilisation of soil to prevent unnecessary erosion. This will enable
successful rehabilitation of the vegetation to retain and improve the vegetation
cover, grazing value and species richness to resemble the natural vegetation
occurring in the area.
The timeframes for rehabilitation should be planned to commence from
August-February, to allow the vegetation to establish during the growing
season. Only indigenous plants must be used for rehabilitation purposes, a
suitable a grass mixture can be obtained from the local agricultural
organizations. No exotic species such as Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu)
may be used for rehabilitation.
The rehabilitation of borrow pits will need some amount of filling materials in
order to decommission these pits. No construction rubble must be used to
infill the borrow pits. It must be noted that most of the borrow pits is currently
used for communal grazing and that it should be reinstated back to communal
grazing
Borrow pit rehabilitation must take the current erosion and gravel mining
operations into account to eradicate or repair these areas to a stable state if
not a better state.
Photos of BPCC1, BPCC2 and BPCC3 must be taken before construction to
compare to the rehabilitation done in order to see that the areas have been
reinstated to a better condition than it was originally in.
Based on the grasses identified in this study the following grass mixture is
recommended (ratios between brackets): Themeda triandra (4); Eragrostis
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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curvula (5), Digitaria eriantha (4), Cynodon dactylon (6), Chloris gayana (4),
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (5). It is recommended that the grass seeds are
sown at a density of between 20-30kg/ha to ensure effective germination of
species.
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION
The vegetation along the road reserve as surveyed ranges from degraded, heavily
grazed and trampled to moderate condition. The effects of the road and the adjacent
land uses has impacted negatively on the condition of the vegetation, however the
vegetation cover is high with a moderate species richness. Based on what is
contained in this report and the present state of the areas surveyed for the D281
road upgrade it is not expected that the construction will have a significant negative
impact on the surrounding environment or the existing road reserve. There were no
plants found that were protected under the NEMBA published list of critically
endangered, endangered, vulnerable, and protected species. Only two species will
require permission from statutory bodies and two are listed as declining under the
SANBI red data lists for plants. The construction may benefit the region in the
following way:
Jobs and skills development for the surrounding communities may be created
Areas that have been degraded as a result of previous activities that were not
monitored or regulated can be re-instated to a better condition that they were
found in
Important taxonomical species of plants that were exposed next to the road
and vulnerable to harvesting or picking will be relocated to more remote and
inaccessible areas that may offer better protection to these plants
Areas that is polluted and contaminated by illegal dumping of waste and
building rubble will be cleaned up
It is assumed that Problem, Alien and Invasive vegetation will be removed and
destroyed during the activity
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REFERENCES
CARA.(1983). 198 Invasive Alien Plants Categories COOK. C. L. (2012). Specialist ecological assessment for the proposed new 88kv
line from Uitkoms subtation to Kliphoek substation & Kliphoek substation to Panbult substation, Eskom Distribution Division, Northern region; Mpumalanga province. Royal Haskoning DHV
FERRAR, A.A. & LÖTTER, M.C. (2007). Mpumalanga Biodiversity Conservation
Plan Handbook. Mpumalanga Tourism & Parks Agency, Nelspruit. KOOIJ, M.S., BREDEKAMP, G.J., THERON, G.K. (1990). Classification of the
vegetation of the A land type in the north-western Orange Free State. South African Journal of Botany 56: 309-318.
L.R. BROWN, G.J. BREDENKAMP, & N. VAN ROOYEN. (1996). The
phytosociology of the northern section of the Borakalalo Nature Reserve. rray. http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/279.
NEMBA. (2004). GNR 151 of GG 29657, Published list of critically endangered,
endangered, vulnerable, and protected species. Department of Environmental Afairs.
SANBI .2009. http://redlist.sanbi.org/imgs/SAredcat.gif
SOUTH AFRICA. (2010). "Grasslands Declaration" of Intent and Cooperation
Concerning the Implementation of the National Grasslands Biodiversity Programme. [Pretoria], [Department of Environmental Affairs].
VAN OUDTSHOORN, F. 2012. (Ed.). Guide to grasses of Southern Africa. 3rd ed.
Revised. Briza Publications, Pretoria. VAN WYK, B.-E., VAN OUDTSHOORN, B., & GERICKE, N. (2009). Medicinal plants
of South Africa. Pretoria, Briza Publications.
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Appendix A: Species list of plants observed during the survey of D281 and outlying
areas
*Yellow highlighted is non – indigenous plants “Red highlighted plants are either declining or needs a permit application
Family Species name
AGAVACEAE Anthericum fasciculatum Baker = Chlorophytum fasciculatum (Baker) Kativu
ACANTHACEAE Crabbea acaulis N.E.Br.
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera achyrantha R.Br. = Alternanthera pungens Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth
Amaranthus hybridus L.*
APOCYNACEAE
Asclepias brevipes (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias fallax (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr.
Asclepias glaucophylla (Schltr.) Schltr. = Gomphocarpus glaucophyllus Schltr.
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Aiton f.
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f.
ASTERACEAE
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.
Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild.
Berkheya rigida (Thunb.) Bolus & Wolley-Dod ex Adamson & T.M.Salter
Berkheya setifera DC.
Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern
Bidens formosa (Bonato) Sch.Bip. = Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.*
Bidens pilosa L.*
Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.*
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist*
Crepis hypochaeridea (DC.) Thell.*
Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees
Gazania species
Geigeria burkei Harv.
Haplocarpha scaposa Harv.
Helichrysum aureonitens Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum aureum (Houtt.) Merr.
Helichrysum caespititium (DC.) Harv.
Helichrysum cephaloideum DC.
Helichrysum kraussii Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less.
Nidorella anomala Steetz
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera*
Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.
Sonchus nanus Sond. ex Harv.
Stoebe vulgaris Levyns
Tagetes minuta L.*
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Vernonia oligocephala (DC.) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. = Hilliardiella oligocephala (DC.) H.Rob.
Vernonia poskeana Vatke & Hildebr. = Polydora poskeana (Vatke & Hildebr.) H.Rob.sens.lat.
Xanthium species*
Xanthium spinosum L.*
COMMELINACEAE Commelina africana L.
CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea transvaalensis A.Meeuse
CYPERACEAE Cyperus species
Schoenoplectus species
DIPSACACEAE Scabiosa columbaria L.
EBENACEAE Diospyros lycioides Desf.
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha angustata Sond.
Ricinus communis L.*
FABACEAE
Tephrosia capensis (Jacq.) Pers.
Acacia mearnsii De Wild.*
Eriosema burkei Benth.
Erythrina zeyheri Harv.
GERANIACEAE Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet
Pelargonium pseudofumarioides R.Knuth
HYACINTHACEAE
Dipcadi marlothii Engl.
Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. (DECLINING) (Obtain Permit to remove)”
Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop
Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop
HYPOXIDACEAE
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (DECLINING)”
Hypoxis iridifolia Baker
Hypoxis rigidula Baker
IRIDACEAE Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm. (Obtain Permit to remove) “
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth.
Mentha aquatica L.
LOBELIACEAE Monopsis decipiens (Sond.) Thulin
MALVACEAE
Hermannia coccocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
Hermannia depressa N.E.Br.
Hermannia erodioides (Burch. ex DC.) Kuntze
Hermannia grandistipula (Buchinger ex Hochst.) K.Schum.
Hermannia lancifolia Szyszyl.
Hibiscus aethiopicus L.
Hibiscus micranthus L.f.
Hibiscus microcarpus Garcke
Hibiscus trionum L.
Sida cordifolia L.
MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.*
ONAGRACEAE Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton*
OXALIDACEAE Oxalis depressa Eckl. & Zeyh.
PAPAVERACEAE Argemone mexicana L.*
Botanical assessment for the upgrading D281 road upgrade between Daggakraal and the N11 – 18 January 2016
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Argemone ochroleuca Sweet*
PINACEAE Pinus pinaster Aiton*
PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago longissima Decne.
POACEAE
Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. ssp. congesta
Bromus catharticus Vahl*
Bromus species
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Digitaria eriantha Steud.
Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Eragrostis gummiflua Nees
Eragrostis inamoena K.Schum.
Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees
Eragrostis plana Nees
Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud.
Eragrostis rotifer Rendle
Harpochloa falx (L.f.) Kuntze
Helictotrichon leoninum (Steud.) Schweick.
Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf var. filipendula
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Hyparrhenia tamba (Steud.) Stapf
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Panicum schinzii Hack.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.*
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen.*
Schizachyrium jeffreysii (Hack.) Stapf
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay
Themeda triandra Forssk.
Tragus berteronianus Schult.
Trichoneura grandiglumis (Nees) Ekman
Triraphis schinzii Hack.
POLYGONACEAE Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray*
ROSACEAE Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.*
RUBIACEAE Fadogia homblei De Wild.
Pentanisia angustifolia (Hochst.) Hochst.
SALICACEAE Salix babylonica L.*
SOLANACEAE
Datura ferox L.*
Datura ferox L. x stramonium L. *
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey.
Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam.*
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Jamesbrittenia aurantiaca (Burch.) Hilliard
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