Blood

BLOODPresented by:

JOMAR P. RONQUILLO, RN

Slide 001

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

• Transports gases, nutrients, waste products• Transport of process molecules• Transport of regulatory molecules• Regulation of pH and osmosis• Maintenance of body temperature• Protection against foreign substances• Clot formation

Slide 002

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

• Blood is a type of connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix.

• Formed elements

• Plasma

• Total blood volume

Slide 003

PLASMA

• Plasma is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% of water; 7% proteins; and 2% other substances.

• Includes:– Albumin– Globulin– Fibrinogen

PLASMA: ALBUMIN

• Makes up 58% of the plasma proteins

PLASMA: GLOBULIN

• Accounts for 28% of the plasma proteins

PLASMA: FIBRINOGEN

• Constitutes 4% of plasma proteins

PLASMA: SERUM

FORMED ELEMENTS

FORMED ELEMENTS

• Consist of:– Red Blood Cells (RBCs)– White Blood Cells (WBCs)– Thrombocytes (Platelets)

PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS

• Hematopoiesis

• Hematopoiesis in the fetus occurs in the:

• Hematopoiesis after birth occurs in the:

PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS

• All of the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called stem cells or hemocytoblasts.

Blood Cell Formation

STEM CELLS AND CANCER THERAPY

• Cancer therapy can result in the distraction of non-tumor cells that divide rapidly such as the stem cells.

RED BLOOD CELLS

RED BLOOD CELLS

• Disk-shaped biconcave cells with edges that are thicker than the cells’ center.

• During their development, RBCs lose their nuclei and most of their organells.

• Lifespan?

• Main component

RED BLOOD CELLS

• FUNCTION:– Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Oxygen transport is accomplished by hemoglobin.

RED BLOOD CELLS

• Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in other tissues

• Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is bright red in color

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RED BLOOD CELLS

• Two-thirds of the body’s iron is found in hemoglobin

• Women need more iron than men do

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONINGNausea

Headache

Unconsciousness

RED BLOOD CELLS

• RBCs also play a role in carbon dioxide transport

RED BLOOD CELLS

• Life History of RBCs– Under normal circumstances, about 2.5

million of RBCs are destroyed every second– Proerythroblasts give rise to RBCs

RED BLOOD CELLS

• RBC production

RED BLOOD CELLS

• The process of RBC division requires several nutrients.

RED BLOOD CELLS

• RBC production is stimulated by low blood oxygen levels.

RED BLOOD CELLS

• How is RBCs removed from the circulation?

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• WBCs or leukocytes are spherical cells that lack hemoglobin.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• White blood cells can leave the blood and move by ameboid movement through the tissues.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• Has 2 Functions

• Each WBC type is named according to its appearance in stained preparations:– Granulocytes– Agranulocytes

WBCs: Granulocytes

• 3 Types of granulocytes– Neutrophils– Basophils– Eosinophils

GRANULOCYTES

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

AGRANULOCYTES

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Phagocytosis

PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS

Preventing Blood Loss

• When a blood vessel is damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and interfere with normal tissue function, or blood can be lost from the body.

Preventing Blood Loss

• Vascular spasm

• Platelet formation

• Blood clotting

Vascular Spasm

• Is an immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel from contraction of smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel.

• What does it do?

• What activates it?

Platelet Plugs

• A platelet plug is an accumulation of platelets that can seal a small break in the blood vessel.

• It is very important in maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system.

Platelet Plugs

• Steps:– Platelet adhesion– Platelet release reaction– Platelet aggregation

Platelet Plugs

Clinical Importance of Activating Platelets

Blood Clotting

• When a blood vessel is severely damaged, blood clotting, or coagulation results in formation of a clot.

Blood Clotting

• What is a clot?

Blood Clotting

• The formation of a blood clot depends on clotting factors

• The process involves a complex process but can be summarized in three main stages:– Activation of clotting factors– Formation of Thrombin– Formation of Fibrin

Blood Clotting

• Most of the clotting factors are manufactured in the liver and most of them require vitamin K for their synthesis.

• The process also requires Ca², and chemicals released from platelets

Sources of Vitamin K

Control of Clot Formation

• The blood contains several anticoagulants, which prevents clotting factors from forming clots.– Ex: Antithrombin, Heparin

• There are enough anticoagulants in the body, under normal circumstances.

The Danger of Unwanted Clots

• Thrombus and embolus formation

• Abnormal coagulation can be hindered by administration of specific medications

Clot Retraction

• After a clot has formed, it begins to condense into a more compact structure by a process known as clot retraction.

• Serum is squeezed out of the clot during clot retraction

• What are the benefits of clot retraction?

Fibrinolysis

• The process of dissolving clots

• Accomplished by plasmin

BLOOD GROUPING

Blood Grouping

• Blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs.– ABO blood groups– RH blood groups

• Blood groups are important to determine especially during a transfusion.

Blood Grouping

• DEFINITION OF TERMS:– Transfusion– Infusion– Transfusion reactions– Antigens– Antibodies– Agglutination– Hemolysis

ABO BLOOD GROUP

ABO Blood Group

• The ABO blood system is used to categorize human blood.

• A, B, and O antigenss appear on the surface of the RBCs.

• 3 types:– Type A– Type B– Type O

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