Black gram

WELCOME

GPB(603)PRINCIPLES OF PLANT

BREEDING-2+I

• FLOWER MORPHOLOGY &FLORAL

BIOLOGY OF BLACK GRAM

Black gram is basically a warm season crop, but in India

it is grown in both summer and winter, up to 1800 m

altitude.

It is quite drought resistant but intolerant of frost and

prolonged cloudiness.

It is normally grown in areas with an average

temperature of 25–35°C and an annual rainfall of 600–

1000 mm.

In higher rainfall areas it may be grown in the dry season

on residual moisture. Heavier, well-drained soils such as

black-cotton soils with pH 6–7 are preferred, but black

gram is also grown on lighter soils.

• Black gram was most probably domesticated in India

from its wild ancestral type.

• At present black gram cultivation is of major

importance in India only, but it is also grown to some

extent throughout tropical Asia.

• In Pakistan, Bengladesh, India, it is growen as a

pulse crop

• It is grown in the United States and Australia mainly

as a fodder crop.

It would be worthwhile trying black gram on a much larger

scale in tropical Africa.

Because of its highly nutritious seeds and its wide

ecological applicability.

Germplasm diversity needs to be exploited to obtain

suitable cultivars for Africa.

Kingdom- plantae

Sub kingdom- Tracheobionta

Subclass- rosidae

Order- Fabales

Supper division- Spermatophyta

Division- Magnoliophyta

Class- Magnoliopsida

Family-fabaceae

Genus- vigna

Species- Vigna munggo

Family

Papilionaceae (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae,

Fabaceae)

Chromosome number

2n = 22

Synonyms

Phaseolus mungo L. (1767).

Vernacular names

Black gram, urd bean, urad bean (En). Haricot urd,

urd (Fr). Feijão urida (Po). Mchooko mweusi (Sw).

Three taxa are distinguished within Vigna

mungo:

– var. mungo, with large, black-seeded and early-

maturing cultivars.

– var. viridis Bose, with greenish dull or glossy seeds

and late-maturing cultivars.

– var. silvestris Lukoki, Maréchal & Otoul, the wild

type.

Genetic resources and breeding

About 2100 accessions of black gram are maintained by the

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR),

New Delhi, India, at its various research stations.

The USDA Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station,

Griffin, Georgia, United States, holds 300 accessions.

Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre

(AVRDC) in Taiwan maintains a collection of 200

accessions.

cytology

Somatic chromosome number in urdbean is 2n=22

Avarge length of chromosome is 1.70 micron

Mejority of chromosome are metasentric in nature I.e. arm-ratio is

1.00-1.75

Fem chromosomes are reported to have secondery constriction

(gupta &sharm,1991

Vigna mungo is successfully crossed with

(1)Vigna sublobata

(2)Vigna trilobata

(3)Vigna umbellata

(4)Vigna angularis. But reciprocal cross is possible only through

embryo rescue technique (Gosal & Bajaja,1983)

morphology(1)Plant is an erect or sub-erect,

diffusely branched herbaceous annul

(2) Stem is 20 to 80cm

long,occasionally trrailing type.

(3) Leaves are trifoliate with long

petiole

(4) Pods are erect or sub- erect, buff to

dark brwn at maturity

(5) Seeds are oblong with square

ends, mostly block,Green seeds are

also found

Flowers : are bisexual, papilionaceous, small;

bracteoles are linear to lanceolate, exceeding the calyx;

calyx : is a campanulate it includes 5sepals;

corolla: is a yellow in

colour(5petals), standard petal is a 12–16 mm wide,

2wings petal is about as long as standard, 2keel petals

spirally coiled with a terminal horn-like appendage;

stamens: are 10 in number, 9 united and 1 is free

(Diadelphous)

ovary: superior, style is spirally curved.

Flower morphology

Floral biology

•Flowers begin to open between 6 to 7 am

•Flower is continues for an hour

•Flower is remain open till noon & gradually close,being

completely closed by 2 to 4pm

•Pollination accure at bud stage

•Anthers dehisce between 9 pm to 3 am

•Petals wil shedin the folowing mornng

Selfing techniques

(1)It is a self pollinated crop

,the occurrence of natural

cross pollination is

neglegible i.e less then

5%

(2)Natural cross pollination

is mainely by insects

(3) In order to ensures

100% selfing, bag the

flower before antesis

BLACK GRAM IS A ESSENTIALLY A

SELF POLLINATED CROP.THERE

ARE TWO METHEDOS INVOLED IN

CROSSING OF BLACK GRAM

(1) EMASULATION

(2) POLLINATION

(1) Selection of flower bud

(2) Flower bud should held between fore and thumb finger

(3) Dissecting needle is inserted just under the standrd obliquel

y along the top of the bud

(4) The left side standard & left wing are pushed outward away

from the bud

(5) The left keel is removed in pieces

(6) Exposed anthers are removed

Pollination

Take out stamen from freshly opened flowers

Rubbed anthers againset the stigma of the emasculated bud

Pllination should be immediately after emasculation gives good

pod set

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