Biotechnology
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Biotechnology
What Is Biotechnology? Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development Ancient biotechnology- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes domestication
Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering
Biotechnology – using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem
Historical Examples Fermentation Selective breeding Use of antibiotics
Modern Examples Gene cloning Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA technology Human Genome Project
Biotechnology: involvement of organisms in food or industrial processing Fermentation
Food/industrial products Microorganisms
Bread; tape; beer; wine Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Cheese
Cammemberti cheese
Lactic acid bacteria
L. lactis, L. cremoris
Mold Penicillium
Tempe; oncom Mold Rhizopus; Mold Neurospora sitophila
Soy sauce Mold Aspergillus
Yoghurt Lactic acid bacteria
L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus
Antibiotics Streptomyces
Enzymes Mold/bacteria
What Is Biotechnology? GMO- genetically modified organisms. GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. With both, the natural genetic material of
the organism has been altered. Roots in bread making, wine brewing,
cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding
What Is Biotechnology? Manipulation of genes is called genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or
more genes from a location in one organism and either Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations
What Is Biotechnology
What Are the Areas of Biotechnology? Organismic biotechnology- uses intact
organisms; Does not alter genetic material Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic
makeup to achieve specific goals Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material
What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology? Medicine
Human Veterinary Biopharming
Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing
What Is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology- study of molecules in
cells Metabolism- processes by which
organisms use nutrients Anabolism- building tissues from smaller
materials Catabolism- breaking down materials into
smaller components
What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms? Genetic engineering- artificially changing
the genetic information in the cells of organisms
Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified
GMO- a genetically modified organism GEO- a genetically enhanced organism
Types of Biotechnology
Microbial Biotechnology Agricultural Biotechnology Animal Biotechnology Forensic Biotechnology Bioremediation Aquatic Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Regulatory Biotechnology
Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial
waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important
proteins used in human medicine
Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products
Estimated to be a $7 billion market in 2008
Golden rice gene insertion to improve nutrition contents – iron, sulphur and β-carotene (vitamin A precursor)
Bacillus thuringiensis gene application in crops
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Insertion of biopesticide gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
Producing insulin hormone by Escherichia coli
Cloned in plant to acquire protection of larvae / insects
Plant Tissue Culture
Plant (Explants)
Bud, root, or leaf
Sterilization by Chlorox
Growth :1. Organ : leaf, root2. Callus3. Suspension (secondary metabolite)
Solid or liquid media containing required nutrition, hormone, etc.
Callus
Plantlet
Plantlet
Laboratory acclimation Green house acclimation
Animal Biotechnology Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins
Antibodies
Animals as important models in basic research Gene “knockout” experiments Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies
Animal cloning Source of transplant organs
Forensic Biotechnology DNA fingerprinting
Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion Paternity cases Identification of human remains Endangered species Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
Bioremediation The use of biotechnology to process and degrade
a variety of natural and manmade substances Particularly those that contribute to pollution
For example, bacteria that degrade components in crude oil
1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska 2010 Gulf oil spill
Aquatic Biotechnology Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in
controlled conditions for use as food sources 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide
Genetic engineering Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and
other finfish Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins
and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits
Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules
Medical Biotechnology Involved with the whole spectrum of human
medicine Preventive medicine Diagnosis of health and illness Treatment of human diseases
New information from Human Genome Project Gene therapy
Stem cell technologies
Technique in DNA Recombination and Biotechnology Experiments
1. Isolation of DNA containing gene of interest and plasmid DNA (vectors)
2. Incision of gene-of-interest and plasmid DNA (vectors) by restriction enzyme
3. Insertion of gene-of-interest fragment into nicked plasmid DNA (vectors)
4. Introduce recombined plasmid (DNA) into host cells, thus the cells are able to synthesize the expected molecule
How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work?
1. Extract DNA from donor
2. Cut DNA into fragments
3. Sort DNA fragments
4. Recombine DNA fragments
5. Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA
6. Grow transformed (recipient) cells
What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding methods; Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among themselves Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different
varieties or species Hybridization- breeding individuals from
two distinctly different varieties Selection
Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered? Resist pests Resist herbicides Improved product quality Pharmaceuticals Industrial products
What Is a Test Tube Baby? In vitro fertilization- fertilization of
collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube Semen is collected from males of
desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish
or test tube
What Is Gender Preselection? Gender preselection- choosing the sex
of offspring Sperm sorted before conception Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome
differences X chromosomes produce female
offspring Y chromosomes produce male offspring
What Is Embryo Transfer? Embryo transfer- removing
fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient Surgical and nonsurgical methods
are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can
produce more offspring
What Is Multiple Ovulation? Multiple ovulation- promoting
increased release of ova during estrus Hormone injections administered prior
to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are
removed and placed in recipients
What Is Cloning? Clone- new organism that has been
produced asexually from a single parent
Genotype is identical to parent Cells or tissues are cultured
What Is Bioremediation? Bioremediation- using biological
processes to solve environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials
Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes
How Can Bioremediation Be Used? Oil spills Wastewater treatment Heavy metal removal Chemical degradation
What Is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation- process of
plants being used to solve pollution problems Plants absorb and break down
pollutants Used with heavy metals, pesticides,
explosives, and leachate
What Is Composting? Composting- a process that promotes
biological decomposition of organic matter
Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting
In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting
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