Biology 120 lecture 1 2011 2012
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BIOLOGY 120 (MICROBIOLOGY)
Lecture 1(Introduction to Microbiology)
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
MICROBIOLOGY : Definition
Deals with the study of microorganisms
Morphology, Interaction, Physiology, Genetics, Classification, etc.
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
MICROORGANISMS : Definition
Living organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye
Organisms with a dimension of 1mm or less
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
BACTERIA
Simple unicellular organisms
Prokaryotes
Exhibits major forms:
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirals
etc (others) Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
BACTERIA
Motile or Non-motile
Flagella
Cilia
etc (others)
Reproduction: Binary Fission
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
BACTERIA
Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan
Acquiring Nutrition:
Free-living
Parasitic
Saprophytic
PhotosyntheticParungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Lacks Peptidoglycan cell wall
Found in extreme environments
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
ARCHAEBACTERIA
3 MAJOR GROUPS
Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermophiles
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
FUNGI
EUKARYOTES
Unicellular (Yeasts)
Multicellular (Molds)
Forms visible mass called mycelia (mass of hyphae)
cell wall: chitin
Reproduction: Sexual or asexual
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
PROTOZOA
EUKARYOTES
Unicellular
Motility: psuedopods, flagella, cilia
Comes in various shapes and form
Free-living or Parasitic
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012Thursday, June 16, 2011
ALGAE
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Photosynthetic eukaryote
Form: unicellular, multicellular or colonial (cellular to filamentous)
Reproduction: sexual or asexual
Thursday, June 16, 2011
ALGAE
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Important producers in aquatic and freshwater ecosystems
Microscopic and macroscopic forms exists
Cell walls of most representative compose of cellulose
Thursday, June 16, 2011
VIRUS
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Acellular forms
Minute organisms, filterable
Visible with electron microscope
Can infect bacteria, plants, animals and humans
Thursday, June 16, 2011
VIRUS
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Contains either RNA or DNA enclosed by a protein coat and sometimes an additional lipid envelope
Reproduces only on a living host (obligate parasites)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
VIROIDS
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Infectious plant RNA (similar to introns)
Short strand of RNA with 300-400 nucleotides without protein coat
RNA is a closed, folded 3D structure (does not code for any protein)
Pathogenic to plants only damaging crops (e.g. potato = PSTV)
????
Thursday, June 16, 2011
PRIONS
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Proteinaceous, infectious particles
Causative agent of spongiform encephalopathies
Scrapie in sheep
Mad cow disease of cattle
Kuru in manThursday, June 16, 2011
PRIONS
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
INFECTED SHEEP/ COW
INGESTION OF UNDERCOOKED MEAT
DISEASE
Thursday, June 16, 2011
COMPARISON OF SIZESORGANISM AVERAGE SIZE (diameter/length)
in nm)Thiomargarita namibiensis * 1, 000, 000Epulopiscium fishelsoni * 600, 000RBC 7, 000Oscillatoria (a cyanobacteria) 7, 000Escherichia coli 4, 000Rickettsia 475Nanoarchaeum equitans 400Poxvirus 450Mycoplasma genitalium 300Some nanobacteria 20Parvovirus 18Ribosomes 25-30Smallest mycoplasmas 150
Thursday, June 16, 2011
COMPARISON OF GENOME SIZES
ORGANISM GENOME SIZE (number of base) pairs)Human 3120 million
Mouse 3000 millionRice 430 millionFruit Fly 120 millionYeast 12 millionEscherichia coli 4 millionProchlorococcus (a cyanobacteria) 1.66 millionRickettsia prowazekii 1.1 millionChlamydia trachomatis 1.1 millionMycoplasma genitalium 580, 000Nanoarchaeum equitans 490, 000Human mitochondrion 16, 500E. coli virus 5, 400
Thursday, June 16, 2011
WHERE CAN YOU FIND THEM?
HABITAT APPROXIMATE POPULATION Garden Soil (surface) 9.7 x 106 per gramGarden Soil (30cm deep) 5.7 x 105 per gramLake water (shallow) 104 per mlLake water (deep) 102 per mlSeawater 1.1 x 103 per mlHuman skin 106 per m2
Human mouth 107 per mlHuman intestine 4 x 1010 per gramMilk 103 to 106 per mlCheese 108 per gramSunlit Surface FewAir Few
Thursday, June 16, 2011
LOOKING BACK...The History of Microbiology
Thursday, June 16, 2011
3000 years ago...
Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Egyptian Mummies
Proof that “Microbes are already present even before the science to study them”
Thursday, June 16, 2011
BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
MICROSCOPY AND THE DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS
CULTURE METHODS
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS: Virology and Molecular Methods
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MICROSCOPY & DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS
1677 (Anton Van Leeuwenhoek)
animalcules
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MICROSCOPY & DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS
1882 (Paul Erlich)
discovery of acid fast stain
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MICROSCOPY & DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS
1884: (Christian Gram)
Gram stain (2 groups of bacteria)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
CULTURE METHODS
1882(Robert Koch)
solid culture media (basic technique of isolating pure cultures)
initially used potatoes to culture microbes
Thursday, June 16, 2011
CULTURE METHODS
1887 (R. J. Petri)
modified culture techniques a by Koch and introduced Petri dish
Thursday, June 16, 2011
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
1860 (Louis Pasteur)
microorganisms cause disease
Thursday, June 16, 2011
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
1867 (Joseph Lister)
antiseptic in the practice of surgery
Thursday, June 16, 2011
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
1876 (Robert Koch)
Koch’s Postulate
Thursday, June 16, 2011
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1796 (Edward Jenner)
vaccination (small pox)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1850 (Ignaz Semmelweis)
hand washing in preventing disease
Thursday, June 16, 2011
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1885 (Louis Pasteur)
Sterilization and Pasteurization
Thursday, June 16, 2011
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1900 (Walter Reed)
yellow fever is transmitted by mosquito
Thursday, June 16, 2011
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1910 (Paul Erlich)
salvarsan as cure for syphilis
Thursday, June 16, 2011
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1928 (Alexander Fleming)
penicillin antibiotic (a contaminant)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
VIROLOGY
1892 (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)
viruses in tobacco (“wildfire”)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
VIROLOGY
1899 (Martinus Beijerinck)
isolation of first virus
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
MOLECULAR METHODS
1977 (Walter Gilbert & Frederick Sanger)
sequence of nucleotide in nucleic acid (base sequences)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
MOLECULAR METHODS
1983 (Kary Mullis)
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
SPONTANEOUS GENERATIONThe Grand Microbiology Debate through Experimentation
Thursday, June 16, 2011
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Production of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar, then waiting for about 21 days, during which time it was alleged that the sweat from the underwear would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them into mice
Thursday, June 16, 2011
Francisco Redi (1668)
Believed that maggot developed from eggs laid by flies on the meat
Thursday, June 16, 2011
John Needham (1745)
Heated infusion of chicken broth and corn, poured into covered “clean” flasks
Soon contaminated (turbid)
Said could only be due to spontaneous generation
Thursday, June 16, 2011
Lazaro Spallanzani (1765)
Modified Needham’s experiment: the fluid was sealed in the flasks, and then boiled. noted that they did not show contamination if sterilized in the sealed flask
Proponents of spontaneous generation argued that Spallanzani had only proven that spontaneous generation could not occur without air
Thursday, June 16, 2011
Louis Pasteur (1859)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
Louis Pasteur (1859)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
Louis Pasteur (1859)
Disproving the theory of spontaneous generation led to the development of effective sterilization procedures. The development of vaccines for the diseases anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
Thursday, June 16, 2011
ROLE OF MICROBES
Thursday, June 16, 2011
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