BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Microbiology – Chapter 2. Do Now What is an atom? What is an element? What is the name of the table that keeps track of all the elements?

BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Microbiology – Chapter 2

Do Now

What is an atom?

What is an element?

What is the name of the table that keeps track of all the elements?

Why do biologists study chemistry??

Chemical changes in _________ are essential to all life processes

All _______ ________ are made of the same kinds of matter that make up non-living things

If you learn how ________ in matter occur you will understand the _____ ___________ of organisms

Elements

Elements – ______ _________ that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter

Of more than 100 elements fewer than 30 are important to _______ _______

More than ____% of the mass of living things is composed of combinations of just: _____, ______, _____ and ______

Elements

________ _________ – usually part of the element’s name or the Latin word for the element

Organized into the _______ _______ of elements There are 118 elements, 94 are naturally occurring,

the rest are synthetic (made in particle accelerators) Elements listed by increasing atomic number Columns – groups of elements with similar properties

because of the number of electrons in their outer shell Rows - periods

Atoms – basic units of matter

-________ are the simplest particles of an element that retain all the ________ of that element

-Atoms are so small that their true structure has not been observed

-Models of the atom help us understand their structure enough to _______ how they will act in nature

Atoms

Structure – net electrical charge of _______ a. Protons (charge +) 1 AWU b. neutron (charge 0) 1 AWU c. electrons (charge -) .008 AWU

AWU – atomic weight unit

_________ – central mass of an atom, contains protons and neutrons

Atoms

_________ – high energy particles that move about the nucleus at high speeds in one of several different energy levels

- Electrons in _______ energy levels have more energy than those in ______ energy levels

- Each energy level can only hold a certain _________ of electrons

- 1st energy level can hold ___ electrons

-2nd energy level can hold ___ electrons

- In most elements, the outer energy level is not filled

Atom

Number of Protons?

Atom

animation of an atom

Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

Atomic mass – the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

Isotopes

_________ – A different form of an element which has the same number of protons

and electrons, but has a different number of _________

Carbon (C):-atomic number is 6 - it has 6

protons-mass number is 12 – it has 6

protons and 6 neutrons-C14 – isotope that has 8 neutrons

Hydrogen Isotopes

Isotopes

Radioisotopes – _________ element forms whose nuclei can undergo spontaneous change in which charged particles and radiant energy are released

Atoms Activity

Complete worksheet on atoms

Finish for homework if not completed in class

Do Now

What is the positively charged particle in an atom called?

What is the negatively charged particle in an atom called?

What is the neutral particle in an atom called?

What is an isotope?

Compound

1. A pure substance made up of ____ __ _____ elements combined chemically

2. The properties of compound _______ from the elements it is composed of – H2O vs. H and O

3. The _________ of each kind of element are fixed – Water always H2O

4. Elements combine and form compounds to become more ________

5. Elements are more stable when their outer electron shells are ________

Bonds

Chemical bonds – forces that ____ two or more atoms

a. Covalent bonds – ________ of electrons (water H2O)

b. Ionic bonds – __________ of electrons (sodium chloride NaCl)

Chemical Bond Animation

Molecules

A _________ is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the _________ of that substance and that can exist in a ______ state

Hydrogen gas (H2) Water (H2O)

Matter Activity

Complete “Composition of Matter” worksheet.

Finish what you don’t complete for homework.

Do Now

What is a compound?

What is a covalent bond?

What is an ionic bond?

2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

STUDY OF COMPOUNDS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN THE THREE ELEMENTS ____, _____, & ____ AT THE SAME TIME.

CAN CONTAIN _____ OF THOSE THREE AND ANY OF OTHER ELEMENTS

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

LIVING THINGS ________ GREATLY FROM NON-LIVING THINGS

THERE MUST BE A BIG DIFFERENCE IN HOW THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED

THEY ARE ACTUALLY CONSTRUCTED OF THE ________ MATERIALS

THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS IN HOW THEY ARE ___________

ALL BIOLOGY HAS A __________ BASIS

3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

STUDY OF _______ COMPOUNDS - CHEMICAL BASIS FOR LIVING CELLS ALWAYS _____, _____, & ______ SOMETIMES NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS USUALLY SMALL AMOUNTS OF METALS

THERE ARE “FOUR” DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds of C, H and O

Used as ________ _________ in cells

Also found in several __________ structures such as bacterial capsules

They are synthesized from water and carbon dioxide during _____________

Carbohydrates

_____________ are the simplest carbohydrates

They are the building blocks for the larger carbohydrates (_______________)

Glucose, galactose and fructose are examples of isomers – they have the same chemical formula C6H12O6

But their structures and properties are different

A. CARBOHYDRATES

Glucose

Represents the basic supply of ______________ in the world

Half of the world’s __________ exists as glucose

GLUCOSE – UNIVERSAL ENERGY

Disaccharides

____________ sugars – composed of _______ monosaccharides held together by covalent bonds

They are made from glucose molecules through ___________ __________– water is removed as the new bonds are formed

Examples are: maltose – found in barley and used to ferment beer lactose – found in milk and digested by bacteria to form

yogurt, sour cream Sucrose – table sugar and is the starting point in wine

fermentation and may be a cause of tooth decay

DISACCHARIDE – TWO MONOSACCHARIDES

Polysaccharides

____________ sugars

Large compounds formed by joining together 100’s or 1000’s of _________ molecules ___________ – used by bacteria as an energy source ___________ – a component of the cell walls of plants

and molds and also used as an energy source by microorganisms

Polysaccharide

Polysaccharide animation

Polysaccharides Activity

Complete polysaccharides color worksheet

Finish for homework if not completed in class

Do Now

What are the 4 classes of organic compounds?

What 3 elements are carbohydrates made up of?

What carbohydrate is considered a universal source of energy?

B. LIPIDS

__________ in organic solvents, but not in water

Like carbohydrates, they are composed of C, H, and O, but with much less _________

The best known lipids are ________

Fats are important ___________ energy sources for living things

Fats are also components of ______ ____________

LIPIDS

cell membrane animation

LIPIDS

Fats consist of a 3 carbon ________ molecule and up to 3 long-chain ________ ________

2 major types of fatty acids: ___________ – contain the maximum number of

H atoms ___________ – contain less than the maximum

number of H atoms Unsaturated fatty acids are good for us – they

lower the levels of __________ in the blood

Lipid molecules are sparingly to insoluble in water. Lipids are hydrophobic because the molecules consist of long, 18-22 carbon, hydrocarbon backbones with only a small amount of oxygen containing groups. Lipids serve many functions in organisms. They are the major components of waxes, pigments, steroid hormones, and cell membranes. Fats, steriods, and phospholipids are very important to the functioning of membranes in cells and will be the focus of this tutorial. Fats (triacylglycerols)

LIPIDS

Other types of lipids: ____________ – long chains of fatty acids

Bee’s wax Plant leaves

____________ – contain a phosphate group Cell membranes

____________ – composed of several rings of carbon atoms with side chains Cholesterol Estrogen Testosterone

C. PROTEINS

Most __________ organic compounds of living thingsThey can be:

__________ __________ – regulate the rate of chemical reactions

They are composed of chains of _______ _______

Each amino acid contains Carbon atom Amino group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH) Another side group

Amino Acids – there are 20

Proteins

Amino acids are joined together by __________ bonds

The __________ of amino acids is extremely important

One mistake changes the protein (____________)

Protein Structure: Primary – AA sequence Secondary – AA chain twists into a corkscrew pattern Tertiary – Protein folds back upon itself

Proteins

Protein structure animation

D. NUCLEIC ACIDS

Some of the _______ molecules found in organisms ________ – genetic material of the chromosomes that carries

the genetic code ________ – cell messenger that functions in protein

construction

Composed of __________ Carbohydrate molecule (ribose or deoxyribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

DNA – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine RNA – adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Nucleic Acids

DNA is located in the ______________ of the cell

It passes on the genetic information and directs _________ synthesis

DNA molecule consists of 2 single strands of DNA in opposite directions arranged in a _________ _______

Nucleic acids can not be altered without disrupting or killing the organism – this can help us control ______________

DNA Structure Animation

Acids and Bases

Degree of ________ or _________ is very important to living systems

You may hear the term pH a lot

What does this mean?

Acids and Bases

Water can dissociate into:

____________ Ions OH-

____________ Ions H3O+

Acids and Bases

- pH is a measure of a solution’s ___________ ion concentration

-pH is a scale of _____ - _____

- an acid = more hydronium ions (H3O+)

- a base = more hydroxide ions (OH-)

Acids and Bases

Acids : Have more hydronium ions Have a ________ taste In concentrated forms can be very ___________

Example:

Strong acid – HCl (hydrochloric acid) Weak acid – CH3COOH (vinegar)

Acid Rain

Acids and Bases

Bases : Have more _________ ions Have a ________ taste Tend to feel _________ because they react with the oil

on our skin to form soap

Example:

Strong base – NaOH (sodium hydroxide) Weak base – NH4 (ammonia)

Acids and Bases

pH scale ranges from 0 – 14:

Solution with a pH of 0 is very __________ Solution with a pH of 14 is very __________ Solution with a pH of 7 is __________ pH can be measured with pH paper or strips

Acid Rain

______ ______is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually _______ (low pH)

It can have _________ effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure

Acid rain is caused by _________ of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the _______ _________in the atmosphere to produce acids

Formation results from both ________ sources (volcanoes, decaying vegetation) and ____________ sources (fossil fuel combustion)

Activity

Complete Acids/Bases worksheet

Finish for homework if not completed in class