BIOL 232 - Additional Abbreviated Slides Useful for Exam #2 Please note: These slides have NOTES ATTACHED TO THEM that will help you to know and understand.

BIOL 232 - Additional Abbreviated Slides Useful for Exam #2

Please note:

These slides have NOTES ATTACHED TO THEM that will help you to know and understand specifics in understanding each given topic on the slide shown. The notes are embedded within this PowerPoint file. If you do not know how to access them, look below this slide to the large grey line and move your cursor over this line until you can click on it and move the line upwards. This will reveal the notes for each slide.

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Figure 7.38 Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions.

Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial

joints in the early 1960s.

Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement.

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Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Sutureline

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.

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Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

Fibula

Tibia

Ligament

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.

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Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

Root oftooth

Socket ofalveolarprocess

Periodontalligament

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.

Braces & Retainers….. Associated With Gomphosis Joints

Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement.

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Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)

Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage

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Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage

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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Periosteum

Ligament

FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane

Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline)cartilage

Articularcapsule

Figure 8.3

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Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths.

Acromionof scapula

Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid

Synovialmembrane

Fibrouscapsule

Humerus

Hyalinecartilage

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Fibrousarticular capsule

Tendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid

Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.

Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.

(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone

Humerus resting

Humerus moving

Figure 8.7a–c

Figure 8.7d

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Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossaArticular tubercle

Infratemporal fossa

Externalacousticmeatus

ArticularcapsuleRamus ofmandible

Lateralligament

(a) Location of the joint in the skull

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Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

(c) Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the mandible

Outline ofthe mandibularfossa

Superior view

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Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.

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Figure 7.15 Paranasal sinuses.

Frontalsinus

Ethmoidalair cells(sinus)

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoidsinus

Frontalsinus

Ethmoidalair cells

Maxillarysinus

Sphenoidsinus

(a) Anterior aspect (b) Medial aspect

Typical Male

Typical Female

Averages based upon similar weight and height.

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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)