Transcript
BIOFORTIFICATION OF RICE
JAGADISH JENAStd. Reg. no. VB-1259 of 2014-15
Department of ASEPAN, PSBVisva-bharati university, Sriniketan
INTRODUCTION
Population explosion lead to food grain insufficiency.
Green revolution provided food grain sufficiency.
Developing countries have rare dietary diversity.
Malnutrition i.e. night blindness , Fe deficiency anemia as major population have staple food rice which deficient in Zn and Fe.
Root and tubers1%
pulses,nuts and oilseeds3%
Fish and
Meat8%Sugar and products11%
Oils and fats13%
Others19%
Cereals45%
High income countries
Root and tubers11%
Pulses, nuts and
oilseeds
6%
Fish and
meat3%
Sugar and products5%
Oils and fats9%
Others11%
Cereals55%
Low income countries
Dietary diversity by sources of dietary energy
FAO, 2008
WORLD WIDE ZINC DEFICIENCY SCENARIO Zn is deficient in 50% of the world’s agricultural soils and is recognized as the world’s most critical micronutrient deficiency in crop.
2 billion people worldwide who don’t get enough Zn.
1.5 million children who die each year from Zn malnutrition.
8 Lakh people at risk of dying each year from Zn deficiency.
4.5 Lakh children at risk of dying every year due to Zn deficiency.
IZA, 2015
sub saharian africa Asia Latin America Eastern Europe Western Pacific Northern AmericaWestern Europe East mediterian0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
30
28
26
22
17
14
9 9
% of population at risk for Zinc deficiency
IZA, 2015
India has one of the highest rates of Zn deficiencies in soils and people. 50% of Indian soil are Zn deficient, raising to 63% by 2025 if nothing is done.
Lack of Zinc is contributing to cases of diarrhea in India, 25% of global diarrhea deaths amongst children under the age of 5 (IZA,2014).
Zn fortification in staple food could save the lives around 48,000 Indian children per year (WHO,2015).
0.15 million children died each year in India !!!
UNICEF, 2012
ZINC DEFICIENCY IN INDIA
Vitamin A deficiency
Xerophthalmia (xeros = dryness; -ophthalmia = pertaining to the eye) deficient serum (plasma) retinol concentrations (<0.35 µmol/l).
Till 2005 about 122 countries found to have vit. A deficiency.
Periodic vitamin A delivery in the community has been shown to reduce the risks of xerophthalmia (by ~90%) and mortality (by ~23–30%) in young children.
WHO 2005
Iron deficiency anaemia: IDA
IDA contribute 50% of global anaemia .
Global health problem affecting developed as well developing countries.
It occurs at all stages of the life cycle, but is more prevalent in pregnant women and young children.
IDA can lead to maternal haemorrhage and is associated with 20% of all maternal death.
GAIN(Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition)
The main risk factors for IDA include a
• Low intake of iron • Poor absorption of iron from diets
• High in phytate or phenolic compounds, and
• Period of life when iron requirements are especially high (i.e. growth and pregnancy).
Recommended daily intake of 600μg vit. A, 15mg Fe and 15mg Zn.
Swarna is the most widely grown and consumed rice variety in India which constitute 0.78mg Fe/100g brown rice and 2.28mg Zn/100g brown rice.
By consuming twice or thrice a day a person can get hardly 2-3mg Fe and 7-8mg Zn which is 1/5th and half of the recommended daily intake of Fe and Zn respectively.
Nutrition gap
Approaches to relieve Zn, vit. A and Fe deficiency
1. Change of diet
2. Supplementation
3. Biofortification
Increase in nutrient concentration Increase in promoter compounds Decrease in antinutrients
3billion people having daily income less than 2US$ and 1.5 billion less than 1US$ cannot afford a diversified diet or industrially produced supplements.
Saving one healthy life costs as little as $US 0.73-7.31 if both wheat and rice get biofortified.
IRRI
BIOFORTIFICATION VS. CONVENTIONAL FORTIFICATION
Biofortification focused on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing.
Conventional fortification nutrients are added to the foods as they are being processed.
CSIR
Options for bio fortification
Bio-fortification
Genetic
Agronomic or Ferti-fortification*
* Ferti-fortification, a term coined by Prasad(2009) involves fertilizing crops with micronutrients. It gives immediate results and in, general, goes well along with an increase in yield.
Biofortification may therefore present a way to reach populations where supplementation and conventional fortification activities may be difficult to implement and/or limited.
Examples of biofortification projects include:
• Iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potato, cassava and legumes;
• Zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potato and maize;
• Provitamin-A carotenoid-biofortification of rice, sweet potato, maize and cassava;
• Amino acid and protein-biofortification of maize, sorghum and cassava.
WHO 2015
Biofortified crop must be :
High yielding and profitable
Effective and efficient in reducing malnutrition
Acceptable to both farmers and consumers in the target region
Reason for rice Biofortification
Rice is a staple food crop for more than one billion poor people.
The Aleurone layer of dehusked rice grain is nutrient reach but is lost during milling and polishing.
Rice supplies 30-50% of daily calorie intake.
Rice is the major source of employment.
World Asia S America Africa Oceania N & C America0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20
32
11
8
5
3
Rice calorie supply as % total calories (by region) FAO, 2010
Bran 34%
En-dosperm57%
Embryo9%
Zn distribution
Bran55%
En-dosper
m32%
Embryo13%
Fe distribution
Hansen et al. 2009
Nutrient allocation in rice grain
Zn loss on processing of RiceSpikelet
Pedicel Paddy riceFloret (Rough rice)
Husk(Lemma and palea)
Brown riceCaryopsis (grain)
Bran and Embryo(Outer layer of caryopsis)
White rice(Endosperm)
Harvest
Dehusk
Polish
Zn loss (20.70%)…
Zn loss (17.05%)..
And from white rice to cooked rice 36.61% Zn loss…Saha et al. 2015
All the credits of golden rice goes to Rockefeller foundation, EU and the Swiss federal institute of technology.
Professor Ingo Potrycus and Dr. Peter Beyer considered as the founder of β-carotene enriched golden rice.
They used crtl gene from soil bacterium (Agrobacterium tumifascience) and Daffodil gene for modification of the genetic make up.
Golden rice cannot be achieved by breeding.
β - carotene enriched popular rice varieties
IR 64, IR 36 : Mega varieties with broad Asian coverage
BRRI dhan 29 : The most popular boro rice variety in Bangladesh
PSB Rc 82 : The most popular Rice variety of Philippines
OS 6561 : Most popular in Vietnam
Chehirang : Leading variety in Indonesia
Swarna : Important in India.
Partner Institutions
IRRI (Int.) Philrice (Philippines) BRRI (Bangladesh) CLRRI (Vietnam) IARI (India) TNAU (India) DRI (India)
BRRI releases world’s first high zinc rice, Dhaka Tribune, September 1, 2013
High zinc rice released, The Daily Star, August 27, 2013
Rice Revolution: Bangladesh Set to Release the World’s First Zinc-Enriched Variety, The Daily Star (Bangladesh), August 2013
Zinc-Enriched Rice in Two Years, Daily Star (Bangladesh), May 2011
White Rice Gets Healthier: Billions to Benefit as White Rice Gets a Boost in Nutrients, Radio Australia: Innovations, July 2010 Partner CGIAR
Source: Harvest Plus
In the media……
Agronomic approaches to biofortification
Ferti-fortificationSource of nutrient
Time of nutrient application
Amount of nutrient application
Tillage
PGPR and cyanobacteria
Treatment Wheat straw Wheat grain
Zn (mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg)
control 15.5 473 42.8 39.1
NK 25.6 547 61.0 44.2
PK 12.0 505 34.2 37.4
NP 7.16 352 21.5 37.2
NPK 6.31 348 20.2 31.4
½ org fert. + ½ N 6.97 310 24.0 27.2
Org fert. 9.67 344 37.1 25.8
* N150P75K150
Wheat grain Zn and Fe concentration affected by inorganic and organic fertilizer application
Li B.Y. et al. 2007(ELSEVIER)
Source of nutrient affecting nutrient allocation
Treatment Grain Zn (mg/kg) Straw Zn (mg/kg)
No N and no Zn 16.2 125.4
Only N 18.1 149.3
2%ZEU*(ZnSO4.H2O) 23.4 175.7
2%ZEU(ZnO) 21.4 171.4
5Kg Zn/ha(ZnSO4.H2O) 22.2 169.3
5Kg Zn/ha(ZnO) 20.6 155.0
ZnO slurry 19.3 149.9
0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4.H2O) 24.1 178.5
*ZEU : Zinc enriched urea
Effect of Zn fertilization on Zinc concentration of Basmati rice grain and straw
POONIYA and SHIVAY (2011 and 2012)
Effect of Zn fertilization on Zn concentration of rice and wheat grain
Zn applied (Kg/ha) Rice (mg/kg) Wheat(mg/kg)
0 27.1 38.1
2.6 32.7 41.3
5.2 39.0 43.8
7.8 42.3 47.3
SHIVAYA et al. 2008
Amount of nutrient application as biofortification
Effect of different Zn application methods on Zn conc.
Zn application methods Zn concentration(mg/kg)
Whole shoot Grain
Control 10 10
Soil 19 18
Seed 12 10
Foliar 60 27
Soil + Foliar 69 35
Seed + Foliar 73 29
YILMAZ et al. 1997
Time of ferti-fortification & nutrient allocation
Foliar Zn treatment stages Grain Zn (mg/Kg) Grain Fe (mg/Kg)
Control 23 29
Stem + Booting 42 35
Booting + milking 49 34
Milk + Dough 44 33
Booting + Anthesis + Milking 53 36
Stem + Booting + Milk + Dough
56 36
CD 0.05 5.1 3.2
Approx 4Kg of ZnSO4.7H2O/ha applied at each stage
Foliar Zn treatment in different stages and Localization of Zinc in Wheat Grain
Chakmak et al, 2010
Effect of soil tillage on the amounts Fe and Zn extracted with DTPA
Soil tillage FeDTPA (mg/kg) ZnDTPAmg/kg)
Conventional tillage (CT) 11.8 0.1
Minimum tillage (MT) 13.4 0.2
No tillage (NT) 13.0 0.5
Effect of soil tillage on the Fe and Zn concentrations in the last expanded leaf of sorghum plants
Soil tillage Fe (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg)
Conventional tillage (CT) 141 12
Minimum tillage (MT) 142 18
No tillage (NT) 124 15
(Lindsay and Norvell, 1978)
T i l l a g e a ffe c ti n g g ra i n n u t r i e nt c o n c e nt ra ti o n
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and cyanobacteria
Biofortification of wheat through inoculation of PGPR and cyanobacteria.
Treatments Fe(mg/Kg) Zn(mg/Kg)
Control 67.73 31.60
N120P60K60 107 37.20
N60P60K60 132.00 40.93
N90P60K60 109.47 37.20
N60P60K60 + CW1 136.93 36.27
N60P60K60 + PW5 271.93 41.73
N60P60K60 + CW1+PW5 206.13 39.80
N60P60K60 + CW1+CW2+CW3 129.4 37.60
*PW5 = bacteria Providencia sp. CW1,CW2,CW3 = Cyanobacteria strain Rana A. et al
Different nutrient enriched crops release year of initial lines
Crop Nutrient Release year of Initial line
Sweet potato Pro vit. A 2007
Bean Fe, Zn 2011
Pearl millet Fe, Zn 2011
Rice Fe, Zn, Pro vit. A 2012
Maize Pro vit. A 2013
Wheat Fe, Zn 2013
Cassava Pro vit. A 2014
Advantages of rice biofortification
Increase in nutritional value.
Reduced adult and child micronutrient causing mortality.
Reduced dietary deficiency diseases.
Healthier population with strong and quick immune responses to infections.
Seed enriched with Fe and Zn
Decreasing Seeding rate
Increasing Resistance to
Diseases
Higher yield under Fe and Zn
deficiencyImproving Abiotic Stress
Tolerance
Improving Human
Nutrition
Better seed viability and
Seedling Vigor
Disadvantages of Rice Biofortification
High production cost i.e. equipments, technology, patenting etc.
Potential negative interaction of biofortified rice on other plants/ non- GM rice crops causing loss of wild type rice varieties.
Low substantial equivalence i.e. inability to provide high micronutrient and protein content compared to supplements.
Poor rural populations have limited access and resources to purchase biofortified rice.
Genetic engineering methods used may compromise immunity in humans i.e. introduced increased risk of allergenicity.
CONCLUSION Awareness of dietary diversity must be follow up to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition.
As people of under developed nations cannot afford to supplemented and diversified foods, research and development of nutrient enriched biofortified crops should carried out to face this problem.
There are several aspects of biofortification but agronomic aspect (Ferti-fortification) is most simpler one and is mostly followed.
The concept of food security therefore may be now a day well defined as Access of nutritious foods at an adequate amount.
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