Biochemistry Exploring Macromolecules. Organic Chemistry - study of chemistry of carbon - molecules of life made of elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen,
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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
- study of chemistry of carbon- study of chemistry of carbon
- molecules of life made of elements carbon, - molecules of life made of elements carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogenoxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
- - functional groupsfunctional groups – determines the – determines the
characteristics of that compoundcharacteristics of that compound
Hydroxyl goup: -OH Hydroxyl goup: -OH (see fig. 2)(see fig. 2)
Carboxylic acid group: -COOH Carboxylic acid group: -COOH (see fig. 3)(see fig. 3)
Amine group: -NHAmine group: -NH22 (see fig. 4)(see fig. 4)
Large carbon molecules = Large carbon molecules = macromoleculesmacromolecules
- large polymers – composed of repeating units - large polymers – composed of repeating units
called monomerscalled monomers
- monomers are joined in condensation or - monomers are joined in condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions to form dehydration synthesis reactions to form polymers polymers (fig. 5)(fig. 5)
- breaking polymers down into monomers occurs - breaking polymers down into monomers occurs by hydrolysis reactionsby hydrolysis reactions
- four main classes of macromolecules:- four main classes of macromolecules:
*Proteins * Carbohydrates * Lipids * Nucleic Acids *Proteins * Carbohydrates * Lipids * Nucleic Acids
ProteinsProteins- composed of amino acids = monomers- composed of amino acids = monomers
- all amino acids have a:- all amino acids have a:
a. carboxyl group –COOHa. carboxyl group –COOH
b. amine group –NHb. amine group –NH22
- 20 common amino acids in living organisms- 20 common amino acids in living organisms
- joined by peptide bonds- joined by peptide bonds
= = polypeptidepolypeptide
- sequence of amino acids- sequence of amino acids
determines protein’sdetermines protein’s
structure and functionstructure and function
- [examples]- [examples]
- primary structure = sequence of amino acids- primary structure = sequence of amino acids
- R groups often form attractions that cause the - R groups often form attractions that cause the protein to fold protein to fold (add the following to handout)(add the following to handout)
- - secondary structure = regular foldingsecondary structure = regular folding
- tertiary structure = irregular folding- tertiary structure = irregular folding
- quaternary structure = more than one - quaternary structure = more than one polypeptide joined to make a functional polypeptide joined to make a functional proteinprotein
- - DenaturingDenaturing a protein changes its shape a protein changes its shape
- change in temperature or pH - change in temperature or pH
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate- general formula C- general formula Cnn(H(H22O) O)
- provide energy- provide energy
- exist as monosaccharides, disaccharide, - exist as monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharidespolysaccharides
- monomers = monosaccharides - monomers = monosaccharides (glucose/fructose)(glucose/fructose)
- monosaccharides are linked by condensation - monosaccharides are linked by condensation reactionsreactions
- sucrose is a disaccharide - sucrose is a disaccharide (fig. 8)(fig. 8)
- three important polysaccharides- three important polysaccharides
a. glycogen – animal energy a. glycogen – animal energy
storagestorage
b. starch – plant storageb. starch – plant storage
c. cellulose – in plant cell wallsc. cellulose – in plant cell walls
LipidsLipids- large nonpolar molecules that are not very - large nonpolar molecules that are not very soluble in watersoluble in water
- very efficient energy storage molecules – store - very efficient energy storage molecules – store twice as much energy as carbohydratestwice as much energy as carbohydrates
- simplest are fatty acids with long, straight carbon - simplest are fatty acids with long, straight carbon chain with a –COOH, carboxyl group, at one chain with a –COOH, carboxyl group, at one endend
- carbon chain is hydrophobic (water fearing)- carbon chain is hydrophobic (water fearing)
- carboxyl group end is hydrophilic (water loving)- carboxyl group end is hydrophilic (water loving)
- form membranes of cells (- form membranes of cells (phospholipidsphospholipids) ) (fig. 10)(fig. 10)
- saturated fats have all single bonds- saturated fats have all single bonds
- unsaturated fats have some multiple bonds- unsaturated fats have some multiple bonds
- Four basic categories:- Four basic categories:
a. Triglyceridesa. Triglycerides
b. Phospholipids b. Phospholipids
c. Waxesc. Waxes
d. Steroids – d. Steroids – ex. Cholesterol andex. Cholesterol and
hormoneshormones
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids- transmit genetic information- transmit genetic information
- DNA and RNA- DNA and RNA
- DNA carries genetic - DNA carries genetic
information from between information from between
generationsgenerations
- monomers are nucleotides- monomers are nucleotides
- each monomer has a sugar, phosphate - each monomer has a sugar, phosphate group, group, and a base and a base (fig. 13)(fig. 13)
- four bases in DNA in different orders code for all - four bases in DNA in different orders code for all characteristics of life!characteristics of life!
- adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine - adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (fig. (fig. 15)15)
- DNA is double helix- DNA is double helix
- hydrogen bonds hold- hydrogen bonds hold
it togetherit together
- DNA is found in nucleus- DNA is found in nucleus(fig. 14)(fig. 14)
- RNA is single stranded- RNA is single stranded
- DNA codes for RNA- DNA codes for RNA
- RNA carries genetic code- RNA carries genetic code
to cytoplasm where itto cytoplasm where it
codes for proteincodes for protein
synthesissynthesis
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