BioChemistry Chapter 2.3. Organic Compounds Compounds made by cells and containing carbon A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outside shell –Does it.
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds made by cells and containing carbon
• A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outside shell– Does it make covalent or ionic bonds?
• covalent
How do you make a macromolecule?
• Need small building blocks– These are called Monomers
• Link monomers together you get – Polymers
• Greek – Poly (many)– Meros (parts)
How do you make a macromolecule?
• You must link the monomers• You must remove a hydrogen ion & a hydroxide ion• These will form water• The process is called –
– condensation
Condensation
Can you break the Macromolecules apart?
• Yes• Just add water• Hydrolysis
– Hydro = water– Lyse = break
Fats• Mostly carbon
and hydrogen• They store
energy• Monomers –
– Glycerol– Fatty acids
• Triglyceride (fat in the blood)
Saturated Fats
• Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen
• Are solid at room temperature
• Most animal fat
Read those labels!!!
•Diets rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease
•Called atherosclerosis
Lipid deposits called plaques build up in blood vessels
So what is hydrogenated vegetable oil?
• Take unsaturated fats• Pump them full of
hydrogen atoms• Presto! –
hydrogenated vegetable oil – UNHEALTHY!
Other forms of lipids
• Phospholipids– Major component of
cell membranes– Contain phosphorus &
fatty acids
• Waxes– Fatty acids and alcohol– Natural coating for
fruits– lipstick
• Steroids– Lipids bent to form
rings– Found in animal cell
membranes– Starting material to
make male and female sex hormones
Proteins
• From the Greek word “proteios”– First place
• Most diverse in structure & function
• Monomers– Amino acids
• Consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl group covalently bonded together
How do proteins form?• Monomers are linked
by condensation – The OH from the
carboxyl group binds with the H from the amino group
– The amino acid is held together by a peptide bond
• 2 amino acids = dipeptide bond
• 3 or more amino acids = polypeptide bond
7 Major Classes of Protein
1) Structural – includes spider silk, human hair, & fibers that make up tendons & ligament
2) Contractile – provide muscular movement
3) Storage – ovalbumin (egg white)
4) Defensive – antibodies
7 Major Classes of Protein cont…
5) Transport- hemoglobin (iron containing protein in blood)
6) Signal – hormones coordinating body activity
7) Enzymes – serves as a chemical catalyst (changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed)
Carbohydrates
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
• Ratio of 1:2:1• Monomer
– Simple sugar – monosaccharides
Carbohydrates cont.
• Disaccharides – double sugars– Example - sucrose
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