Biochem Nutrition
Post on 07-May-2015
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NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTIONGeromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT
FOOD
• Provide energy and new molecules to replace those that the body uses
NUTRIENTS• Component of food and drink that
provide growth, replacement, and energy– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Vitamins– Minerals– Water
CALORIES
• Measurement of amount of energy derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day
Carbohydrates 45 – 65%
Proteins 10 – 35%
Lipids 20 – 35%
CALORIES
• Measurement of amount of energy derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day
Carbohydrates 45 – 65%
Proteins 10 – 35%
Lipids 20 – 35%
CHO 4 cal/gram
CHON 4 cal/gram
Lipids 9 cal/gram
CALORIES
Example: using 2000 calories diet
CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories
= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams
CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories
= 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams
CALORIES
Example: using 2000 calories diet
Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories
= 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams
CHO 250 grams
CHON 100 grams
Lipids 150 grams
============
500 grams/day
VITAMIN
• is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism
• Derived from “Vitamine”
• 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Other Name: Retinol
Function:– Vision– To heal eye and skin injuries
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Nightblindness/Blindness– Keratinization of epithelium and cornea
Best Food Source:– Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,
sweet potatoes
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN D
Other Name: Calciferol
Function:– Promotes calcium and phosphate
absorption and mobilization
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Rickets (children): pliable bones– Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones
Best Food Source:– Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,
eggs, milk
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN E
Other Name: Tocopherol
Function:– Antioxidant
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– In cases of malabsorption such as
cystic fibrosis: anemia– In premature infants: anemia
Best Food Source:– Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips,
spinach
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN K
Other Name: Phylloquinone
Function:– Blood clotting
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in
newborns)
Best Food Source:– Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef
liver
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B1
Other Name: Thiamine
Function:– Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation
and in the pentose phosphate shunt
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Beriberi– In alcoholics: heart failure– Pulmonary congestion
Best Food Source:– Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B2
Other Name: Riboflavin
Function:– Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– invasion of cornea by capillaries– Cheilosis– Dermatitis
Best Food Source:– Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,
mushrooms, beans
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID
Other Name: Niacin
Function:– Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pellagra
Best Food Source:– Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,
mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B6
Other Name: Pyridoxine
Function:– Coenzyme in transamination– Heme synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Convulsions– Chronic anemia– Peripheral neuropathy
Best Food Source:– Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B9
Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid
Function:– Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA
synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Anemia
Best Food Source:– Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange
juice
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B12
Other Name: Cyanocobalamin
Function:– Part of methyl-removing enzyme in
folate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pathcy demyelination– Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and
brain
Best Food Source:– Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B5
Other Name: Pantothenic Acid
Function:– Part of CoA– Fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Gastrointestinal disturbances– Depression
Best Food Source:– Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,
heart
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B7
Other Name: Biotin
Function:– Synthesis of fatty acids
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Dermatitis, nausea, depression
Best Food Source:– Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C
Other Name: Ascorbic Acid
Function:– Antioxidant– Hydroxylation of collagen– Wound healing– Bond formation
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Scurvy
Best Food Source:– Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,
tomatoes
MINERALS
• Potassium• Sodium• Calcium• Chloride• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron• Zinc
• Copper• Manganese • Chromium• Molybdenum• Cobalt• Selenium• Iodine• Fluorine
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
PotassiumProvides membrane potential
Muscle Weakness
Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances
CalciumBone formation; Hormonal function; Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction
Muscle cramps; osteoporosis, fragile bones, coagulopathy
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances
Phosphorus Balancing calcium in the diet
Structural weakness in bones
Magnesium Cofactor in enzymes
Hypocalcemia
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
IronOxidative phosphorylation; hemoglobin synthesis
Anemia
Zinc Cofactor in enzymes; insulin
Retarded growth; enlarged liver
Copper Oxidative enzymes cofactor
Loss of hair pigmentation; anemia
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of hair and nails
Chromium Glucose metabolism
Glucose not available to cells
Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Cobalt Component of Vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders
Iodine Thyroid gland function
Goiter and thyroiditis
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
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