Transcript
Biomass as Engine Fuel
Dr. M.K.Mohanty,
College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology,
OUAT
What is Biomass ?
•Biomass can be defined as any
material which has biogenic origin
•Biomass represents a complex
system for solar energy accumulationsystem for solar energy accumulation
by means of clorophyllos
photosynthesis, in which the
atmospheric Carbon Dioxide is
transformed in organic substance.
Biomass Resources
Biomass Resources
Untapped Natural Resource
Agriculture, Livestock,
Agriculture: Rice husk, Rice straw, Wheat straw, Vegetable residue, etc
Livestock: Animal waste, Butchery waste, etc.
Forestry: Forest residue, Thinned wood, Processing waste, Sawdust, etc.
Plantation (Production group)
Livestock, Forestry and Fishery group
Other Waste group
Processing waste, Sawdust, etc.
Fishery: Processing waste, Bowel, Dead fish, etc.
Industry: Sewage sludge, Organicprocessing waste, etc.
Household:Garbage, Human waste, etc.
Continental area: Grain, Plant, Vegetable, Fat and oil, etc.
Water area: Algae, Photosyntheticbacteria, etc.
Sustainable
Human
DevelopmentEnvironmental, social,
and economic impacts
BIOMASS
PRODUCTION
-Electric
-Fuels
-Co-
Biomass
Conversion
Systems
cooking Lighting
PRODUCTION-Co-
generationSystems
Energy Services
Irrigation
Cooling
Heating
Biomass Energy Services
The availability of Agricultural Residues
• A healthy animal produce 4-5 times their weight
(dry dung) each year.
• Most cereal crops gives between 1.5-2.5 tonnes
of straws for every tonne of grain.of straws for every tonne of grain.
• Dung & crop residues are major resources
which constituting the largest biomass
production at the utilized level.
• Rough estimation of agricultural residues
production can be derived using national
livestock & Crop production statistics.
Factors to be considered while estimating
Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues.
• Climate variation
• Average annual residue yield • Average annual residue yield
• Recoverable fraction
• Environmentally permissible fraction
• Competing other uses
• Losses
Residues to Crop Ratios for some selected crops.
Crops Residues Residues production
(tonnes per tonne of crop)
Rice Straw 1.2 – 2.9
Wheat Maize Straw 1.0 – 1.8
Maize Stalk + cob 1.2 – 2.5
Grain sorghum Stalk 0.9 – 4.9
Millet Stalk 2.0 – 3.7
Barley Straw 0.6 – 1.8
Rye Straw 1.1 – 1.8
Oats Straw 0.9 – 1.8
Residues to Crop Ratios for some selected crops.
(Contd.)
Crops Residues Residues production (tonnes
per tonne of crop)
Groundnut Shell 5.0
Straw 2.3 – 2.9
Pigeon Peas Stalk 5.0Pigeon Peas Stalk 5.0
Cotton Stalk 3.5 – 5.0
Jute Sticks 2.0
Coconut Shell 0.7 – 1.1
Husk 1.65 – 4.5
Source: Renewable Energy Technologies; Their Application in Developing Countries; (L.A.
Krisotferson and V. Bokalders); Intermediate Technology publication-1991.
The Power Guide: (Wim Hulcher and Peter Fraenkel); Intermediate Technology publication-1994
Calorific value of some selected Agricultural residues
Crops Ash content
(%)
Gross calorific value
MJ/kg (Oven dried)
(%)
Coconut Shell 0.8 20.1
Coconut stalk 3.3 17.4
Coconut husks 6 18.1
Groundnut Shells 4.4 19.7
Maize stalk 6.4 18.2
Maize cobs 1.5 18.9
Calorific value of some selected Agricultural residues
(Contd.)
Crops Ash content (%) Gross calorific value MJ/kg
(Oven dried)
(%)
Pigeon peas stalk 2 18.6
Rice straw 19.2 15.0
Rice husks 14.9 16.8
Soybean Stalk - 19.4
Sunflower stalk - 21.0
Wheat straw 8.5 17.2
Dung (air) - 14.0
Source: Renewable Energy Technologies; Their Application in Developing Countries; (L.A.
Krisotferson and V. Bokalders); Intermediate Technology publication-1991.
The Power Guide: (Wim Hulcher and Peter Fraenkel); Intermediate Technology publication-1994
Gross calorific value of fresh dung
Buffalo
Cows
Pigs
11.8 MJ/kg
12.8 MJ / kg
14.9 MJ/kg
Effect of moisture
• Add graph
Conversion of Biomass Energy into
useful energy.
By the method how it is utilized.
• Direct (heat energy obtained by burningwood, agricultural waste or Dungwood, agricultural waste or Dung
cake etc. as in stove (Chula)
• Indirect (first converted into a convenient
or suitable fuel in the form of
solid, liquid or gases)
Conversion of Biomass Energy into
useful energy;.contd..
By the process of energy conversion
– Thermochemical (Combustion, Gasification and
Methanol Production)Methanol Production)
– Biochemical (Anaerobic digestion and
Ethanol Production)
– Chemical (Biodiesel and lubricants.)
Biomass Energy Technology
Technologies Conversion
Process
Major Biomass Feedstock Energy (Or)
Fuel Produced
Direct Combustion
Thermo-
chemical
�Wood
�Agricultural waste
�Municipal solid waste
�Heat
�Steam
�Electricity
Gasification �Producer Gas
�(Low or medium –
Calorific)
Pyrolysis �Synthetic fuel oil
(biocrude)(biocrude)
�Chracoal
Methanol Production �Methnol
Anaerobic (Biogas
production)
Biochemical
�Animal manure,
Agricultural waste,
Landfills, Waste Water
�Medium Calorific gas
(methane)
Aerobic
(Ethanol Production)
�Sugar or starch crops
�Wood waste
�Pulp sludge
�Grass straw
�Ethanol
Biodiesel Production Chemical
�Edible and non edible oil
�Waste vegetable oil
�Animal fat
�Biodiesel
++++ Stoichiometric
AIR
++++SUB
Stoichiometric
Air
COMBUSTION
GASIFICATION
E R = 1
ER = 0.3
P R I N C I P L E
++++SUB
Stoichiometric
Air
++++SUB
Stoichiometric
Air
PYROLYSIS
CARBONISATION
ER = 0.1
ER = 0.1
Φ = the actual air fuel ratio/the air fuel ratio for complete combustion
THERMO CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS
�Wood
�Agricultural waste Thermo-
Conversion
process
Direct
combustion
Biomass
feedstock
Gasification
�Heat
�Steam
�Electricity
� Producer Gas
(Low or medium
Btu)
T
E
C
H
N
O
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N
D
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S
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S
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N
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R�Agricultural waste
�Organic waste
Thermo-
chemical Pyrolysis
Methanol
Production
�Synthetic fuel
oil,
�Charcoal
�Methanol
L
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S
R
G
Y
or
P
R
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D
U
C
T
� Animal manure
� Agricultural
waste
� Landfill
Waste water
Conversion
process
Anaerobic
Methane
gas
F
U
E
L
P
BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS
B
I
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M
A
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S
T
E
C
H
N
Biochemical
Aerobic
Ethanol
R
O
D
U
C
E
D
F
E
E
D
S
T
O
C
K
� Sugar or starch
crop
� Wood waste
� Pulp sludge
Grass straw
N
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
� Palm
Conversio
n process
F
U
E
CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS
B
I
O
M
A
S
S
T
E
C
H
Mechanical
Extraction
� Palm
� Sunflower
� Coconut
� Ground nut
� Soy beans
� Pulp sludge
� Rapeseed
� Cotton seed
Chemical
Chemical
Solvent
Biodiesel
E
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D
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F
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T
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K
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Biomass Preparation
• The acceptability of fuel depend on
– Its performance as a fuel, which– Its performance as a fuel, which
depends upon its combustion
characteristics
– Its ability to harvested, transported and
stored economically
Biomass Preparation (Contd.)
Characteristics of agricultural residues:
• High moisture content (Reduce combustion
efficiency, producing ignition difficulties)
• Contamination of foreign particles (Stone, Dust• Contamination of foreign particles (Stone, Dust
etc.)
• Large in size (Difficult to facilitate automatic
handling)
• Often have fluffy (Low bulk and low densities).
Biomass Preparation (Contd.)
Pretreatment to make it suitable to use.
– Drying (removal / reducing of moisture)– Drying (removal / reducing of moisture)
– Size reduction (Shredder, chipper, grinder)
– Densification (Briquettes)
Combustion
• Thermo-chemical process of converting
biomass energy into heat energy by
burning the biomass in present of air i.e.
oxygen.oxygen.
• Residential Purpose
• Industrial Purpose
Energy Value of biomass
– A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives
»3-3.6 kWh heat Energy;
or, or,
»0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.
A Typical Boiler - for Industrial Purposes
Pyrolysis• Thermo chemical process where organic
material partially combusted to produce
secondary fuels and chemical product
• The process of Pyrolysis gives three groups
of products.of products.
– a solid – (Known as char or charcoal)
– a liquid – (known as pyroligeneous acid or oil
which content a mixture of chemicals)
– a mixture of gases – (CO, H2, N2)
D r i e d a n d C u t w o o d l o g s
C a r b o n i z i n g R e t o r t
C o n d e n s e r W o o d g a s
( N o n c o n d e n s a b l e )
S e t t l i n g v a t s
C h a r c o a l
V a p o u r s
T a r a n d w o o d o i l ( c o n d e n s a b l e )
S C H E M A T I C D I A G R A M O F P Y R O L Y S I S
A ld e h y d e s a n d
k e t o n e s
W o o d n e p h th a
C r u d e s e t t l e d t a r P y r o l i g e n i o u s a c i d
B o i l e d
w o o d
t a r
P i t c h H e a v y
c r e o s o t e
o i l
L i g h t
o i l
A c e t i c
a c i d
W o o d
s p i r i t
M e th a n o l
P R O D U C T S O F P Y R O L Y S I S O F W O O D
Pyrolysis Plant : Typical Example
Pyrolysis (Contd.)
The ratio of products varies with the
chemical composition of the biomass and
the operating conditions.
• A typical Example:
1- tonne of hardwood produced�350kg Charcoal;
�450kg pyrogeneous acid (20-34MJ/kg)
�75kg tar and 60m3 gas.(3.5-8.9MJ/m3)
Pyrolysis (Contd.)
Product Use
Acetic acid Food preservation and flavouring
Formic acid Textile -dyes
Chemical from Pyroligenious acid and their
potential applications
Formic acid Textile -dyes
Methanol Denaturing agent for ethanol
Sodium acetate Medical application (dialysis)
Butyrolactol Leather tanning
Empyreumatic
oils
Disinfectant and antiseptic
(Veterinary use)
Main Present applications are:
• to produce charcoal (with other
byproduct not being used)
Pyrolysis (Contd.)Before cheap fossil fuel it was extensively
used in chemical industries
byproduct not being used)
• or, to complete gasification (to produce
tar etc.)
• or, to provide energy.
Gasification
Thermochemical process that converts
biomass into a combustible gas called
Producer gas.
Advantages
What is gasification?
• Incomplete/partial combustion
• Converts solid fuel into gas form
• Producer gas: CO, H2, CH4 mixture
• Gas production:
1 kg biomass=> 2.5 Nm3 gas
• Gas CV: 1000-1200 kcal/Nm3
Types of gasifier
Advantages
• Better conversion (solid to
gas) efficiency (>70%)
• Handling gaseous fuel)
• better control on burning
• production of clean flue gas
Gasification (Contd.)• Typical the volumetric composition of
biomass based producer gas are asfollow:
CO → 20 – 22%
H2 → 15 – 18%Tar
H2 → 15 – 18%
CH4→ 2 – 4% +
CO2 → 9– 11
N2 → 50– 54%
Tar
and
particulate
materials
Gasification (Contd.)
Use of Gasifier gas
• Variety of thermal application including• Cooking
• DryingThe Heating value of gases
rages from • Drying
• Water heating
• Steam generation
• Mechanical / Electrical power generation
• Fuel for Internal combustion engine
rages from
4000 – 5000 kJ/kg
Biomass gasifier system
(10-20 kWe) capacity
Fermentation
• Naturally occurring biochemical process
concerned to micro-organism.
• Micro-organism are invisible bacteria of
different types
• These Bacteria can be divided into two
major groups.
• Aerobic (which grows in the presence of
oxygen) and;
• Anaerobic (Which grow in absence of
gaseous oxygen).
Fermentation (Contd..)Aerobic Fermentation
– Aerobic Fermentation (Ethanol Production)
– Fermentation takes place in the presence of air.
Ethanol feedstocksEthanol feedstocks
– Sugars, from sugar cane, sorghum, molasses, fruits and whey (residue from cheese production)
– Starch, from grains (rice, maize etc.) cassava, potato
– Cellulose, from wood agricultural residues.
Starches:
Grain (barley)
Root (cassava)
Crush
Hydrolysis
Residues
SugarYeast fermentation
to 10% ethanol
Process heat, by products.Natural Sugars:
Sugar Cane
Fruit
Easy
SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION
Petroleum
additive or
substitute
Cellulose:
Wood Distillation to
90% ethanol
General
combustion Fuel
Purtification to
anhydrous
alcohol
Difficult
Fermentation (Contd..)
Ethanol production processes.
– Feedstock collection
– Pretreatment to yield sugar
– Fermentation
– Distillation
– Waste treatment (Anaerobic fermentation to methane)
Ethanol yields from various selected crops
Crop Crop yield
tonnes /ha.
Ehanol yield
litres/ tonne
Ethanol Yield
litres/ ha.
Banana 12-50 93-104 1182-4925
Cane
Molasses
2.4-4.0 258-291 658-1098
Molasses
Cassava 8.7 172-194 1592
Pineapple 30 43- 49 1380
Sorghum 1.3 391- 440 540
Sugar cane 56 67-76 4000
Anaerobic digestion
• Biochemical process in which particularkinds of bacteria digest biomass in anoxygen-free environment.
• Several different types of bacteria work• Several different types of bacteria worktogether to break down complex organicwastes in stages, finally resulting in theproduction of “Biogas."
Anaerobic digestion (Contd..)
Biogas Production– Biogas is mixture of methane (50 - 70%)
and carbon dioxide with traces of
hydrogen sulphide and waterhydrogen sulphide and water
– Combustible gas
(calorific value = 16 - 20 MJ/m³).
Biogas Production Process
• Mixing of organic matter (such as animaldung) with some water
• Placed this mixture (Slurry) in a leak proofcontainer (called a digester) and left tocontainer (called a digester) and left toferment.
• After several days at suitabletemperatures, sufficient methane will haveformed to make a combustible gas.
Biogas Feedstock
• Any organic material can be used
• Production rate depend on type of feed stock used.
– Woody materials such as straw are very – Woody materials such as straw are very difficult to digest
– Animal dung digests readily
• Pretreatment may be needed for some materials ( Chopping etc.)
Digester Designs
There are three well-known designs that
have originated in developing country
1. The floating drum type (or Indian) digester1. The floating drum type (or Indian) digester
2. The fixed dome (or Chinese) digester
3. The flexible bag (or Taiwanese) digester
The floating drum type digester
The fixed dome (or Chinese) digester
The flexible bag (or Taiwanese) digester
Utilization of Organic Waste (Contd.)
Liquid Waste
• Many Industries produces large volume of liquid
waste which contains solution of organic
materials
• These waste water can be treated anaerobically
to used a useful energy.
• Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) is the
most widely used technology for liquid effluent.
Schematic diagram of an USAB reactor
Separation zone
Gas collection baffles
Treated effluent
Biogas line Biogas collector
Gas collection
dome
Settled sludge
Sludge blanket
Sludge bed
Influent
Settled sludge
Separation zone
Rising biogas
Organic Waste
• Waste from Agroprocessing Industries.
• Waste from households, small companies,
institutions and markets
• Industrial Waste• Industrial Waste
• Amount increases considerably with
industrialisation and urbanisation
Utilization of Organic Waste
All these Waste can be groped as Solid or Liquid
Solid WasteSolid Waste
Landfill Gas is Produced from Solid Waste
The same anaerobic digestion processthat produces biogas in animal manureand wastewater treatment digestersoccurs naturally underground in landfills
IIT Delhi
August 18, 2004
WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?
Biodiesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble
Diesel Fuel
“
Rudolf Diesel
Paris, 1900
“ The use of vegetable oils for
engine may seem insignificantto-day, but such oils maybecome in course of time asimportant as petroleum and thecoal tar products of the present
time ”
Application Areas of Biodiesel
Several
Decentralized
Energy UnitsMechanized
Agricultural
Sector
We consume Diesel about seven times more than that of Petrol
Transportation
System
Diesel Gensets,
Small Scale/Home
Industries
Irrigation Pumps,
Agricultural
Machinery such as
Tractors, Power
Tillers, Threshers etc.
(Self-sufficiency for
the Farmer
Edible oil seeds Non-edible oil seeds
Palm, Soybean,
Rapeseed,
Karanja, Jatropha,
Polanga, Mohua,
POTENTIAL OIL SEEDS FOR PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL
Rapeseed,
Linseed,
Sunflower,
Peanut, Hemp,
Conola
Polanga, Mohua,
Seemaruba,
Castor, Neem,
Cotton etc.
Biodiesel
(unrefined)
Glycerine
(unrefined)
(Catalyst)Alcohol free
Biodiesel
Washing with
water
Removal of
excess alcohol
by vacuum
distillation
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF NON-EDIBLE OIL IN IBP
Hammer Mill
Expeller
Non-edible Oil
Alcohol
(Methanol/Ethanol)
Byproduct : separated from
biodiesel by settling
Neat
Biodiesel
(B100)
Moisture removal by Anhydrous
Sodium Sulphate or by heating
Neat or blended with
dieselCI Engine
Waste water
Biodiesel
(with moisture)
Chemical conversion process of extracting
oil from the seedy feedstock.
–The two main processes are:
»Mechanical press extraction
Biodiesel
»Mechanical press extraction
»Solvent extraction
Village electrification –Gasifier at Village Deodhara, Orissa
Engine testing on biomass fuelEngine testing on biomass fuel
Performance of engine on gassifier gas
Variation of BTE with BMEP Variation of SEC with BMEP
Variation of diesel displacement with
BMEP
Emission test on duel fuel
Variation of CO emission with BMEP Variation of NOx emission with BMEP
Variation of exhaust with BMEP
Performance of Diesel engine using biogas
Comparison of power V/s
efficiency in Diesel mode
and 100% Biogas mode.
Power v/s Exhaust Temperature
Diesel mode and 100% Biogas mode.
Performance of diesel engine on Biodiesel
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
Brake thermal efficiency
Diesel15000
20000
25000
30000
Brake specific energy
consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Diesel
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0 2 4 6 8
Brake thermal efficiency
Engine Power Output (kW)
Diesel
B20
B50
B1000
5000
10000
0 5 10Brake specific energy
consumtion (kJ/kWh)
Engine Power Output (kW)
Diesel
B20
B50
B100
Thank you for
Your attention
Questions
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