Bio 2 Lecture Exam 2 Package 17... · Bio 2 Lecture Exam 2 Package . 2 FUNGI LECTURE Evolution: General Characteristics: Animal-like Characteristics: 3 Fungal Reproduction: Asexual:

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Bio 2

Lecture

Exam 2

Package

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FUNGI LECTURE

Evolution:

General Characteristics:

Animal-like Characteristics:

3

Fungal Reproduction:

Asexual:

Sexual:

Plasmogamy:

Karyogamy:

Syngamy:

Fungal Classification:

Division: Chytrids:

4

Division: Zygomycetes:

5

Division: Glomeromycetes

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Division: Ascomycetes

6

Division: Basidiomycetes

7

Microsporidia

Lichens:

Ecological Impacts:

8

Plant Evolution:

Ordovician (475mya)

Devonian (400 mya)

Carboniferous (360 mya)

Cretaceous (130 mya)

Common Characters with Algae:

Adaptations to Terrestrial Life:

1. Multicellular Dependent Embryos

2. Alternation of Generation

3. Walled Spores produced in Sporangia

4. Apical Meristems

5. Other Adaptations

a) Cuticle

b) Stomata

c) Xylem and phloem

d) Secondary compounds

9

Nonvascular Seedless Plants

Division: Hepatophyta:

Division: Anthocerophyta:

Division: Bryophyta:

Bryophyta Life Cycle

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Vascular Seedless Plants:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Division: Lycophyta

Division: Pterophyta

Psilophytes:

Sphenophytes:

Ferns:

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Fern Life Cycle

12

Vascular Plants

Alteration of Generation

Mosses

Ferns

Seed Plants

Why be Sporophyte Dominant?

Why retain Gametophyte Generation?

Seeds

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Ovule to Seed

Overview of Seed Plants

Phylogeny

Division: Ginkgophyta

Division: Cycadophyta

Division: Gnetophyta

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Division: Coniferophyta

Pine Tree Life Cycle

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Flower

Sepals

Petals

Receptacles

Stamen

Anther

Filament

Carpel

Stigma

Style:

Ovary:

Ovule:

Angiosperm Life Cycle

16

Cross Pollination:

Angiosperm Radiation

Pollination

Dispersal

The Global Impact

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Tissue Systems

Ground Tissue:

Parenchyma:

Collenchyma:

Sclerenchyma

Vascular Tissue:

Xylem:

Phloem:

Dermal Tissue:

Epidermis:

Periderm:

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Plant Systems:

Root Systems:

Shoot Systems:

Plant Growth:

Meritstems:

Apical:

Protoderm:

Ground:

Procambium:

Lateral:

Vascular:

Cork:

Monocot vs. Dicot

Embryo Veins Stems Roots Flowers

Monocot

Dicot

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Root System:

Tap Root:

Fibrous Root:

Four Regions:

Root Tissue:

Pith:

Xylem:

Phloem:

Pericycle:

Endodermis:

Cortex:

Epidermis:

Monocot vs. Dicot:

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Modified Roots:

Shoot System:

Stems:

Leaves:

Fruits:

Flowers:

Primary Growth:

Protoderm:

Procambium:

Ground Meristem:

Vascular Bundles:

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Stem Structure: Monocot vs. Dicot

Pith: Ground Tissue:

Vascular Bundles:

Cortex:

Epidermis:

Secondary Structure:

Vascular Cambium:

Cork Cambium:

Dicot:

Pith:

Primary Xylem:

Secondary Xylem:

Vascular Cambium:

Secondary Phloem:

Primary Phloem:

Cortex:

Phelloderm:

Cork Cambium:

Cork:

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Heartwood:

Sapwood:

Bark:

Wood:

Spring wood vs. Summer wood

Modified Stems:

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Leaf Structure;

Simple:

Compound:

Doubly Compound:

Epidermis:

Stomata:

Guard Cells:

Cuticle:

Mesophyll:

Pallisade:

Spongy:

Modified Leaves:

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Transport

Cellular Transport

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Facillitated Diffusion:

Active Transport:

Proton Pump:

Water Potential:

Solute Concentration:

Pressure:

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Plant Cell Water Movement:

Turgid:

Flaccid:

Plasmolysis:

Aquaporins:

Tissue Level Transport:

Trans-membrane:

Symplastic

Apoplastice:

Long Distance Transport:

Bulk Flow:

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Long Distance Transport (cont) - Absorption of Water and Minerals

Two Pathways:

Long Distance Transport – Transport of Xylem Sap

Pushing Xylem:

Guttation:

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Long Distance Transport – Transport of Xylem Sap (cont)

Pulling Xylem:

Transpiration:

Adhesion:

Cohesion:

Surface Tension:

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Control of Transpiration:

Guard Cells:

Potassium Ions:

Stomata:

Reducing Transpiration:

Phloem Loading:

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Translocation of Phloem:

Pressure Flow:

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Plant Nutrition:

Macronutrients:

Carbon - organic compounds

Oxygen - organic compounds

Hydrogen - organic compounds

Nitrogen - nucleic acids, proteins

Sulfur - proteins

Phosphorus- nucleic acids, lipids

Potassium - Protein Synthesis, water balance

Calcium - cell walls, membranes, permeability

Magnesium - chlorophyll, enzymes

Micronutrients:

Chlorine - water balance, photosynthesis

Iron - cytochromes

Boron - chlorophyll synthesis

Manganese - amino acids, photosynthesis

Zinc - Chlorophyll synthesis

Copper - enzymes for redox rxns

Molybdenum - nitrogen fixation

Nickel - Cofactor in nitrogen, metabolism

Soil:

Texture:

Composition:

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Availability of Soil Water and Availability:

Soil Conservation:

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Nitrogen Fixation:

Nutritional Adaptations:

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Control Systems:

Plant Hormones:

Auxins:

Control:

Polar Transport:

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Acid Growth Hypothesis:

Others:

Cytokinins:

35

Gibberelins:

Abscisic Acid:

Ethylene:

Oligosaccharins:

Brassinosteroids:

Plant Movements:

Phototropism:

Gravitropism:

Thigmotropism:

36

Rapid Leaf Movement:

Sleep Movement:

Daily and Seasonal Responses:

Circadian Rhythm:

Photoperiodism:

Flowering Hormones:

Phytochromes:

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Red vs. Far Red Response:

Response to Environmental Stress: