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Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy
Intermediate Status Report V2
March 2013
Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM)
Confidential
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317983 MCB ISA 00 0
P:\Noida\DMC\Projects\317983-Bihar Water\Report\Intermediate Report\Revised\Intermediate Status Report V2.docx
18 February 2013
Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy
Intermediate Status Report V2
March 2013
Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM)
Confidential
Mott MacDonald, A20, Sector 2, Noida 201 301, India
t +91 (0)120 254 3582 f +91 (0)120 254 3562 w www.mottmac.in, W www.mottmac.com
Chief Engineer (Urban) – cum – Member Secretary, Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM), Public Health Engineering Department, Vishveshwariya Bhawan, Bailey Road, Patna 800 001
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Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential
Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description
01 16.2.2013 RB, TK, AA NR SM Intermediate Status Report
02 6.3.2013 RB NR SM Intermediate Status Report V1 -revised
03 18.3.2013 NR NR SM Intermediate Status Report V2 -revised incorporating comments received from the World bank
Issue and revision record
This document is issued for the party which commissioned it
and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned
project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or
used for any other purpose.
We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this
document being relied upon by any other party, or being used
for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which
is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other
parties
This document contains confidential information and proprietary
intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties
without consent from us and from the party which
commissioned it.
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Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential
ABBREVIATIONS
APL Above Poverty Line
AWC Anganwadi Centre
BPL Below Poverty Line
BRLP Bihar Rural Livelihood Project
BSWSM Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission
BWSC Block Water and Sanitation Committee
CBO Community Based Organization
CCD Community Driven Development
CCDU Communication and Capacity Development Unit
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
DDWS Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation
DFID Department for International Development
DoHFW Department of Health and Family Welfare
DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee
DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission
EBC Extremely Backward Caste
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GOI Government of India
GP Gram Panchyat
HRD Human Resource Development
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IHHL Individual Household Latrine
IPDP Indigenous Peoples Plan
M & E Monitoring and Evaluation
MIS Management Information System
MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
NGO Non Government Organization
NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme
O & M Operation and Maintenance
OBC Other Backward Caste
PHED Public Health & Engineering Department
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRI Panchyati Raj Institutions
PWS Piped Water Schemes
RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
SA Social Assessment
SC Scheduled Caste
SHG Self Help Group
SPMU State Project Management Unit
ST Schedule Tribe
SWASTH Sector Wide Approach to Strengthen Health
SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity & Threat
TSC Total Sanitation Campaign
UNDP United Nation Development Programme
UNICEF United Nation International Children’s Education Fund
VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee
VHNSC Village Health Nutrition & Sanitation Committee
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Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential
ABBREVIATIONS
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WSSO Water and Sanitation Support Organization
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Chapter Title Page
Executive Summary i
1. Introduction 1
1.1 State Profile _______________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Project Background (RWSS) ___________________________________________________________ 2 1.3 The Assignment ____________________________________________________________________ 4 1.4 Need for Social Assessment ___________________________________________________________ 5 1.5 Scope of Work _____________________________________________________________________ 5 1.6 Approach and Methodology ___________________________________________________________ 9 1.7 Methodology ______________________________________________________________________ 11 1.8 Report Structure ___________________________________________________________________ 20
2. Beneficiary Assessment 21
2.1 Analysis of Community Level Findings __________________________________________________ 21 2.2 Analysis of Qualitative Findings at Community Level _______________________________________ 52 2.3 Conclusions based on Beneficiary Assessment ___________________________________________ 59
3. Institutional Analysis 62
3.1 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E on Water & Sanitation _________________________ 62 3.2 Development Partners ______________________________________________________________ 68 3.3 Conclusions ______________________________________________________________________ 69
4. Stakeholder Analysis 70
4.1 Role of different Stakeholders in Service delivery __________________________________________ 70 4.2 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Bihar __________________ 79
5. Diversity in Bihar 81
5.1 Socio Cultural & Economic ___________________________________________________________ 81 5.2 Rural Governance __________________________________________________________________ 83 5.3 Available water Resources ___________________________________________________________ 84 5.4 Rural Drinking Water Status __________________________________________________________ 85 5.5 Gender related issues in Bihar ________________________________________________________ 89
6. Anticipated Impact of the Project 91
7. Key Risks & Possible Mitigation 94
7.1 Key Risks ________________________________________________________________________ 94 7.2 Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks ___________________________________________________ 94
8. Issues & Recommendations 97
8.1 Issues ___________________________________________________________________________ 97 8.2 Recommendations _________________________________________________________________ 99
9. Social Safeguard issues 104
Content
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Bihar Water supply & Sanitation- Study on Social Assessment, including Capacity Building and Communication Strategy Confidential
9.1 Land Acquisition __________________________________________________________________ 104 9.2 Indigenous People ________________________________________________________________ 104
10. Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators 105
10.1 Monitoring _______________________________________________________________________ 105 10.2 Evaluation _______________________________________________________________________ 106
Appendices 109
Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data ____________________________________________________________ 110 Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative ___________________________________________________________ 111 Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative __________________________________________________________ 112 Appendix D. Contact List ______________________________________________________________________ 113
Tables
Table 1.1: Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Bihar,Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Assam _______ 3 Table 1.2: Data on Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Selected Districts under The Project of Bihar 4 Table 2.1: Type of roofing material used in Respondent’s House ______________________________________ 26 Table 2.2: Distance of stand post from house _____________________________________________________ 33 Table 2.3: Who collecting water from stand post (Multple response) ____________________________________ 33 Table 2.4: Distance of public hand pump from house (Hand pump) ____________________________________ 34 Table 2.5: Initial setup cost for hand pump/bore well ________________________________________________ 35 Table 2.6: In which year did you set up the facility? _________________________________________________ 35 Table 2.7: Is the water from hand pump/ bore well potable ___________________________________________ 36 Table 2.8: Most important source of drinking water for family _________________________________________ 37 Table 2.9: How to you treat water to make it potable? _______________________________________________ 37 Table 2.10: Requirement of water per day for various household purpose on per person basis (in litres) _________ 38 Table 2.11: Nature of complaint _________________________________________________________________ 40 Table 2.12: How many hours you expect to get water per day and willingness to pay _______________________ 41 Table 2.13: When do you wash hands ____________________________________________________________ 42 Table 2.14: Awareness of water borne diseases ____________________________________________________ 42 Table 2.15: Family members have fallen sick due to water borne disease in last three months ________________ 43 Table 2.16: How is the Household Soild Waste like plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste getting disposed (%) 44 Table 2.17: Desposal of liquid waste _____________________________________________________________ 44 Table 2.18: News papers generally being read _____________________________________________________ 48 Table 2.19: Preferred media language____________________________________________________________ 49 .Table 2.20: Preferred media channel _____________________________________________________________ 49 Table 2.21: Time of watching TV ________________________________________________________________ 50 Table 2.22: Time for listen to radio ______________________________________________________________ 50 Table 2.23: Preferred point of contact in case of grievances ___________________________________________ 51 Table 4.1: Stakeholders involved in Rural Water Supply Scheme ______________________________________ 70 Table 5.1: Bihar: Demographic Indicators ________________________________________________________ 82 Table 5.2: Income Details in per capita __________________________________________________________ 83 Table 5.3: Water Availability in Details ___________________________________________________________ 85 Table 5.4: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply _____________________________ 86 Table 5.5: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply (BY Caste) ____________________ 88 Table 5.6: Proportion of Rural Habitations Covered with Type of Water Supply Schemes in Bihar _____________ 88 Table 5.7: Distribution of population by literacy and rural urban in Bihar _________________________________ 89 Table 5.8: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar ___________________________________________________ 90
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Table 5.9: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar & India _____________________________________________ 90 Table 6.1: Anticipated Impact of the Project ______________________________________________________ 91 Table 10.1: Indicators to be Monitored___________________________________________________________ 105 Table 10.2: Indicators to be Evaluated___________________________________________________________ 106
Figures
Figure 2.1: Gender of the respondents (%) ________________________________________________________ 21 Figure 2.2: Age group of the respondents (%) _____________________________________________________ 22 Figure 2.3: Religion of the head of the household (%) _______________________________________________ 22 Figure 2.4: Social group of the respondents (%) ____________________________________________________ 22 Figure 2.5: Government cards of the contacted households (%) _______________________________________ 23 Figure 2.6: Education of household head (%) ______________________________________________________ 23 Figure 2.7: Type of Family (%) _________________________________________________________________ 24 Figure 2.8: Ownership of the house (%) __________________________________________________________ 24 Figure 2.9: Type of house (%) __________________________________________________________________ 24 Figure 2.10: Main source of income for household (%) ________________________________________________ 25 Figure 2.11: Households having seperate kitchen (%) ________________________________________________ 25 Figure 2.12: Number of Rooms of the households (excluding bathroom and kitchen) % ______________________ 25 Figure 2.13: Type of roofing used in respondent's house (%) ___________________________________________ 26 Figure 2.14: Ownership of cultivable land (%) _______________________________________________________ 26 Figure 2.15: Availability of livestock in the house (%) _________________________________________________ 26 Figure 2.16: Various assests owned by the households (%) ____________________________________________ 27 Figure 2.17: Household having cable TV connection (%) ______________________________________________ 27 Figure 2.18: Main source of lighting for the household (%) _____________________________________________ 28 Figure 2.19: Type of fuel used at household for cooking (%) ___________________________________________ 28 Figure 2.20: What is used to cook food (%) ________________________________________________________ 28 Figure 2.21: Monthly expenditure details of the household (%) _________________________________________ 29 Figure 2.22: Household monthly income (%) _______________________________________________________ 29 Figure 2.23: Source of water for the household (%) __________________________________________________ 30 Figure 2.24: Frequency of water at household connections (%) _________________________________________ 30 Figure 2.25: Time of water supply (%) ____________________________________________________________ 30 Figure 2.26: Availability of pit dug to collect water (%) ________________________________________________ 31 Figure 2.27: Usage of pump to get water from connection (%) __________________________________________ 31 Figure 2.28: Type of tariff paid (%) _______________________________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.29: Periodicity of billing (%) ______________________________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.30: Frequency of water in the stand post (%) ________________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.31: Timing of water supplied from stand post (%) _____________________________________________ 32 Figure 2.32: Average time taken for collection of water every time( stand post) % ___________________________ 33 Figure 2.33: Number of people involved in collecting water (%) ________________________________________ 33 Figure 2.34: Average time taken for collection of water every time (from Hand pump) % ______________________ 34 Figure 2.35: Number of people involved in collecting water (%) ________________________________________ 34 Figure 2.36: Depth of Hand pump/bore well (Feet) % _________________________________________________ 36 Figure 2.37: Problem in getting water from hand pump/bore well (%) ____________________________________ 36 Figure 2.38: Reaspon for not having municipal HH water connection (%) _________________________________ 37 Figure 2.39: Would you prefer to have HH water connection (%) ________________________________________ 37 Figure 2.40: Consumption of water per day for various household purpose on daily basis (%) _________________ 38 Figure 2.41: Level of satisfaction (%) _____________________________________________________________ 39 Figure 2.42: Complaint regarding water supply (%) __________________________________________________ 40 Figure 2.43: Lodged complaint with (%) ___________________________________________________________ 40
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Figure 2.44: Average time taken for resolution of the problem (%) _______________________________________ 41 Figure 2.45: Would you expect a better water supply (%) ______________________________________________ 41 Figure 2.46: Material used for handwashing (%) _____________________________________________________ 42 Figure 2.47: How is the Household Soild Waste from Kitchen Getting Disposed (%) _________________________ 43 Figure 2.48: How is the Household Soild Waste like paper being disposed (%) _____________________________ 43 Figure 2.49: Availability of toilets in the households (%) _______________________________________________ 45 Figure 2.50: Type of toilets available in the households (%) ____________________________________________ 45 Figure 2.51: Household having own septic tank (%) __________________________________________________ 45 Figure 2.52: Total expenditure on toilet construction by the household (%) ________________________________ 45 Figure 2.53: Total monthly expenditure on toilet maintenance (%) _______________________________________ 46 Figure 2.54: If do not have toilet, where do your family member go for defecation? (%) ______________________ 46 Figure 2.55: Responsibility of cleaning the toilet (%) _________________________________________________ 47 Figure 2.56: Frequency of cleaning toilet (%) _______________________________________________________ 47 Figure 2.57: Material used for cleaning toilet (%) ____________________________________________________ 47 Figure 2.58: Do you read news paper (%) _________________________________________________________ 48 Figure 2.59: Do you do any of the following? (Multiple Responses) % ____________________________________ 49 Figure 2.60: What programme do you watch/ Listen (Multiple Responses) % ______________________________ 49 Figure 2.61: Availability of pollution related messages in media (%) _____________________________________ 50 Figure 2.62: Awareness regarding water and sanitation sector reform programme in your city (%) ______________ 50 Figure 2.63: Main source of information about government programmes (%) ______________________________ 51 Figure 2.64: Media which influences most (%) ______________________________________________________ 51 Figure 3.1: Existing Institutional Structure for Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services in Bihar ______________ 64 Figure 5.1: Distribution of Habitations by Water Availability ___________________________________________ 86 Figure 5.2: Distribution of Population by Water Availability ____________________________________________ 86
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Study Background
Bihar is 12th largest state of India in terms of geographical size (94,163 sq. km) and 3rd largest in terms of
its population (10.38 crores as per Census 2011). The state is well known for its abundant natural
resources, perennial rivers, fertile lands and a long glorious history. In spite of abundant natural resources
the state remained one of the poorest in the country since independence. The condition further deteriorated
after the state’s division and separation of Jharkhand as Bihar retained almost 75 percent of the population
but was left with 54 percent of the land bereft of almost all mineral resources, thus inducing a lot of strain
on the available resources.
The state is densely populated with 880 persons per square kilometres as against the national average of
324. Of 104 million, 92 million live in rural areas (88.7 percent census 2011). The state has about 15.7
percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001
census).The sex ratio of the state at 916 females per 1000 males is lower than the national average of 940
females per 1000 males (census 2011). The social life in Bihar heavily gravitates around the villages as
only 11.2 percent of total population resides in urban areas. Vast majority of them is still illiterate (63.82
percent are literate as per census 2011). Comparing the per capita income of the state, a substantial
difference could be noted from India (INR 25661) and Bihar (INR 9586) for the year 2008-09. The above
mentioned income is as a result of increase i.e 17.37 percent from 2006-07 to 2008-09, which is 13.64
percent increase for India.
Providing safe drinking water to its people is the responsibility of the State Government. Till last decade,
coverage of habitations was the priority of the Government. However, currently safe drinking water and
other related issues like sanitation and hygiene have become the priority. Of the total habitations (107642)
in Bihar, 20248 habitations are in the status of Partial Population Coverage and remaining 87394
habitations are in 100 percent population coverage. In about 14580 habitations the water quality is affected,
of which 10877 are affected with Iron, followed by 2698 with Fluoride, 1004 with Arsenic and 1 with Nitrate
(Source: DDWS website). Ground water table is quite high and hence water availability is not an issue in
major parts of the State. In terms of quantity, the average population served per source is 110 which is
quite good when compared to the Government of India norm of 250 persons per source. The rural
population of the state is served by public as well as private hand pumps (India Mark III and shallow well
hand pumps).About 79.73 percent of habitations are covered by Hand pumps / Bore well schemes followed
by 3.88 percentage piped water scheme and 15.62 percentage by other schemes (Source: DDWS
website).
The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) guidelines that came into effect from April 2009
puts more emphasis on decentralization and devolve the power to PRIs so that they can take up
construction, operation and management of water & sanitation related infrastructure. As part of NRDWP,
the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for ensuring drinking water security to all
rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of households with piped water and at least
80 percent of households with tap connections during this period. While analyzing the physical progress of
availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states it was observed that Assam, Bihar,
Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging states of India. In view of the above mentioned backdrop, the
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS), Government of India has requested the World Bank to
support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project for the lagging states including Bihar.
Executive Summary
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The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project which is funded by the World Bank (The Project) has
selected 10 districts, viz, West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna,
Nawada, Munger and Banka for implementation of multi and single village/habitation piped water scheme
in different phases.
The socio-economic conditions in the selected districts of the Project and the beneficiary profile may not be
homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their
differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups and other regional features. Therefore,
the challenge lies in addressing the requirements of all the sub-groups with special attention on the rural
and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups. Besides, there are a large number of
stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying degrees of
influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide
a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and solicit their contributions towards project
design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, it is intended to
conduct this consulting assignment on Social Assessment (SA). The broad elements of the study shall
include:
beneficiary assessment,
stakeholder analysis,
social impacts,
Institutional assessments and risks analysis.
Study Objective
As per requirement, the social assessment (current study) was carried out with an aim to identify social
diversities in the State, the identified diversities which has potential to impact the project was further
discussed and mitigation plan was suggested. The social assessment was carried out consistent with GOI
and the World Bank safeguard requirements, policies, regulations and guidelines. The scope of the study
also covers aspects related to capacity building and communication. The study was conducted using
participatory approaches adopting participatory tools like Participatory Rural Appraisal, interactions with
women group, SWOT analysis etc. The study intended to identify stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the
policy level to field operations to beneficiary level. In this line, first the stakeholders were identified and then
they were contacted during each stage of the assignment so that comprehensive coverage is ensured.
Study Findings
Beneficiary Assessment
The study findings depicts that the villages in Bihar are heterogeneous in nature so far content/
establishment/ social setting is concerned, it was seen on an average a panchayat has 11 to 12
habitations, 115 habitations were found in 10 selected panchayats. Further interestingly it was observed
that the economically empowered caste generally resides in the main village of the panchayat and the SC
and Mahadalits reside in distant villages from the main panchayat village. Further the villages which are at
a distance from the panchayat main village had relatively less infrastructure like hand pumps and toilets.
Further the average family size of the contacted households was found to be 6.5 (however it ranges from 7
to 15). As per census 2011, in villages of Bihar a household has an average of 6 members. The literacy
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rate of the households contacted was found to be low, about 38 percent of respondents were illiterate. It
was observed that villages were not aware (84%) about government programmes related to water &
sanitation. During qualitative interactions it was sensed that women are not adequately empowered, the
main reason is their low literacy and awareness levels. Many women participants reported that they
generally attend panchayat meetings but their concerns are not heard by the PRIs and thus, they do not
find any use attending these meetings. Poverty is acute in these villages, as high as 83.2 percent of the
respondents were found living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca
houses), about 78.3 percent are earning their livelihood by working as agricultural laborer. Further about 85
percent of the contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households
covered have monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation is further bad in case of marginalized
community and mahadalits. The monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-
During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was observed that habitation/villages are clustered according to the
caste, and poor families. Mahadalits are very poor and also unorganized. Supply of water depends on the
availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were
found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal connections) but the electric supply was
found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric supply, the operation of water pumps and
supply remains erratic. It could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week.
Further, latrine coverage is inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households have individual
household latrine in sampled GPs. During Focus Group Discussion it was reported that about 48 LPCD of
drinking water is required for daily needs. The major issues that were highlighted by the respondents are as
mentioned below:
Respondents are not satisfied with the quality of water. Problems of water contamination with Arsenic,
Fluoride and Iron and water being muddy were mentioned.
Due to quality problems in drinking water, villagers reported isolated cases of Typhoid and Diarrhea
and other stomach related problems
Community is not satisfied so far supply duration and pressure of water is concerned, even timing of
water supply was also not acceptable to the respondents.
The media habit of villagers mostly leads to radio (84 percent listen to radio, 18 percent watch television
and only 20 percent read newspaper). Hindi is the preferred language as respondents prefer to watch/listen
programmes in Hindi. Radio is the most popular media of communication. The preferred time for watching
television was either morning or evening.
Institutional Assessment
Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation
Campaign & Swajaldhara in the state of Bihar. BSWSM has been constituted as a registered society as per
Para 2.2 IA Restructured Central Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (RCRSP) guidelines and under
Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, GOI, New Delhi. The approval on the constitution and
registration of BSWSM was given by Apex committee of the State Government body in its meeting on 7th
October 2004 and by executive of the BSWSM in its meeting on 22nd
September 2004(a resolution was
taken to register BSWSM). Principal Secretary, PHED is the Member Secretary of BSWSM and PHED is
the main Government body for delivering water and sanitation services in Bihar.PHED has its own
structured organizational setup for service delivery which is placed from State to Sub-Divisional Offices. But
there is no structured organization at Block and Gram Panchayat level. Block Resource Coordinators are
appointed on contractual basis and they report to the Assistant Engineer, PHED. They are appointed for
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reinforcing service delivery at village level. At panchayat level, in some of the panchayats, Village Health &
Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs) (which are formed under NRHM project and is chaired by the Sarpanch,
the elected head of the Gram Panchayat) are functional. Thus, it was observed that there is no structured
organization / office at Block / GP level. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as
desired in NRDWP and NBA guideline is not being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of
decentralisation.
Key Risks
Community Support & participation:- The activities of the project may not get community support and
participation due to following reasons
Lack of education and awareness among the community
Socially backward groups are also not well-off economically and thus, they may not be able to pay for
the capital cost
Local level casteism and politics, which may not support community mobilization
Lack of women participation, their lack of economic empowerment, illiteracy, no say in decision making
of the family etc
Equity and inclusion:- The issues related to equity need to be addressed. Currently the villages that are
dominated by socially backward groups have comparatively lesser functional infrastructure (water &
sanitation).They are also economically backward thus cannot afford construction and maintenance of the
infrastructure.
Regular water Supply: The community having piped water supply were not satisfied with the water supply
timings and pressure at which water is supplied. Thus, the community may not like to take the connections
till these issues are resolved.
Irregular Power Supply: Availability of power is a major issue in Bihar which will be a potential risk for
piped water schemes dependant on power supply. Due to erratic power supply, the operation of water
pumps and thereby the supply may get stalled and money invested in the construction will be futile. If the
water supply is not made to the community, they will be forced to use their old water sources; thereby the
health issues will persist mainly in case of villages with water contamination (fluoride and arsenic)
Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs: The operation and maintenance of the schemes may be an
issue if the dedicated structure at grassroot level is not established.
Political influence:- Looking into the importance of VWSCs, it is possible that political and economically
dominating groups would try to control the VWSCs. This can also initiate a conflict between VWSCs and
Gram Panchayat, mainly in the constituencies reserved for socially backward groups.
Delay in project delivery:- There is lack of coordination and capability gaps in the different wings of
PHED , which may lead to the project unable to deliver its objective within its stipulated time.
Contamination of Ground Water:- Leech pit toilets with deep pits (as reported by the households having
toilet) could lead to groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken on urgent basis.
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Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks
Lack of Community participation
Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations should be held prior to conceptualizing and during preparation of the project. Each sub project should have a local level communication office with a grievance redressal officer. The activity of each sub project should be further overseen by a high level coordination committee (at state level.)
Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs
It is important that each VWSC is represented by all the sections of the society of the village and their
members are trained to assist the W&S service delivery.
Capacity building of VWSC members
Ensuring women participation
One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided mandatory training
The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation
Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated
Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced
Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S
related issues
In the model of Mahila Samakhya, groups could be developed at village level for active participation in
W&S related issues
Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts
Establishment of bottom up approach and involvement of PRIs and community in O&M of W&S
programmes
Capacity building of PRIs in O&M
Equity and inclusion: Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could;
Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.
Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square
feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.
Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of
providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;
Fix a lifeline supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per
month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).
Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards
would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.
Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as
nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.
Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for
managing free water supply through public kiosks.
Regular water Supply
Work out the most feasible way of water supply, appropriate with duration, time, quality, and quantity.
Alternative power supply arrangements are required for restoring regular water supply which could be solar based systems.
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Irregular Power Supply
Policy dialogues to be initiated with the power supply department for ensuring regular power supply.\
The tariff for unit rates for community PWS system should be lower than the minimum domestic tariff/unit.
Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs
PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;
In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of
service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.
Should be trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services
including domestic waste disposal.
They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and management support.
It is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery. Appropriate and regular IEC will also be equally important.
Strong Political influence
Community mobilisation and empowerment so that they are able to identify the requirements related to
water, sanitation, health and hygiene and not come under any such influence.
Delay in project delivery
Project Management Unit is to establish good rapport with the Government of India and State PHED for timely release of funds and sanctioning of contracts respectively.
Project delivery in Mission mode so that Project management Unit has a complete structure up to the level of panchayat and able to monitor the project closely.
Contamination of Ground Water
Capacity building of PHED officials on soft skills so that communication on technical aspects could be delivered to the community.
Hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water
Issues
Organizational Structure for Service Delivery
During interactions with different level it was observed that the institutional structure of BSWSM is up to
district level only, below district there is no available structure. The activities of Block and GP level are
governed by the DWSC. Due to absence of four-tier system of governance, establishment of bottom up
approach for project delivery is not being undertaken. Further, this is also delaying the process of
decentralisation.
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Top Down Approach
Currently, top-down approach is followed in planning, implementing and operation and maintenance of the
schemes. Thus, PHED is totally responsible for service delivery. Though, there is initiation of devolution of
power to ZP and GP but it has not happened due to issues in capacity of PRIs and also lack of supervision
from PHED.
Staff Strength and internal Communication
Acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior Engineers, Pipe
Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation, implementation,
monitoring and repair of schemes. While interactions with the junior level staff, their capability gap was also
observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for project
delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills
for better service delivery could be adopted.
Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by the
civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and operation of
machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of coordination was observed
among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to delay in project delivery.
Absence of village level structure i.e. VWSCs
During field visits it was observed that VWSCs are not formed at village level, during interaction with PHED
officials it was confirmed that no Government Order was issued by the Department for constitution of
VWSCs as a subcommittee of gram panchayat.
Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,
operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats that too
only hand pump schemes. It was also observed that gram panchayats are not adequately equipped with
requisite resources to handle Operation & Maintenance of the schemes. Thus, devolution of power
including fund for O&M of water supply schemes has not happened in the State.
Technical/Water Quality
About 12% habitation has water quality issues and the Department is not being able to complete all its
water testing as planned for year 2011-12 (only 52147 sample tested against target of 120000 sources in
lab and further only 540 FTK tests were done as against target of 204692). As per NRDWP guideline all
drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological contamination and once a
year for chemical contamination. (Source: DDWS data of 2011-12). However, since sub divisional labs are
not set up as planned (target 228 as per PHED website but none of them are functional however, approval
on 76 of such labs are under process) thus, district labs are putting additional effort to meet targets for
water quality testing.
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Inclusion
Since the panchayat is spread and has 11 to 12 habitations in it and they are clustered according to the
caste. Many a times the core village (i.e the panchayat village) is dominated by economically sound section
of the society and the distance village which is majorly dominated by poor families and mahadalits lacks
infrastructure facility related to water and sanitation. Moreover if the facility is provided they are so poor that
they will not be able to pay the connection charges.
Limited participation of Community
Limited participation of the community was observed, in planning, implementation and O&M of RWSS
facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the RWSS sector. The limited community involvement is partly
because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness and illiteracy among users
about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts need to be effectively
channelled to improve community participation.
Limited or non participation of women-Gender
Women comprise about half of the population and they are not empowered enough to participate in
community meetings and provide their inputs in service delivery related to water & sanitation.
Weak PRIs less participation of women
Though the PRIs have been given mandate of operation of water supply (hand pumps) and sanitation but
no funds were transferred for this purpose as they are technically weak and are not in a position to
dispense their responsibility. Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a member of the
dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit. They are not actively involved in a dialogue
with the community on tariff for maintenance of water supply systems and public welfare.
Moreover women member of the panchayats were also not found vocal thus, a holistic approach for the
benefit of each section of the society in a sustainable manner was found missing.
Poor Supply of Power
Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90
percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal
connections) however, electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric
connection operation of water pumps and supply remains stalled. It could be seen that water comes to
many of the PWS villages once in a week.
Low Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine
About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water sources (Source secondary data from PHED).
A significant number of households (82.6%) using hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for
various household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey
data). During discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further,
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latrine coverage is very inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household
latrine in sampled GPs.
Usage of latrine
During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the
males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use
their own agricultural land for open defecation.
Recommendations
Organization Structure for Service Delivery:
In case of absence of four-tier system i.e. State-District-Block-VWSC, the process of decentralisation is
delayed and bottom up approach has not been established. Thus, it is suggested that institutional structure
is established and strengthened at block and village level. Further, PRIs should be involved in the process
so that community driven approach could be setup.
Establishing Bottom up Approach
The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and
sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach by
forming and strengthening VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels is suggested. The
whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially
VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM.
Improving Water Quality testing
Setting up Sub division Labs as planned (target 228 as per PHED website) to enhance of lab testing of
water at grass root level. The services of private labs or labs under other governmental bodies like State
Universities, Institutes under Council of Scientific Industrial Research can also be an option to be explores.
Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs
In order to establish bottom up approach it is important that Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee
(VWSC) are constituted and strengthened adequately to take up different activities related to water &
sanitation. Thus, it is recommended that;
VWSC should be formed within Gram Panchayat as Standing Committee.
VWSC should have 6 to 12 member, the committee should have adequate participation of ST, SC,
Women, elected members of panchayat, ANM, ASHA etc.
All the water & sanitation related work should be carried out by the VWSCs which will be a
subcommittee of Gram Panchayat including;
Identification of water sources
operation of Piped Water Schemes
supply of water to households
bulk water transfer
inter-village distribution for multi village schemes
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maintenance of water grid
collection of water user charges for Operation & maintenance as per 12th etc.
assistance for quality testing of each of the water sources
IEC and awareness generation
At least five members of VWSCs are trained by CCDU for a minimum of three days on issues like
Water quality issues including health related diseases
Water quality monitoring
Sanitation and hygiene
Social mobilization & IEC
Staff Strength and internal Communication
Staff should be placed at each level as per guideline and state requirement of NBA or NRDWP. BWSWSM
can also conduct a separate study on staff’s requirement for smooth implementation, operation and
maintenance of the services.
While interactions with the junior level staff, a capability gap was observed. It is to be noted that junior level
staff is regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project
needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted.
It is important that the capacity the staff is built-up so that they are capable of coming up with innovations
and community friendly methods like pro-poor policy for providing services. Also, there is acute need for
building soft skills among the staff so that they could see users as customers and give them the desired
respect.
Ensuring inclusion
Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the
society who generally is not able to afford the services and is facing serious problems due to unhygienic
and unhealthy condition. They expect good quality water for domestic purposes and also for livestock as
well. In order to have inclusion following measures could be taken;
Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could
Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.
Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square
feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.
Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of
providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;
Fix a life line supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per
month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).
Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards
would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.
Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as
nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.
Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for
managing free water supply through public kiosks.
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For enhanced participation of Community
Social mobilization and capacity building of community should be done through formation of VWSCs and
following community mobilization techniques like resource mapping (water & sanitation), problem tree
analysis, sustainability analysis involving technically competent agency.
It is important that each village VWSC is participated by all the respective sections of the society of the
village and their members are trained for supporting W&S service delivery.
Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.
Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active
participation in W&S related issues
In the model of Jeevika, similar groups of socially backward and marginalized could be developed (this
also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active participation in W&S
related issues
They can also be involved for O&M of W&S programmes
For enhanced participation of women
Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly women as they are primary users, providers, and
managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related
issues. However, women are the most deprived section of the society so far rural Bihar is concerned as
they do have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings. In order to
activate their participation following measures could be taken:
One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided training mandatorily
The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation
Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated
Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced
Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S
related issues
In the model of Mahila Samakhya, similar groups could be developed at village level for active
participation in W&S related issues
Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts
For strengthening PRIs
The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and
sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PRIs should be empowered and
mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will
be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs
which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be
involved in following activities;
In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service
delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.
Should be trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services
including domestic waste disposal.
They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections,
timely payment of tariff and support in management.
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Thus, it is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are
also trained for supporting service delivery. Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.
Alternative arrangement for Power Supply
Alternative arrangements for power supply are required for restoring regular water supply which could be
solar based systems. However, solar based systems will not work in foggy and cloudy weather conditions
thus, a complete separate study is recommended to overcome this situation. Alternatively, policy dialogues
could be initiated with the Power Supply Department for ensuring regular power supply.
For enhancing coverage of water & sanitation infrastructure
Awareness on government programmes was found very low thus, implementation of awareness generation
program is recommended. Communication regarding water & sanitation is not only technical but also a
sensitive issue. Thus, we recommend hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing
communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water. The key recommendations
are;
Intensification of awareness generation programmes on water and sanitation
Implementation of scientifically designed customized & effective communication strategy for behaviour
change
Awareness generation involving community
Involvement of community for planning, implementing and maintaining water & sanitation programmes
to inculcate sense of ownership
For Ensuring usage of Toilets
During visit to GPs it was also observed that toilet provided under government programmes are not tailor
made thus, tall members of the family are not using the units and prefer to go outside. Thus, tailor made
scientifically designed toilets needs to be incorporated in Government Programmes as well.
Further, due to absence of local level sanitation supply chain i.e. Rural Sanitary marts and production
centers, APL households living in interior areas were facing problems in constructing toilets in their houses.
Thus, it is recommended that;
Customized designed toilet models are made available for the community
Rural Sanitation Marts are established and production centers at panchayat level
Facilitation and training is provided to village youth for construction, operation and maintenance of rural
toilets (training of masons)
Social Safeguard
The applicability of social safeguard issues related to Indigenous People (OP 4.10) and Involuntary
Resettlement (OP 4.12) to the demonstration zones and priority investments were examined under this
section. Field visits to the demonstration areas and pipeline routes were conducted to examine if the
proposed project (demonstration zones and priority investments) would attract the provisions of OP 4.10
and OP 4.12. During these field visits, a number of persons were met including government officials,
community, PRIs, Development Partners and NGOs.
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Land Acquisition
Water supply schemes in Bihar are planned under four broad categories -- Single Habitation Scheme
(SHS), Multi Habitation Scheme (MHS), Small Multi Village Scheme (covering 2-3 GPs) and Large Multi
Village Scheme (covering 4 or more GPs). Land is required for building infrastructure for different purposes
like;
Water sources (Bore well, Open wells and pump houses)
Water treatment plants (Generally, groundwater is treated with chlorination for bacteriological
contamination. land may or may not be required for this purpose if the chlorinator is fitted into the pump
house)
Water transmission (for laying of transmission lines and this could also be laid along the public roads)
Storage (Land is required for storage, though, generally, the storage is built in public places in the
villages)
Distribution (required, but pipes are laid along roads and public places are used for stand posts. Hence
no lands will be acquired)
During study, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each panchayat and during these FGDs
the study team tried to find out on availability of land. It was reported by the villagers as well as the
panchayat head that ample land is available under possession of panchayat and this could be transferred
to project for construction of public infrastructure. During discussion with PHED officials it was found that
most of the schemes will be ground water based schemes and land requirement for single habitation
scheme would vary between 0.01 to 0.03 hectares and for multi village schemes 1 to 1.5 hectare land may
be required.
Indigenous People
The present study indicates that the households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes category range from as
low as 0.72% in Saran district to 7.19% in Pashchim Champaran district. During field visits, interactions
with ST community was undertaken and it was observed that though they are living in exclusive clusters/
habitations but have ownership of land and other assets in few cases. This study records no distinct
livelihood pattern – nor in cultural identities – between the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes. On
the basis of these factors, this study concludes that the OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples need not be
triggered.
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1.1 State Profile
Bihar is 12th largest state of India in terms of geographical size (94,163 sq. km) and 3rd largest in terms of
its population (10.38 crores as per Census 2011). The state is well known for its abundant natural
resources, perennial rivers, fertile lands and a long glorious history. In spite of abundant natural resources
the state remained one of the poorest in the country since independence. The condition further deteriorated
after the state’s division and separation of Jharkhand as Bihar retained almost 75 percent of the population
but was left with 54 percent of the land bereft of almost all mineral resources, thus inducing a lot of strain
on the available resources.
Bihar is located between 24°20'10" and 27°31'15"N latitude and 82°19'50" and 88°17'40"E longitude in the
eastern part of the country and situated at about 52.73 m height above mean sea level. It is a completely
land-locked state, although sea port at Kolkata is not far away. Bihar lies mid-way between the humid West
Bengal in the east and the sub humid Uttar Pradesh in the west which provides it with a transitional position
with respect to climate, economy and culture. It is bounded by Nepal in the north and by newly formed
Jharkhand State in the south. The river Ganga traverses the state from west to east rendering the region
extreme fertile for agriculture. The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the River Ganga which
flows through the middle from West to East.
Bihar lies in the tropical to sub tropical region. Rainfall is the most significant factor in determining the
nature of vegetation in Bihar. The state has predominant monsoon season with an average annual rainfall
of 1200 mm. The sub Himalayan foothills of Someshwar and Dun ranges in Champaran constitute the belt
of moist deciduous forests.
The state is densely populated with 880 persons per square kilometres as against the national average of
324. Of 104 million, 92 million live in rural areas (88.7 percent census 2011). The state has about 15.7
percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001
census).The sex ratio of the state at 916 females per 1000 males is lower than the national average of 940
females per 1000 males (census 2011)
In the specific context of rural poverty indicators, the latest estimates of 1999- 2000 indicate that Bihar has
44.3 percent as compared to national average of 27.1 percent. This level of rural poverty of Bihar is second
highest in the country. Bihar, being a part of the Gangetic plains, its soil fertility and water resources are
high for substantial part of the state while some portions of the state also fall in the relatively infertile
Deccan plateau. In absolute terms, about 54.35 million people live below the poverty line in Bihar (Source:
UNDP Economic and Human Development Indicators).
The state has 38 districts, 532 blocks, 8741 Panchayats and 107642 habitations. Bihar is blessed with
abundant surface and ground water resources for substantial part of the state that is sufficient to cater to
the demand for various end uses. The state receives average rainfall of 1250-1350 mm but 87 percent of
this precipitation is limited to three monsoon months. The water table of the state varies from as low as 5m
in the North Eastern region to 20m in the Southern districts (Source: DDWS website).
Providing safe drinking water to its people is the responsibility of the State Government. Till last decade
coverage of habitations was the priority of the government. However, currently safe drinking water and
1. Introduction
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other related issues like sanitation and hygiene have become the priority. Of the total habitations (107642)
in Bihar, 20248 habitations are in the status of Partial Population Coverage and remaining 87394
habitations are in 100 percent population coverage. In about 14580 habitations the water quality is affected,
of which 10877 are affected with Iron, followed by 2698 with fluoride, 1004 with arsenic and 1 with nitrate
(Source: DDWS website).
Ground water table is quite high and hence water availability is not an issue in major parts of the State. In
terms of quantity, the average population served per source is 110 which is quite good when compared to
the Government of India norm of 250 persons per source. The rural population of the state is served by
public as well as private hand pumps (India Mark III and shallow well hand pumps).About 79.73 percent of
habitations are covered by Hand pumps / Bore well schemes followed by 3.88 percentage piped water
scheme and 15.62 percentage by other schemes (Source: DDWS website).
1.2 Project Background (RWSS)
The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) guidelines that came into effect from April 2009,
seeks to correct the water supply situation by emphasizing the involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions
and communities in planning, implementing and managing drinking water supply schemes. The states are
incentivized to hand over management of their schemes to PRIs. The funds for sustainability of schemes
are provided on 100 percent central sharing basis. A separate component of support activities to fund IEC,
HRD, MIS, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance and other support activities has been introduced.
Recently, as part of the NRDWP, the DDWS has prepared its long term strategic plan (2011-2022) for
ensuring drinking water security to all rural households. The strategic plan aims to cover 90 percent of
households with piped water and at least 80 percent of households with tap connections during this period.
The strategy emphasizes achieving water security through decentralized governance with oversight
and regulation, participatory planning and implementation of sources and schemes. The following
paradigm shift has been made in the National Rural Drinking Water Programme guidelines for ensuring
sustainable and environmentally friendly drinking water supply projects:
Move forward from achieving habitation level coverage towards household level drinking water
coverage.
Move away from over dependence on single source to multiple sources through conjunctive use of
surface water, groundwater and rainwater harvesting.
Focus on ensuring sustainability in drinking water schemes and prevent slipping back.
Encourage water conservation including revival of traditional water bodies
Achieve household level drinking water security through formulation of proper water demand and
budgeting at the village level.
Convergence of all water conservation programmes at the village level.
Move consciously away from high cost treatment technologies for tackling arsenic & fluoride
contamination to development of alternative sources with respect to arsenic and alternate
sources/dilution of aquifers through rainwater harvesting in respect of tackling fluoride contamination.
Treatment of catchment area of drinking water sources through simple measures such as fencing and
effective implementation of TSC programme, prevention of sewage/animal waste leaching into surface/
underground water sources, promoting ecological sanitation to reduce use of inorganic fertilizers so as
to prevent nitrate pollution in drinking water sources.
Promotion of simple to use technologies such as terracotta based filtration systems, solar distillation
and dilution through rainwater harvesting for tackling iron, salinity and suspended particulate matters.
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Linkage of water quality monitoring and surveillance with the Jalmani scheme for implementation of
standalone drinking water purification systems in rural schools.
The five grass root level workers trained for testing water quality to be the ambassadors for achieving
household level drinking water security in rural India.
Move away from offline unconsolidated figures to online data entry and linkage with Census village
codes.
The data on physical progress of availability of piped water supply (PWS) schemes to different states
indicates that the states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh are lagging behind the rest of India
(details of all states is attached as Appendix A and these 4 states in following table). Further, the states are
also facing issues of water quality that require supply of water from distant safe sources.
Table 1.1: Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Bihar,Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Assam
S.No. State
Habitations Covered With PWS
Total Habitations
Coverage of PWS
(in percent)
Ongoing Completed New Total
1 Bihar 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4
2 Jharkhand 2919 7005 0 9135 119191 7.7
3 Uttar Pradesh 805 5036 10 5768 260110 2.2
4 Assam 11576 13508 75 23633 86976 27.2
5 All India 171646 410363 8944 510607 1666075 30.6
Source: DDWS.nic.in
In view of the above mentioned backdrop, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS),
Government of India has requested the World Bank to support the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Project for the lagging states including Bihar.
The World Bank supported program will be a separate component of NRDWP focusing on lagging states
with different allocation criteria and funding components, but implemented within the framework of
NRDWP, supporting the following key elements of the reform program:
Placing GPs and communities in the central role, supported by higher levels of PRIs, the State
government and the local non‐governmental and private sector, for facilitating, planning, implementing,
monitoring and providing a range of O&M back‐up services.
Using sustainable, community or local government managed models for intra‐GP RWSS schemes and
using State‐PRI partnership models for multi‐GP schemes.
Putting water resources security as a core theme of the new model, including increased community
management of scarce resources.
Moving the RWSS sector to recover at least 50 percent O&M and replacement costs and initiating
contribution to capital costs keeping affordability and inclusiveness in mind. .
Moving towards metered household connections, with 24/7 water supply where feasible, as a basic
level of service.
Promoting professionalized service provision management models, and/or back‐up support functions,
for the different market segments (simple/small single village/GP schemes; large single village/GP
schemes; multi village/GP schemes).
Integrating water supply and sanitation, with effective sanitation promotion programs for achieving
“clean villages”.
Establishing M&E systems with independent reviews and social audits.
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For achieving the above mentioned objective Capacity building programs will be required for communities
to monitor and prudently use their water resources.
1.2.1 RWSS Project Coverage in Bihar
The Bihar Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project ( The Project) has selected 10 districts, viz, West
Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger and Banka for
implementation of multi and single village piped water scheme in different phases. As per the State
Government, the districts have been selected based on the following:
Agro climatic zones
Availability of piped water schemes (PWS)
Transfer of PWS schemes to panchayats
Habitations having water quality problems (different type of water quality issues including Arsenic, Iron, Fluoride etc.)
The data on these issues of these selected districts has been provided in Table 1.2 and that for all the
districts in Bihar is included as Appendix A.
Table 1.2: Data on Habitations Covered with Piped Water Scheme in Selected Districts under The Project of Bihar
Agro Climatic Zone
District Habitations Covered With PWS Total Habitatio
ns
Coverage of PWS
(in percent)
Schemes handed over to
GP (in
percent)
Habitations having
quality issues (in percent) Ongoing Completed New Total
I Begusarai 26 167 0 193 3091 6.2 0 48.0
I Muzaffarpur 0 75 0 75 2868 2.6 0 0.0
I Pashchim Champaran 22 73 0 94 4428 2.1 14.29 0.0
I Saran 14 20 0 31 4765 0.7 0 0.4
II Purnia 31 57 0 77 4768 1.6 6.67 25.9
IIIA Banka 487 147 0 615 3069 20.0 0.44 65.4
IIIA Munger 9 49 0 55 1601 3.4 14.29 37.0
IIIB Patna 37 121 0 146 2554 5.7 0 2.1
IIIB Nalanda 24 103 0 126 2519 5.0 6.67 5.9
IIIB Nawada 13 59 0 71 2242 3.2 0 0.0
Total 1470 2363 0 3670 107642 3.4 8.71 13.5
Source: DDWS.nic.in
1.3 The Assignment
As part of the Project preparation, the Bihar State Water Sanitation Mission (nodal agency) intends to carry
out a Social Assessment (SA) study to understand and address social development issues and accomplish
the outcomes of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. This would also enable assessing
the social impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts
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and enhance positive impacts; examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the
principles underlying the approach.
Thus, the key objective of this study is to understand and address social development issues in terms of
inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are to
Identify and conduct a detailed stakeholder analysis
Assess the social impacts of the proposed project interventions
Develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts
Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish
the principles underpinning the approach
1.4 Need for Social Assessment
We understand that under the current socio-economic conditions in the selected districts of the Project, the
beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups
identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups, and
other regional features. Therefore, the challenge lies in addressing the requirements of the all the sub-
groups with special attention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-
groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the
project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This
makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and
solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the
project preparation, it is intended to conduct this consulting assignment on Social Assessment (SA). The
broad elements of the study shall include:
beneficiary assessment,
stakeholder analysis,
social impacts,
Institutional assessments and risks analysis.
The assessment was carried out consistent with GOI and the World Bank safeguard requirements, policies,
regulations and guidelines. The scope of the study also covers aspects related to capacity building and
communication.
1.5 Scope of Work
The scopes of services as per the ToR are divided in three parts:
Part A Social Assessment
Part B Capacity Building
Part C Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
1.5.1 Part A: Social Assessment
Beneficiary Assessment – comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level; the
project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of RWSS management and services; and the
linkages thereof with governance mechanisms and PRI functioning.
Stakeholder Analyses – Identifying stakeholders at different levels. Mapping Key Expectations,
Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof.
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Impact Assessments – identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different sub‐
groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions; assessing and prioritizing impacts based on
their significance; and suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the maximum
from positive impacts;
Institutional Analysis – documenting the existing institutional and implementation arrangements,
covering all key actors – government departments, sector institutions (such as PHED), and Panchayat
Raj Institutions (PRIs).
Preparing Work flow chart along with fund flow arrangements so as to lead to a SWOT exercise. The
analyses ultimately would lead to recommendations on institutional and implementation arrangements
for each of the investment streams.
Ascertaining and analyzing key social risks, internal and external, to the project and measures to
address them;
Building the elements of a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach ‐ ‐ Listing issues and the
suggestive measures towards building CDD approach.
Reviewing rules for securing lands and drawing up plans for rehabilitation/construction activities by:
documenting the practices commonly adopted in the state;
conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice; and
identify issues that need to be taken into account,
Development of Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPDP) by addressing the issues related to tribals, mainly to
enhance their participation in the project and to ensure that the project benefits are focused on them.
Defining principles and developing a framework in accordance with the Bank’s OP 4.10, to address
tribal issues up‐front and provide culturally compatible benefits and promote transparent consultations
for informed decision making.
1.5.1.1 Generation of a baseline data
Undertaking primary survey for:
Identifying and assessing the settlement pattern in Bihar.
Mapping the existing water supply and sanitation systems and the pattern of usage and the related
knowledge, attitude and practices. This would lead to a status note on of the current water supply /
usage, environmental sanitation and health & hygiene status which will include the following:‐
Socio-economic data: sub‐groups identifications, habitation, housing and household amenities (space
for bathing, defecation, cattle etc) family structure / size, occupation, income, literacy, gender spread,
land ownership and use, water supply, hygiene and sanitation, common ailment and medical
expenses, relationship between tribal habitations and main villages and gram Panchayats, political
representation, special attention to women, reactions to project rules and regulations.
Optimal Water use: Number and characteristics; sources and availability (quantity, quality); reasons
for preferences, if any; reliability (continuum of supply); distance to source; time taken in fetching
water, general aspects of water use; water requirement by purposes such as cooking, drinking,
bathing, vessels and washing clothes, cattle etc, time allocation (share of household members),
focused on women, management aspects such as source protection, method of distribution,
ownership of water sources, accessibility tariffs and general maintenance.
Water use (hygienic): Personal habits in relationship to using water. Water quality at home (drawing,
caring, storage and drinking). Water collection, transport and storage practices (condition of
containers and ladles, presence of covers and degree of exposure, place of storage including child
/animal access, contact with hands and other objects); and practices, if any, to improve water quality.
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Personal hygienic practices: Hand cleansing practices. Disposal of household refuse. Disposals of
animal and farm residues. Defecation and ablution. Status of latrine, if any including the type /
technology, construction details etc.
Water sanitation‐health relationship: Knowledge about the causes of some water‐borne / washed /
based / related diseases, extent of disease prevalence, spatial / temporal spread and remedies
practiced. Concepts regarding good health and illness. Building a cause and effect relationship matrix.
Special focus will be on ascertaining the knowledge about hygiene status of the existing household
latrine i.e., the extent to which this could be polluting water in the nearby wells and drawing inputs
from the water quality study.
1.5.2 Part B Capacity Building
To design the capacity building strategy and implementation action plan for the RWSS sector institutions
and the Panchayati Raj Institutions, in accordance with the requirements of the Sector Development
Program. The tasks to be accomplished are:
Phase 1
General Assessment of the existing capacity of sector institutions to face the new functions, in terms of
personnel, knowledge instruments, information systems, procedures etc. This would include financial
management systems, planning systems and operational and administrative functions. the type and
levels of risks / gaps, and recommendations for enhancements, along with the pre‐requisites for/
limitations in carrying out such enhancement, and recommendations on institutional capacity building to
improve financial management practices for Sector Institutions and the PRIs.
Conducting a Training Needs Assessment to assess the training / learning requirements of the
personnel of the RWSS sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions at various levels (based on
an identification and analysis of the gaps), for enabling them to perform their functions effectively,
efficiently and economically.
Formulating Capacity building strategy and plan. Preparing an inventory of existing institutions in the
State (public or private) including WSSO/CCDU and assess their resource capacity to undertake
capacity building for the project and prepare a short list of institutions for sector institutions and
Panchayati Raj Institutions personnel along with their strengthening requirements (if need be) thereof.
Based on the above assessments, proposing a strategy and a general plan for building capacity
in sector institutions and PRIs.
Capacity building programs. The initial (2‐3 years) effort for capacity building will be designed in
detail as indicated below. Individual plans must be considered for each institution and each
level of the PRIs. This will include building of knowledge, skills, attitude, management practices
for financial and institutional development & management. Broad categories of interventions
could be in the spheres of technical, managerial and financial aspects. Specific programs will
be developed, based upon need analysis of different stakeholders. Program content should be
apt and adequate and appropriate methods for imparting capacity building are essential. It
should be ensured that the initiatives are participatory in nature and field oriented, and less of
classroom type i.e. lecture mode. All these need to be supplemented by qualified personnel
who have an aptitude for the job. Also, specific institutions need to be identified for carrying out
the capacity building. No single institute will be able to cater to all categories of interventions.
Different institutions will have to be identified, with the possibility of an institutional linkage
mechanism, including some institutions outside the state / country. Conducting workshop for
dissemination of the same.
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Action plan formulated should included budgeted costs for the proposed activities and a time line.
Phase 2
Preparation of detailed action plans - for each type of institution (sector institutions) and each one of the
three levels of the PRI. These plans will be detailed to identify activities, costs and calendar. Activities to be
financed under the RWSS should be specifically identified, including a recommendation of corresponding
procurement plan. Activities should be grouped separately into training, information system and
communication requirements, development of methodologies, procedures, technical and economic studies,
and equipment. This phase will include conducting workshops for dissemination of results.
1.5.3 Part C: Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
The objectives of this task is to develop a communications strategy and action plan to support GoI, the
project States and sector institutions in the project states (nodal line departments, PRIs and other related
institutions) and local communities in planning, implementation and subsequent operations of the project.
Hence the communication plan should include strategic elements (getting the buy-in of key decision
makers) and operational elements. The communication strategy should take into account the concerns of
the key decision makers and stakeholders and the socio-economic characteristics of the target population.
This is to ensure that the project is successfully implemented and delivers sustainable and satisfactory
water and sanitation1 services to communities at large and poor and vulnerable groups [such as women,
Scheduled castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)] in particular. Key tasks would include:
Conduct structured Stakeholder analysis - Identify of key stakeholders (Central, State, District, Block,
Gram Panchayat, Village levels). Gain an understanding of views, perceptions and assumptions held
by different stakeholders towards the proposed reform approach (expectations of water and sanitation
services, perceptions on tariff, roles and beliefs) through consultations with different stakeholder
groups. Carry out a detailed stakeholder analysis (decision makers, implementers, beneficiaries,
winners/losers, influencers/opinion makers - proponents and opponents), identifying
interests/expectations of each group, their characteristics, implications/potential for the project (positive
and adverse) and prioritise them in order of criticality for the proposed project. The stakeholder
analysis should analyse the critical stakeholders, their importance and power relationships of each
stakeholder in the whole process.
Carry out communication needs assessment – For different stakeholder groups prepare a
communications need assessment identifying clearly their assumptions/perceptions and develop key
messages that need to be delivered and the method/mode/media and frequency/timing.
Develop overall communications strategy and action plan - in the form of message and means of
delivery for different stakeholders (street corner meetings, ward level consultations,
workshops/seminars, individual/collective meetings, presentations to institutions, mass media – print
and electronic, other publicity materials – display hoardings, pamphlets, fliers etc) and sequence of
events. Develop strategies to promote participation of all the primary stakeholders in the project,
promote sustainability and development of local institutions. The draft communication strategy must be
discussed in a workshop with key stakeholders and feedback received suitably incorporated in the final
version. This strategy and action plan should group the interventions, identifying clearly, items that
would be included in the capacity building plan activities that would be undertaken by facilitating
agencies at the village level activities that would be undertaken using mass media development and
production of IEC materials.
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Institutional analysis and inventory - Identify existing local level institutions (formal/Informal) including
nongovernment organisations, their strengths and their present potential role in carrying out
communication activities.
The consultant will also prepare the draft terms of reference for the actual implementation of the
communication strategy, to be carried out subsequently with the help of local NGOs or other
institutions. Action plan formulated should included budgeted costs for the proposed activities, tools
and outline of communication materials.
While preparing the communication strategy, the consultant will consider the following elements:
Initial communication will be targeted to key decision makers in the state governments to build a
supportive environment for sector reforms
Communication needs will vary depending on the stage of project (Initial, pre-planning, planning,
implementation, and post implementation phases).
Much of the operational communication to village communities will be in the form of capacity building
(likely to be delivered by support agencies, NGOs, CBOs) and IEC campaigns.
There are excellent communication practices developed in Bank assisted projects (Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab) and other states. Similarly good IEC materials
have been prepared by these projects, UNICEF and GOI. The consultant is expected to collect these best
practices, readily available IEC materials and synthesize them for easy adaptation by the project states.
The consultant should consider Gender and vulnerability analysis to develop a detailed understanding of
the issues involved. The main issue is to ensure access for these groups to services and decision making
process. The study should develop strategies to enhance the participation of these groups in the
implementation of the water and sanitation sector services.
1.5.4 Disclosure workshops
The consultant will hold consultations with stakeholders as a means to elicit explicitly the views of the
community, beneficiary groups and women on their participation at all stages of the project. The findings of
the draft report will be discussed with the primary stakeholders in the field to get their feedback. The
findings of the final draft report will be discussed in a stakeholder workshop. All consultations should be
properly documented and submitted to the client with the final report.
1.6 Approach and Methodology
The study was conducted using participatory approaches adopting participatory tools like Participatory
Rural Appraisal, interactions with women group and SWOT analysis, etc. The study intended to identify
stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations to beneficiary level. In this line, first the
stakeholders were identified and then they were contacted during each stages of the assignment so that
comprehensive coverage is ensured.
The process of consultation will be continued till the end of study and our previous experience of the
working for similar sectors and settings in the state has enabled us to plan and choose proper data
collection methods for each stakeholders.
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1.6.1 Study Approach
The scope of work in the TOR document outlines the various requirements of the proposed consultancy.
The detailed methodology adopted for each component addressed is outlined in the subsequent sections.
In nutshell our approach was linked with the output is detailed in the table below:
Steps involved in Assignment
Actions to be taken up Outputs to be generated
Preparatory Phase (Project Inception and Secondary Research)
Detailed discussions with project staff at state level & collection of project documents like project wise and district wise activities already undertaken and proposed to be taken up
Secondary review of project documents
Identifying monitoring indicators
Finalising levels to be covered for monitoring
Designing and finalizing sampling framework
Sampling plan
Planning and finalizing resources at regional and district level
The submitted Inception report included;:
Tools for data collection from households for baseline
Sampling Framework
Report Formats
Data collection formats for impact assessment
To undertake a social assessment Training of survey team for data collection
Planning the actual sample and sites to be visited and commencing field visits
Data collection, collation and analysis
Report preparation on Beneficiary assessment, identification of key stakeholders at various levels, identification of positive and negative social impact, documentation of the existing institutional and implementation arrangements, such as work flow chart, fund flow arrangement, etc.
Identification of key social risks to the project (internal and external), development of indigenous people’s plan for inclusive growth of vulnerable population
Mapping the existing water supply and sanitation systems and the pattern of usage and the related knowledge, attitude and practices
Generation of Social Assessment report including Baseline data
To design Capacity Building strategy and implementation action plan for RWSS sector institutions
Undertaking assessment of the existing capacity of sector institutions in terms of personnel, knowledge requirements, information systems and procedures
Conducting a training needs assessment to assess the training/learning requirements of the personnel at various levels
Preparation of inventory of existing institutions and assessment of their
Capacity Building action plan report
Detailed Action plans for each type of Institutions
Submission of Action plan including budgeted cost for the activities proposed and timeline
Dissemination workshop
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Steps involved in Assignment
Actions to be taken up Outputs to be generated
resource capacity to undertake capacity building
To develop a communication strategy and action plan to support sector institutions and local communities
Conduct structured stakeholder analysis by identifying the key stakeholders and gaining understanding of views, perceptions and assumptions at different levels
Conducting communication need assessment for different stakeholders and identifying their assumptions/perceptions and the method/mode/media and frequency/timing of the messages that need to be delivered
Carrying out institutional analysis and inventory by identifying existing local level institutions and their strengths/potential in carrying out communication activities
Collection of secondary data – IEC material prepared by UNICEF and GOI in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab
Communication strategy and action plan
Dissemination workshop
As per requirement of the ToR the study team has conducted the study by addressing the process and
outcome underlying the objectives of the study. For this, both primary and secondary data was collected
using different type of schedules at different levels of sample units.
1.7 Methodology
The methodology adopted for achieving the objectives of the project has been elaborated below. The three
key tasks identified are as listed below. Each of these has been further sub-divided in various
tasks/activities and elaborated further bellow.
Social Assessment
Capacity building
Communication Strategy
1.7.1 Part A: Social Assessment
This part of the research had following activities:
1.7.1.1 Activity 1: Inception Phase
Our core team was mobilised in one week after signing of the contract (20.12.0212). During inception
phase, the study team had a day consultative meeting with the key representatives of the client and other
relevant stakeholders associated on the assignment and had gained an understanding of the Project and
the objectives behind the current assessment. In this meeting, the Mott MacDonald team had presented
their understanding and requirements for the proposed assignment and also collect the relevant documents
required for sampling of districts and panchayats.
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After inception meeting the study team has explored the following secondary data in:
Census data 2011 district level population (rural)
Data of NRDWP (up to habitation level)
This has formed a part of the Inception report, which will also detail out sampling.
This document was inception report which included;
Sampling Framework
Detailed methodology to be adopted
Data collection formats for Social assessment including tools for data collection from households
Report Formats (social assessment, IEC strategy, community mobilization)
Field work plan
1.7.1.2 Primary Research for baseline assessment
In line with what was proposed by us in our technical proposal, the study has used both qualitative and
quantitative techniques for primary data collection, but as it is basically a baseline study we have collected
more in-depth information from respective water and other natural resource management organisations
working in the study area. The respondents for this study were basically the District level authorities, policy
level officials, and households/water users association. During the course of study, the study team has
contacted stakeholders using following research techniques;
Qualitative Research Technique:
As part of qualitative research technique we had in-depth interviews;
In-depth interviews (such interviews are free flowing discussions which are weaved around the domain
i.e. water is carried out as per predefined guideline) with the concerned persons of implementing
Department for each of the activities (In depth guide is attached as Appendix B):
Multi lateral Donor World Bank
State Level Project Management Unit
Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad
Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission
Officials of Panchayati Raj at state level
Officials of Public Health Department
Officials of Department of PHED
Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors
Non Government Organisations/Civil Society
The output from the above enabled us to list various institutions who are working in drinking water and
sanitation in the state .This part of study will help us to:
Familiarise with the nature, scope and phasing of the proposed investments with concerned officials in
the Government of Bihar.
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Identify all key stakeholders (individuals, groups and institutions) and their roles and relationships with
the project;
Identify their interests, concerns and expectations;
Understand the level of inclusion, transparency and accountability during subsequent implementation
and operation phase.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA - PRA is an approach frequently used in development sector, the
approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management
of development projects and programmes): Separate PRAs were conducted with community groups- men
and women of the Panchayat. The discussion was carried out using a guide and the issues captured were
around the attributes and perceptions of water sources and how are they used, water scarcity, use of
water, Solid waste management practices that are currently being followed, Sanitation habits, sanitation
and waste management requirements/needs, type of pollution and contaminants in water, attributes of
“good” and “bad” water, willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services, seasonality of water and
ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source etc.
PRA approaches and methods also included diagramming, mapping, ranking, interviewing, seasonal
calendars, matrices, card sorts, group work, timelines, trend and change analysis, oral testimonies,
participant observation, on-the-spot analysis and more. Further to this we had also conducted free-listing,
pile sorting and ranking of the water and health related practices, diseases due to water, gaining
community’s consensus for active participation in the project and willingness to pay for safe drinking water
etc.
STEP 1: the selected Panchayats were visited a day before actual PRA to get a basic understanding of the
social and physical characteristics of the village, collect demographic data like detailed household specific
information, talk about the study objectives and establish a comfortable forum for discussion. Then the date
for PRAs was fixed with the Panchayat in consultation with the PRIs and villagers.
STEP 2: on the day of PRA, the community was assembled in a convenient place and then after initial
welcome, our study team had introduced the topic to the community and then initiated the discussion after
establishing a comfort level among the group. Once the comfort level was established we slowly moved
towards Focus Group Discussion (FGDs).
STEP 3: FGDs were conducted with the community as per definite guideline (PLA Framework & FGD
guide is attached as Appendix B). During FGD our team tried to collect information on following;
Communities access of water and sanitation infrastructure
Seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source
Communities perceptions of water sources and how are they used,
Water Use Practice that are currently being followed,
Water scarcity,
Discrimination in use of water like caste
Sanitation habits and practices
Sanitation and waste management requirements/needs,
Awareness on water contaminants, type and its effects to health
Livelihoods
Personal Hygiene Practices
Health Related Issues
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Water Distribution practices and issues
Perception on Social Issues related to WSS
Willingness and Capacity to Pay
Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc.
Willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services
Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability
Good and bad practices related to water and sanitation
STEP 4: having mapped the problems (problem tree analysis) during the FGD, the team helped the
community to rate the problems as per their severity (by using card method). Then community was
clustered into small groups to brainstorm on possible solutions for the identified problems and the role they
can play in solving the issues.
During this process, the study team tried to find out community’s inclination towards media and belief and
role model who could be further used for communication strategy.
STEP 5: During the course of problem tree analysis in the above mentioned sessions, the team also
probed the willingness of the residents to operate, maintain, and pay for safe drinking water services.
STEP 6: Finally the team completed a transect-walk and validated the information collected.
The FGDs were hand written and then content analysed by the study team. Similarly in-depth interviews
were also content analysed by our senior researchers who have understanding of the sector (water &
sanitation) as well as qualitative research.
Analysis of PRA had enabled us to compile the following information;
Socio-economic factors that influence sustainable delivery of drinking water facilities to the households
including willingness for taking up piped water connections and to pay for the facility
Key stakeholders (individuals, groups and institutions) and their interest, roles and relationships
Community’s interests, concerns and expectations
Diversity of the state, gender and caste analysis for project implementation
Probable measures for inclusion, transparency and accountability as desired by community during
operational and maintenance phase
Issues of conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations and probable
remedies as suggested by community
Key social risks and religious beliefs
Probable communication method that would deliver clear message to the community
Quantitative Research:
Semi Structured Interview Guide for households: We had contacted 40 households in each panchayat
with semi-structured interview guide (Quantitative questionnaires attached as Appendix C) mostly pre-
coded but few free flowing questions in order to collect information on following issues:
Socio economic profile of the household
Baseline data collection in terms of present level of services, assess users demand and expectation for
service levels and present cost of services.
Community’s access to water and sanitation infrastructure
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Community’s interests, concerns and behaviour on disposal of waste.
Community’s awareness on processes and institutional arrangements of the project and their interest
for inclusion.
Seasonality of water and ways to meet water needs including distance from clean water source
Communities perceptions of water sources and how are they used,
Water scarcity,
Use of water,
Solid waste management practices that are currently being followed,
Sanitation habits,
Sanitation and waste management requirements/needs,
Type of pollution and contaminants in water,
Good and bad practices related to water and sanitation
Willingness to participate and pay for sanitation services
Willingness to operate and manage Drinking water infrastructure for its sustainability
Likely conflicts that may arise during planning, implementation and regular operations - which may be
sensitive issues for the poor and vulnerable;
Key social risks including caste, gender differences and marginalized section of community.
Community practices for restoring and utilizing water.
Probable communication method that would deliver clear message to the community
The quantitative data was collected from structured interviews and then transferred using CSPRO and then
analysed in SPSS-19.
1.7.2 Study Coverage
The study had covered 4 districts of Bihar representing the agro-climatic zones and socio-economic
situation of the state. In each district, 2-3 Gram Panchayats were covered, thus a total of 10 GPs were
covered under the primary survey.
Number of coverage Districts Number of GPs
4 10
1.7.3 Sampling
1.7.3.1 Selection of Districts
As mentioned above, four districts out of 10 project districts (West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur,
Begusarai, Purnia, Nalanda, Patna, Nawada, Munger, Banka) were sampled depending upon the different
agro climatic regions, water quality issues, and SC/ST habitations. The data for sampling was from DDWS
website (Format E6 for water quality, 2011-12) and B5 for ST/SC habitations.
One district in each agro climatic region was selected; the selected districts are Begusarai, Purnia, Patna
and Banka.
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1.7.3.2 Selection of Blocks
Format E5 of DDWS was referred for collecting block wise data on number of sources in blocks with
chemical contaminants above permissible limit and thus, one block having highest level of contamination
was selected.
1.7.3.3 Selection of Habitations
In each selected blocks, panchayats were selected depending upon the water quality contamination and
availability of piped water scheme. Thus, one panchayat was selected looking at availability of multi or
single village piped water scheme in it and the panchayats were selected looking at different (Arsenic,
Fluoride, Iron) water quality issues adhering to format B 13 of DDWS data.
The selected sample is provided below: Agro climatic Zones
Name of Project Districts
Selected District
Selected Block
Selected GP with Piped water Scheme
Selected GP with water quality issues
Zone 1 West Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Begusarai
Begusarai Balia Balialakhminiya-I Baribalia North, Balialakhminiya-II (Iron)
Zone II Purnia, Purnia, Banmankhi Banmankhi Dharhara (Iron)
Zone III A Nalanda, Patna, Nawada
Patna Maner Bank Kuitachaunator West, Balua (Arsenic)
Zone III B Munger, Banka Banka Banka Domohun, Dara (Fluoride)
Being social assessment study, we have covered optimum sample for qualitative research. We have
conducted PRAs in each of the 10 Gram Panchayats. Thus, in total 10 PRAs were conducted. The study
being rapid assessment, hence huge sample coverage was not required. In such a case, by covering 40
households in each panchayat with semi-structured interviews we could attain 5 % error margin, no design
effect (100% coverage) and at 95% confidence level, keeping the unit of analysis as Gram Panchayat.
Households were selected within the GPs generating random number in four geographical locations
considering representative sample for each social group.
1.7.3.4 Target Respondents
Multi lateral Donor- The World Bank
State Level Project Management Unit
Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad
Officials of State Water & Sanitation Mission
Officials of Panchayati Raj at state level
Officials of Public Health Department
Officials of Department of PHED
Panchayati Raj/Village Councillors
Non Government Organisations/Civil Society
Community
Households
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1.7.3.5 Data Collection
The team of core team members and field researchers visited the study sites and collected relevant
information from the stakeholders. The researchers were trained by the core team members for conducting
research including PRAs.
A day orientation programme was organised for the team members and researchers. The Team leader was
responsible for orientation and had imparted training on the study, its objectives, interviewing techniques,
filling questionnaire, coding, skip pattern, field procedures etc.
1.7.3.6 Data Analysis
All the filled in questionnaires from the field visit were used for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis
(after scrutinising of the entered data by our office editors). Our in-house expert teams handled the data
processing and data analysis. Based on the analysis from both qualitative and quantitative inputs, the
report has been prepared. The quantitative data has been analysed using CSPRO software which converts
the data into SPSS minimising the time and errors. Qualitative data was content analysed by the expert
team.
1.7.4 Part B: Capacity building
Community participation is a major issue in delivery of Government scheme and it could only be addressed
by involving Panchayati Raj Institutions. Moreover, Gram Panchayat is the most critical unit as it is the point
of delivery and data source (which could be used for monitoring outcomes and influencing policy and can
only impact sustainability). At the same time, their capacity is an issue which needs to be looked into while
implementing the programmes. Considering this, we have conducted the training needs assessment (TNA)
during the visit to various districts and Gram Panchayat.
Capacity building plan would be drafted based on results of TNA. But, in line with our previous experience
we have tried to identify capacity issues for various set of stakeholders including implementers, RWSS
sector institutions and Panchayati Raj Institutions etc.
Based on this, we will come up with a plan for capacity building of different set of stakeholders
(implementers- both government & non government, Community, PRIs). In the subsequent stage of the
study we will design the strategy with an aim to achieve following outcomes;
A reasonable degree of consensus among key decision makers and opinion leaders on the need for
proposed investments/reforms
A good understanding and commitment among sector institutions and PRIs
Equity in service provision (particularly for vulnerable groups)
Institutional forums set up for interaction and consultation with stakeholders and for conflict resolution
Agreement on service levels, tariff, mutual responsibilities and obligations through a transparently
negotiated process with stakeholders (connected - directly or indirectly - with the area)
Transparent monitoring and dissemination of outcomes
Thus, the capacity building strategy and plan will be designed for an inventory of existing institutions in the
State (public or private) including WSSO/CCDU and assess their resource capacity to undertake capacity
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building for the project and prepare a short list of institutions for sector institutions and Panchayati Raj
Institutions personnel along with their strengthening requirements (if need be) thereof.
There is a need to adopt village-level planning, monitoring and progress reporting mechanisms. Panchayat,
village committees, community based groups, volunteers etc can play an active and significant role in this
context. Further, a system of common social audit for various flagship schemes can also be considered. As
part of Capacity building Strategy we propose to focus on following aspects;
Strategy for community mobilisation and promote participation of primary stakeholders including rural
poor
Strategy for capacity building for different stakeholders for Operation & maintenance
Strategy for conflict management
Strategy for raising community demand for better sanitary services and willingness to pay for the same
1.7.4.1 Capacity building Institutional Strategy
As part of institutional strategy we will focus on following;
Strategy for internal strengthening of community based institutions
Strategy for restructuring implementation authority (if required)
Strategy for inclusion of civil society for delivery, operation, maintenance and monitoring of water and
sanitation related services
Strategy for inclusion of community including different marginalised group for planning, designing and
monitoring of water and sanitation related services to attain ownership
1.7.5 Part C: Communication Strategy
1.7.5.1 Strategy for outreach
As part of outreach strategy we propose to form the message and means of delivery for direct
stakeholders. The communication methods could include:
Interpersonal communication
Panchayat level consultations for agreement on service level and tariffs mutual responsibilities and
obligations
Workshops/seminars
Presentations to institutions
Display hoardings, pamphlets, fliers etc.
An action plan for implementation of communication strategy will be developed during the later stage of the
assignment, which will deal with the answers like what need to be implemented, who will implement how it
will be implemented including process in logical framework model, when it will be implemented and tenure
of implementation, monitoring indicators as per baseline carried out.
1.7.5.2 IEC Action Plan Preparation
The first stage of IEC is stakeholder’s analysis; this will include stakeholders and their interest in the
project. During this phase only we will try to figure out the influence level of each stakeholder so that a
comprehensive IEC strategy could be drafted and then implemented.
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Apart from this, IEC action plan will have following stages:
Objective Broad Parameters Study Output
IEC Action Plan preparation
Stakeholder Analysis Identification of different stakeholders (individuals, groups
and institutions) involved in water & sanitation and
agriculture their roles and relationships with government
Institutional aspect
Institution involved for water and related issues.
Nature, scope and phasing of the proposed investments
with concerned officials in the Government of UP.
Community Aspects
Communities interests, concerns and expectations on
water and related to agriculture
IEC Needs Assessment
Socio economic profile
Data on cast/gender/educational qualification/economic
condition
Community Behaviour Analysis
Religious believes on water and sanitation aspects
Socio-economic factors that influence water use and
personal hygiene
Community practices that seriously contribute to water and
sanitation related issues
Gender analysis Role of female, marginalised and vulnerable in water and
sanitation and their say in community
Involvement of females, marginalised and vulnerable
groups of society in decision making regarding water and
sanitation
Risk Analysis of issues of conflicts that may arise during
planning, implementation and regular operations and
probable remedies as suggest by community
As part of IEC strategy we propose to focus on following aspects;
Strategy for community mobilisation and promote participation of primary stakeholders/ water users
associations/farmers including poor
Strategy for capacity building for different stakeholders for Operation & maintenance
Strategy for conflict management
Strategy for raising community demand for better services and willingness to pay for the same
Strategy for community behaviour change for taking up less water intensive crops and methods.
An action plan for implementation of communication strategy will be developed during the stage of the
assignment, which will deal with the answers like what need to be implemented, who will implement how it
will be implemented including process in logical framework model, when it will be implemented and tenure
of implementation, monitoring indicators as per baseline carried out. Having devised the IEC strategy we
will further devise measures so that broad group of stakeholders in the villages (water users associations)
are kept informed for project interventions, progress and results achieved. The modes of communication
would be as follows;
Nukad Nataks
Print media campaign
Broadcast media campaign
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Campaigns through members of water users groups and civil society organisation.
1.7.5.3 Action Plan for Conjunctive Use of Water
The action plan for conjunctive use of water would be prepared. However, we feel that conjunctive use of
water could be achieved by implementing following;
Awareness generation by intensive IEC activities
Identification of behavior and practices which relate to over exploitation
augmentation of preservation focused attention to over-exploited areas
Increasing water use efficiency at least by introduction of recent less water intensive crops and
cultivation techniques
Developing models of incentivizing for recycling of water including wastewater
Eliminating water intensive crops and convincing community for its alternative
Mandatory water audits by the community
1.8 Report Structure
This is the intermediate report submission for the assignment. The intermediate status report has following
structure
Chapter-1: Introduction
Chapter-2: Beneficiary assessment
Chapter-3: Institutional analysis
Chapter-4 Stakeholders Analysis
Chapter-5 Diversity in the State
Chapter-6: Impact Assessment
Chapter-7: Issues that needs attention
Chapter-8: Mitigation plan
Chapter-9: Social Safeguard issues
Chapter-10: Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators
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2.1 Analysis of Community Level Findings
2.1.1 Socio-economic profile of the respondents
Socio-economic profile of the respondents is based on the sample survey for the social assessment
undertaken by MM, the collected data has been analysed and is presented below. The study has been
undertaken to understand and address social development issues and accomplish the outcomes of
inclusion, cohesion, equity, security, and accountability. This would also enable assessing the social
impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance
positive impacts; examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles
underlying the approach.
During the process of social assessment our main focus was to interact with the community to understand
major problems faced by them related to the water supply – those who have access to water through the
hand pumps and those who have household piped water supply connections and also issues related to
solid and liquid waste management.
The graph below presents the gender wise respondents covered under the primary survey. During the
survey, it was found that men are the active members in the community; hence 87 percent of the
respondents were male candidates whereas the remaining 13 percent were female. The data completely
defines that the females of the community are conservative/ reserved and are hesitant to give details
regarding their household. They assure that while interacting male members of the family are present.
Figure 2.1: Gender of the respondents (%)
Source: MM Study
A total of 400 households were contacted during the study in different GPs of the sampled districts of
Banka, Begusarai, Patna and Purina. Majority of the respondents were of middle age group of 41 – 50
(about 44% of the respondents), followed by the age group of 51- 60 years (about 26% of the respondents)
(table below). The data indicates the involvement of the senior people on discussions pertaining to village
welfare issues.
86.5
13.5
Male
Female
2. Beneficiary Assessment
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Figure 2.2: Age group of the respondents (%)
Source: MM Study
During the study it was found that majority of the respondents are Hindus (80 percent) whereas the
remaining belonged to the Muslim community. It was also found that only 0.3 percent of the respondents
belonged to Sikh community. The table below represents the social groups of the respondents contacted
during the study. It was found that majority of the respondents belong to the Other Backward Castes (OBC)
(almost 52 percent), followed by General Category (corresponding to almost 17 percent of the
respondents), about 16 percent were from the Extremely Backward Classes and about 13 percent to
Schedule Caste group.
Figure 2.3: Religion of the head of the household (%) Figure 2.4: Social group of the respondents (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
2.5
25.3
44.5
25.8
2
21-30
31 – 40
41 – 50
51 – 60
Over 60
79.8
20
0.3
Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
17.3
13.5
1 52.3
16 General
SC
ST
OBC
Others (EBC)
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The survey data indicates that majority of the contacted individuals, i.e. 75 percent, were from the BPL
category and had the BPL card while 24 percent had APL card. All the respondents contacted either had
BPL or APL card.
Figure 2.5: Government cards of the contacted households (%)
Source: MM Study
Literacy level of the sampled Gram Panchayats was found to be low. The following table presents the
educational status of the head of the household contacted. It was found that majority of the respondents
were illiterate (almost 38 percent), around 40 percent of the respondents were educated till primary level
while few respondents were educated up to secondary and higher secondary level (corresponding to 14
percent and 4 percent respectively).
Figure 2.6: Education of household head (%)
Source: MM Study
The table below describes the type of family that the contacted individual belongs to. It can be seen from
the table that majority of the contacted individuals live in joint family (almost 70 percent of the households).
Only about 30 percent of the contacted individuals live in nuclear family.
0.3
75.3
24.5
Antyodaya
BPL
APL
38.3
41.8
14.8 4.3
1
Illiterate
Primary
Secondary
Higher Secondary
Graduate
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Figure 2.7: Type of Family (%)
Source: MM Study
Data on the ownership of the house indicates that all the respondents have their own houses. It may also
be noted that in rural Bihar people mostly have their own houses.
Figure 2.8: Ownership of the house (%) Figure 2.9: Type of house (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The graph above presents the type of house owned by the households being contacted. It was found
during the study that majority of the respondents belong to BPL family and hence the type of house owned
by them mainly vary from Kutcha house to semi Kutcha house (majority have semi Kutcha house). Only
about 17 percent of the contacted individuals have Pucca house.
The graph below indicates the main source of income of the respondents. The major source of income is
varied- 78 percent are agricultural labourers and 13 percent are involved in farming or cultivation of their
own land/ leased land. Very few respondents are artisans or involved in petty trade. About 14 percent of
the respondents were found to be associated with farming or cultivation of their own land or leased in land.
None of the respondents contacted were involved in mining/quarrying/manufacturing
69.8
30.3
Particulars
Joint Family
100
Owned
32.1
51.1
16.8
Kutcha
Semi-Pucca
Pucca
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Figure 2.10: Main source of income for household (%)
Source: MM Study
Majority of the respondents said that they do not have separate kitchen facility in their house (about 85
percent) graph below). It is important to note that there no concept of separate kitchen in rural areas, the
cooking is mostly done on a chullah which is either outside the house or in the living room.
Figure 2.11: Households having seperate kitchen (%) Figure 2.12: Number of Rooms of the households
(excluding bathroom and kitchen) %
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
On the issue of number of rooms that the respondents have in their house (excluding kitchen and
bathroom) (table below), about 52 percent responded that they have 2 rooms, followed by 30 percent
responding having 1 room. Some of the households had larger sized houses- 16 percent having 3 roomed
house and a few respondents indicated having 4 rooms in their house.
The graph below details the type of roofing of each contacted household. In line with the fact that most
houses are semi pucca type, the roofing of majority of houses was either of Straw/thatch or sod (60 percent
of the roofing material), about 25 percent of the roofing was of tiles and only 10 percent is of concrete.
13.8
78.3
0.8 0.3
3 3
0.8 0.3 Farming/Cultivation
Agricultural labour
Livestock/allied activities
Construction
Petty Trader
Artisan
Business
Service
15
85
Yes
No
30.3
52.8
16.3
0.8
1
2
3
4
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Table 2.1: Type of roofing material used in Respondent’s House
Particulars Number Percentage
Concrete 42 10.5
Metal 17 4.3
Straw/thatch/sod 240 60.0
Tile 101 25.3
Total households (N) 400 100
Source: MM study
Figure 2.13: Type of roofing used in respondent's house (%)
Source: MM Study
The graph below indicates the ownership of land by individuals in sampled gram panchayats. It was found
that majority of the respondents (about 85 percent) have no land of their own whereas the remaining 15
percent of the respondents have their own land. Average land holding of the respondents who have
cultivable land varies between 1 bigha to 3 bigha.
Figure 2.14: Ownership of cultivable land (%) Figure 2.15: Availability of livestock in the house (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
10.5 4.3
60
25.3
Concrete
Metal
Straw/thatch/sod
Tile
15.3
84.8
Yes
No
23.5
76.5
Yes
No
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The availability of livestock in the households surveyed is presented in the graph above, it was found that
about 77 percent of the households did not have livestock whereas remaining 23 percent said that have
livestock. The livestock kept by the respondents is cows and buffalos, few also keep goats.
The graph below indicates the assets of the surveyed households. Majority of the households have the
basic commodities - about 87 percent have telephone or mobile, 77 percent have radio and about 53
percent have bicycles. 65 percent of the households have electric fan. The data analysis indicates that
none of the households have computer, refrigerator, LMV/ LCV, power tiller or combined thresher or
harvester.
Figure 2.16: Various assests owned by the households (%)
Source: MM Study
The table below indicates the cable TV connectivity of each household. Since mostly sampled households did not have
TV, thus the percentage of households with cable TV connection is quite less. Also, there is major issue of availability
of the electricity and frequent power cuts in rural Bihar, thereby discouraging households to have these electrical
appliances.
Figure 2.17: Household having cable TV connection
(%)
Households paying for cable TV connection (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
65
1.5
70.3 86
8.3 0.3
52.8
7.5 0.3 Electric fan
Pressure cooker
Radio
Telephone/ mobile
Colour TV
Electric kitchen appliances
Bicycle
Mechanized 2 wheeler/ 3 wheeler
Tractor
6.3
93.8
Yes
No
56
44
50 - 100
100 - 150
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Of 25 respondents who have cable TV connection, around 56 percent pay in the range of INR 50–100
whereas 44 percent pay in the range of INR 100-150 on monthly basis ( graph above).
The graph below presents the main source of lighting available in the households. It was found that almost
all households contacted have electricity connection (it may be noted that most of the connections are
illegal, the households do not have electric meter installed) in their houses (almost 98 percent). Almost 2
percent of the contacted households do not have electricity and use kerosene (kerosene lamps) as their
major lighting source.
Figure 2.18: Main source of lighting for the
household (%)
Figure 2.19: Type of fuel used at household for
cooking (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The graph above indicates the type of fuel used for cooking by the households. Wood is predominantly
used as the major fuel (45 percent) and dung cakes are used by almost 36 percent of the households.
Coal, coke or lignite is used as secondary fuel sources for cooking and this is used by almost 18 percent of
the contacted households. None of the respondents use crop residue, charcoal, electricity, NTF products
and biogas as cooking fuel in their household. During the study it was found that 65 percent of the
households use chullah for cooking where as 34 percent cook on open fire.
Figure 2.20: What is used to cook food (%)
Source: MM Study
97.5
2.5
Electricity
Kerosene
45
36
17.5
0.3 1.3 Wood
Dung cakes
Coal/coke/lignite
Kerosene
LPG/gas
0.3
65.5
34.3
0
Stove
Chullah
Open fire
Others
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Around 42.5 percent of the households have average monthly expenditure in the range of INR 1001 – 2500
followed by 36 percent having monthly expenditure of INR 5000 while 21 percent have expenditure
between INR 5001 – 10,000.
Figure 2.21: Monthly expenditure details of the
household (%)
Figure 2.22: Household monthly income (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
On the average monthly income, 66% of the respondents informed that their average monthly income
varies between INR 2500 – 5000, about 18 percent had income of range INR 5000 – 10,000 and about 14
percent had income varying between INR 10001 – 30000. During interactions with the respondents, many
of them reported that they are not able to meet their daily needs (basic necessity such as food & medical
expenses) as their income is low, therefore whatever they earn they spend almost all of it. None of the
respondents whom we met had average monthly family income lower than Rs. 1000 or higher than Rs.
50001.
2.1.2 Water Supply Data
The graph below deals with the major source of water for the household. It was found that majority of the
households (63 percent) use public hand pump as the major source of drinking water. This figure
corresponds to the respondents from villages where there is no piped water supply. Even where there is
piped water supply facility due to irregularity of water supply people usually use public hand pump. The
piped water supply in the sample gram panchayats is electricity based, therefore as the electric supply is
erratic so is the water supply. In such a case though the households have piped water connection but are
dependant primarily on the hand pumps. It was also found that about 35 percent of the respondents use
own hand pump or bore well with power pump. Piped stand post connection is approximately used by 5
percent of the respondents. Only about 7 percent of the respondents have piped household connection.
None of the household have own/ locality pipeline supply, use water tankers/ vendors, share with
neighbours or use dug wells.
0.5
42.5
36
21 Less than INR 1000
INR 1001 – 2500
INR 2501 – 5000
INR 5001 – 10000
1
65.5
17.8
14.3
1.5 INR 1001 – 2500
INR 2501 – 5000
INR 5001 – 10000
INR 10001 – 30000
INR 30001 – 50000
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Figure 2.23: Source of water for the household (%)
Source: MM Study
2.1.2.1 Respondents having piped household connection
It must be noted that out of 400 sampled households, only 27 have households have water connection,
wherein the piped water scheme is operational, hence this section pertains to these households only. The
piped water supply scheme is operational in Begusarai, Purnia and Patna district in the gram panchayats of
Balialakhminiya-I, Banmankhi and Bank.
According to 63 percent of the respondents, the availability of water depends upon the electricity supply,
the respondents stated that though they receive water every day but there is no definite time. In order to fill
the overhead tank with water, power supply for at least 10 hours is required which is not received.
Therefore the overhead tank is not filled and hence the water supply is directly pumped from the tube well
to the households. The respondents also opined that the pressure is low therefore it takes a lot of time to fill
a bucket. 37 percent respondents opined that the water is made available to the community once in 7 days
for 2 hours (the water supply is made on Friday every week or otherwise the supply is done depending
upon the availability of water, electricity and staff).
Figure 2.24: Frequency of water at household
connections (%)
Figure 2.25: Time of water supply (%)
6.8
4.8
63.3
34.8
Piped Household Connection
Piped Stand post
Public Hand pump
Own Hand pump/ Bore well
37
63
Particulars
Once in 7 days for2 hours/ Day 100
No specific time
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Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
There is no specific time when the water supply is done.
The graph below states the mode of collecting water. About 19 percent of the respondents have dug pit for
collecting water whereas almost 81 percent of the respondents do not have any pit dug to collect water,
though they have other vessels for collecting and storing water.
Figure 2.26: Availability of pit dug to collect water (%) Figure 2.27: Usage of pump to get water from
connection (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The graph above indicates that none of the respondents having piped water connection use pump to obtain
water.
63 percent of the respondents said that they do not pay any tariff for water usage as no one comes to
collect any water charges. However about 37 percent of the respondents said that they pay a fixed monthly
tariff of INR10 for water supply. None of the respondents stated that they pay as per the meter. Also, during
interactions, it was observed that the community is not aware that they need to pay for water connection &
supply.
18.5
81.5
Yes
No 100
No
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Figure 2.28: Type of tariff paid (%) Figure 2.29: Periodicity of billing (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The table above depicts the periodicity of billing. It was found that almost all the respondents did not have any knowledge or awareness that they have to give a charge for using water and all those who were aware opined that there is no particular time when water bills are collected.
2.1.2.2 Respondents using piped public stand post
It must be noted that out of 400 households surveyed only 19 respondents collect water from the stand post connection. The following graphs are valid for those 19 respondents. During interactions with the community it was observed that as timing of supply is irregular most of the households depend on the water from hand pump. Whenever there is water supply, a lot of people gather to collect it and have to wait for their turn as the pressure is low.
Figure 2.30: Frequency of water in the stand post (%) Figure 2.31: Timing of water supplied from stand post
(%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
37
63
Fixed
Do not pay as noone comes tocollect
100
Irregular
100
Once in 7 days for2 hours
100
No specific time
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All the respondents said that the frequency of water supply in the stand post is not at any specific time. The
average distance of stand post from house was found to be less than 100 metres for all respondents using
piped stand post.
Table 2.2: Distance of stand post from house
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Less than 100 mts 19 100
Total (respondents using piped stand post) 19 100
Source: MM Study
It takes about 30 minutes for collecting water, but the respondents opined that they are not able to collect
adequate water for all household chores. It was also observed that on average 3 – 4 individuals of each
household are involved in the process of collecting water. The table below depicts that about 69 percent of
the respondents stated that 3 people of their household are involved in collecting water and the remaining
32 percent stated that 4 people of their household are involved in collecting water.
Figure 2.32: Average time taken for collection of water
every time( stand post) %
Figure 2.33: Number of people involved in collecting
water (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The table below details the members collecting water in the family. It was mainly found that the female
member is involved in this activity of which 79 percent are wives and about 63 percent are daughters/
daughters-in-law. Males are usually not associated with the activity of collecting water. None of the
respondents stated that head of the household or granddaughter or servant is involved in fetching water.
Table 2.3: Who collecting water from stand post (Multple response)
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Wife 15 78.9
Son 8 42.1
Daughter 12 63.1
Daughter in law 12 63.1
Grand son 4 21
100
Up to 1/2hr 68.5
31.5
3
4
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Particulars Frequency Percentage
Multiple response
Source: MM Study
2.1.2.3 Respondents using public hand pump
It must be noted that out of 400 household surveyed 253 respondents collect water from public hand pump.
The following tables are valid for these 253 respondents. As per the data, hand pump is the major source
of drinking water in the sampled gram panchayats. It was found that 96 percent of the respondents have
indicated that the distance of the hand pump from house hold is less than 100 mtrs whereas 4 percent of
the respondents said that the distance of the hand pump from the household ranges between 100 – 300
mtrs.
Table 2.4: Distance of public hand pump from house (Hand pump)
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Less than 100 meters 243 96
100-300 meters 10 4
Total (respondents using public hand pump) 253 100
Source: MM Study
From the table it can be seen that the average time taken for the collection of water is 1- 2 hrs ( 83
percent). Remaining 17 percent said that it takes about 30 to 60 mins on an average to collect water .It was
also found that mainly two people are involved in the process of collection of water (table below). It was
seen that about 69 percent of the respondents said that minimum of 2 persons are involved in the collection
of water.
Figure 2.34: Average time taken for collection of water
every time (from Hand pump) %
Figure 2.35: Number of people involved in collecting
water (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
17.4
82.6
1/2 - 1 hr
1 – 2 hr 68.3
9.4
15.8 6.3
2
3
4
5
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2.1.2.4 Respondents having own hand pump/bore well
It must be noted that out of 400 household surveyed, 139 respondents collect water from public hand
pump. The following tables are valid for these 139 respondents
During the study the set up cost for own hand pump was also enquired. It was observed that the costing
depends upon the depth to which pipe was laid. It was found that about 62 percent of the respondents said
the set up cost ranged between Rs 1000 to 4000, followed by 26 percent within the range of Rs.4000 -
7000. About 6 percent said that the costing ranged between Rs 13000 – 15000 (table below).
Table 2.5: Initial setup cost for hand pump/bore well
Particulars Frequency Percentage
1000 - 4000 87 62.59
4000 - 7000 37 26.62
7000 - 10000 2 1.44
10000 - 13000 1 0.72
13000 - 15000 8 5.76
15000 - 20000 3 2.16
20000 & above 1 0.72
Total (respondents having own hand pumps/bore well 139 100
Source: MM Study
The table below depicts the year of setting up the hand pump of the household. It was found that the year
varied from respondent to respondent, however 22.2 percent of the respondent said that they had installed
their own hand pump in the year of 2007. During the study it was reported by the respondents that
approximately INR 144/ annum is being spent on the maintenance of the hand pump/bore well facilities.
Table 2.6: In which year did you set up the facility?
Years Frequency Percentage
1997 3 2.2
1998 1 0.8
1999 7 5
2000 14 10
2001 1 0.7
2002 4 2.9
2003 9 6.5
2004 13 9.4
2005 15 10.7
2006 8 5.7
2007 31 22.4
2008 14 10
2009 7 5
2010 4 2.9
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Years Frequency Percentage
2011 8 5.8
Total (respondents having own hand pumps/bore well
139 100
Source: MM Study
On enquiring on the potability of water of the hand pump, 100 percent of the respondents said that water is
potable from the hand pump
Table 2.7: Is the water from hand pump/ bore well potable
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Yes 139 100
No 0 0
Total (respondents having own hand pumps/bore well
139 100
Source: MM Study
The table below indicates the depth of the hand pump (in feet). Majority of the hand pumps have a depth of
35 feet and this corresponds to about 47 percent. However about 29 percent said that their hand pump has
a depth of about 30 feet.
Figure 2.36: Depth of Hand pump/bore well (Feet) % Figure 2.37: Problem in getting water from hand
pump/bore well (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
On asking about the problem faced by the respondents in getting water from the hand pumps, out of 139 respondents
128 respondents said that they do not mostly face problems in getting water from hand pump(92 percent). On the other
hand about 89 percent of the respondents said that they face problem in getting water from hand pump.
The graph below depicts the reason for not having HH connection of water. It was found that about 80
percent of the individuals said that there is no piped water scheme in their area, however about 10 percent
of the respondents said that they can’t afford water connection. In this regard the PHED should expand
5
2.8
28.7
46.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
14.4
20
25
30
35
50
100
150
Not responded
8
92
Yes
No
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their coverage for piped water supply and at the same time make it affordable for poorest strata of the
community. Community members of Bank gram panchayats were of the view that the main trunk pipe line
only goes through the main road whereas areas interior in the village are not covered. Therefore to take
connection, the households have to invest their own money for laying the pipe from the main trunk line to
their household.
Figure 2.38: Reaspon for not having municipal HH
water connection (%)
Figure 2.39: Would you prefer to have HH water
connection (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
Those who do not have access to piped water supply, when asked regarding their willingness to obtain
piped water connection almost 100 percent of the respondents said that they are willing to obtain water
connection at their households provided that they have good supply of water. The total respondents for this
category are 373.
Hand pump is the major source of drinking water for the family and this corresponded to 100 percent of the
respondents. Rural Bihar is primarily dependent on the hand pumps for water.
Table 2.8: Most important source of drinking water for family
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Water from hand pump 400 100
Total households (N) 400 100
Source: MM Study
Water contamination is a major problem in certain districts of Bihar. About 99 percent of the respondents
said that they follow no treatment process before drinking the water however less than 1 percent use
candle filters before drinking water. None of the respondents said that they boil, filter by cloth, use aqua
guard or mix herbs etc for treating water.
Table 2.9: How to you treat water to make it potable?
Particulars Frequency Percentage
No further treatment 397 99.2
Use candle filters 3 0.8
10.2
80.2
8
1 0.6
Can’t afford
No distribution inthe area
No Pressure/technically notpossibleLengthy processgetting one
Others
100
Yes
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Particulars Frequency Percentage
Total 400 100
Source: MM Study
The graph below presents the consumption of water for various purposes for daily use. It was found that
100 percent of the respondents use less than one bucket of water for drinking and cooking purposes. About
23 percent of the respondents said that they require 5 – 10 buckets (1 bucket = 15 litres) of water for
bathing purposes. However it was also seen that about 12.3 percent of the respondents said that they
require 15 – 20 buckets of water for washing clothes.
Figure 2.40: Consumption of water per day for various household purpose on daily basis (%)
Source: MM Study
During Focus group discussions respondents were asked about their requirement of water on per person basis and it
could be seen from table below that about 48 litres of water is required per person.
Table 2.10: Requirement of water per day for various household purpose on per person basis (in litres)
Particulars Begusarai Patna Purnea Banks All
Drinking 5.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.6
Cooking 4.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 4.0
Cleaning Utensils 10.0 8.0 10.0 6.0 8.5
Bathing (Personal Hygiene)
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Cleaning floor space 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Washing Clothes 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Cleaning Toilets 7.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.5
Total water required for one person
48.0 47.0 50.5 45.0 47.6
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Drin
king (Litres)
Co
okin
g
Clean
ing U
tensils
Bath
ing (P
erson
al Hygie
ne)
Clean
ing flo
or sp
ace
Wash
ing C
loth
es
Waterin
g garde
ns
Clean
ing V
ehicles
Clean
ing To
ilets
Cattle
/An
imals
15-20 Bucket
10-15 Bucket
5-10 bucket
1-5 Bucket
Less than 1 bucket
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Source: MM Study
2.1.2.5 Satisfaction level of households having household piped water connection
The table below details the level of satisfaction of respondents on drinking water taking into account certain
parameters such as hours of supply, pressure of supply, timings of supply, quality of water, access etc.
Almost all the respondents said that they are not satisfied for all categories of questions as asked and
tabulated below. In all 63 percent of the respondents were satisfied with the access to water supply. The
total number of respondents who have household piped water connection was 27. With regard to overall
satisfaction level, one can clearly see that the community having piped water connection is not satisfied
due to various reasons such as number of hours of supply, pressure and timing of water supply etc. PHED
officials (Assistant & Junior engineers and block coordinators) should on a regular basis (monthly/
quarterly) interact with the community members having issues with water supply and resolve them at the
earliest. Assistant/ Junior engineers and block coordinators should regularly monitor the piped water supply
schemes as well as take care for it proper operation and maintenance. Regarding the time and pressure of
water supply, if any technical issues are there they should resolve it and instruct the operator on the same.
As can be from (figure 2.43) around 40 percent of the community members lodge their complaints
regarding the water supply with the operator (incharge of operating the scheme). Therefore PHED should
ensure that the operator gets adequate and timely support from its officials in resolving issues.
Figure 2.41: Level of satisfaction (%)
Source: MM Study
During the study the respondents were asked as to whether they have lodged any complaint regarding
water supply or not. It was found that 63 percent of the respondents had lodged compliant - about 30
percent of the respondents had lodged to assistant engineer, about 41 to the operator and about 29
percent to the Panchayat member ( graph below).
020406080
100N
o. o
f ho
urs o
fw
ater sup
ply
Pressu
re o
f water
sup
ply
Timin
g of w
ater
sup
ply fro
mm
un
icipality
Qu
ality of w
atersu
pp
ly
Access to
water
sup
ply
Grievan
cered
ressal & Fau
ltrep
air
Bill p
aymen
tFacility
Overall level o
fsatisfactio
n
Can’t say
Not satisfied
Satisfied
Highly satisfied
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Figure 2.42: Complaint regarding water supply (%) Figure 2.43: Lodged complaint with (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The graph below depicts the reasons for which the complaints were lodged. It was found that the major
complaints include inadequate water supply, timing of water supply and insufficient pressure. It was
observed that all people having water connection have lodged complaint on the issues discussed earlier.
None of the respondents had complained about inappropriate billing, bursting of water pipeline etc.
Table 2.11: Nature of complaint
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Inadequate water supply 17 100
Timing of water supply 17 100
No sufficient pressure 17 100
Multiple Response
Source: MM Study
The table below depicts the average time taken to solve or resolve the problem. 53 percent of the
respondent opined that the problem was never resolved while 47 percent respondents said that it took
about a week to solve the problem.
63
37
Yes
No
29.4
41.1
29.5 Assistant engineer
Operator
Panchayatmember
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Figure 2.44: Average time taken for resolution of the
problem (%)
Figure 2.45: Would you expect a better water supply
(%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The graph above presents the willingness of having better water supply. This was asked to all the
respondents having a household connection. The number of individuals having household connection was
17. All the respondents said that they are expecting a better household connection.
The number of households having water connection among the total was 17. It was seen that almost all the
respondents said that they expect water supply for 10 hours a day. When asked regarding the charge they
are ready to pay for having a better water connection, 100 percent of the respondents said that they are
ready to pay a maximum of INR 20 per month.
Table 2.12: How many hours you expect to get water per day and willingness to pay
Particulars Frequency Percentage
10 Hours per day 17 100
Total (Respondents having HH connection) 17 100
Willingness to pay per month
20 Rupees 17 100
Total (Respondents having HH connection) 17 100
Source: MM Study
2.1.3 Hand washing habits
The graph below depicts the materials which were used for washing hand in the study villages. About 71
percent of the respondents said that they wash their hand only with water. About 37 percent of the
respondents said that they wash their hand with ash and about 29 percent of the respondents said that
they use nothing for washing their hand.
47
53 Within a week
Never 100
Yes
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Figure 2.46: Material used for handwashing (%)
Source: MM Study
The table below summarises the time when the contacted individuals usually wash their hand. It was
observed that 78 percent of the individuals wash their hand after defecating and about 52 percent of the
respondents said that they wash their hand before eating.
Table 2.13: When do you wash hands
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Before eating 208 52
After defecating 312 78
Before cooking 0 0
Before feeding child 0 0
Others 0 0
Multiple Responses
Source: MM Study
2.1.4 Medical expenditure
The table below presents the awareness of water borne disease among the individuals in the study
villages. It was observed that majority respondents corresponding (61 percent) stated that they have
knowledge of the water borne disease. Respondents indicated that approximately INR 10 per month is
being spent on the medications.
Table 2.14: Awareness of water borne diseases
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Yes 245 61.2
No 155 38.8
Total 400 100
Source: MM Study
29
71
37
19.8
Nothing
Water
Ash
Soap
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From the following table it can be seen that majority of the respondents have fallen sick due to typhoid in
the last three months (almost 32 percent). In the ailments approximately INR 75 per head was spent on
medication.
Table 2.15: Family members have fallen sick due to water borne disease in last three months
Particulars Typhoid Diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Cholera
No. of persons fallen sick 130 27 0 0
Percentage 32.5 6.7 0 0
Total (N) 400 400 400 400
Source: MM Study
2.1.5 Solid Waste handling
Solid waste management is a vital component in order to lead a hygienic life. In order to assess the waste
management practise followed in the study villages several questions were asked. It was observed that
waste from kitchen is usually thrown in the nearby agricultural land. The same is followed in cases of waste
paper and newspaper. It was also seen that waste from kitchen and waste papers are also thrown directly
in the open area outside the house. Plastic waste material, metal waste and other small waste material are
usually thrown away in the open outside the house by almost all the people contacted during the study
(tables below regarding the sold waste management)
Figure 2.47: How is the Household Soild Waste from
Kitchen Getting Disposed (%)
Figure 2.48: How is the Household Soild Waste like
paper being disposed (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
53.3
35 Thrown inAgriculture field
Thrown into theopen
100
Thrown into theopen
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Solid waste like paper is being disposed in the agricultural field or into the open which is not hygienic
practice.
Similarly the waste like plastic glass are also thrown into the open, this clearly indicates that there is no
existing management of the solid waste in the sampler gram panchayats in Bihar.
Table 2.16: How is the Household Soild Waste like plastic waste, glass waste or metal waste getting
disposed (%)
Particulars Percentage
Thrown into the open 100
Total Households (N) multiple response 400
.During the study contacted individuals were asked about the place where they dispose liquid waste. 93
percent of the respondents said that water from kitchen flows out into the open area whereas 7 percent
said that the water gets collected in a soak pit. Similarly when asked about the water which flows out of
their bathroom, maximum respondents said that the water flows into open area (80%), only 20% mentioned
that the water flows into a soak pit.
Table 2.17: Desposal of liquid waste
Particulars Into the drain
Thrown in open
Kitchen garden/agricultur
al land
Directly to a water body
near the house
soak pit
Other (specify)
Where does the waste water from your kitchen go?
0 93 0 0 07 0
Where does the waste water from your bath area/ clothes washing area go?
0 80 0 0 22.8 0
Multiple responses
Source: MM Study
2.1.6 Availability of Toilets
The graph below presents the availability of toilets in the sampled gram panchayats. It was observed that
only about 18 percent of the respondents have toilet facility and others do not have this facility. Also it was
seen that about 70 percent of the respondents have dry pit toilet and the remaining have pour flush toilet.
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Figure 2.49: Availability of toilets in the households
(%)
Figure 2.50: Type of toilets available in the
households (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
It was found that only 21 households have flush toilet. All the 21 respondents having pour flush latrine
responded that they have their own septic tank. No sewer network is available in the sample gram
panchayats.
Figure 2.51: Household having own septic tank (%) Figure 2.52: Total expenditure on toilet construction by
the household (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The 21 households which have pour flush type of toilet were asked the reason of not having sewer
connection; it was reported that since there is no facility of sewer connection they are unable to link their
toilet with sewer connection.
From among the household having toilet facility, it was found that almost 73 percent said that the cost of
toilet varies between Rs 7000 – 10,000 and about 25 percent said that the cost varies from Rs 5000 –
7000. Only very few respondents said that the costs of the toilet is INR 10,000 and above.
17.8
82.3
Yes
No70.4
29.6
Dry pit
Pour flush
100
Own septic tank
25.4
73.2
1.4
5000-7000
7001-1000
10001 & above
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Figure 2.53: Total monthly expenditure on toilet
maintenance (%)
Figure 2.54: If do not have toilet, where do your family
member go for defecation? (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
The graph above depicts the expenditure for maintenance of the toilet. It was observed that about 47
percent of the respondents said that they spend an amount of INR 50 on an average monthly for the
maintenance of toilet.
It was found that majority of HH do not have toilets in their own household. In that case the respondent and
the family members go to the field and practise open defecation. Regular awareness campaigns should be
conducted in the villages for creating awareness about health, hygiene and water & sanitation related
practices. This should be done in the form of storytelling, natak/ nautanki which creates interest amongst
the community members and is an effective communication tool in rural areas where majority of the
population is illiterate. For this the CCDU should train certain trainers (could be members of VWSC) who in
turn would dessiminate the awareness/ information regarding health, hygiene and water & sanitation
related practices.
As per the data collected 78.9 percent male members of the household are responsible for cleaning the
toilets, rest 21.1 percent is being cleaned by the female members.
2.8 1.4
46.5
49.2 10
20
50
No response
100
Fields
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Figure 2.55: Responsibility of cleaning the toilet (%) Figure 2.56: Frequency of cleaning toilet (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
Frequency of cleaning toilet is presented in graph above. It suggests that above 52 percent clean toilets
on monthly basis. However, 39.4 percent clean it once in every 15 days.
Data collected reflects that nearly 70 percent household clean their toilet with water while the rest clean
with acid.
Figure 2.57: Material used for cleaning toilet (%)
Source: MM Study
2.1.7 Communication medium and behaviour
During the visit to the selected GPs it was observed that literacy rate is quite low. And most of the areas
have no access to newspapers. Nearly 20 percent respondents read news papers. Same is given in the
graph below.
78.9
21.1
Male of thehousehold
Female of thehousehold
8.4
39.4 52.2 Daily
Once in 15 Days
Monthly
70.4
29.6
Water
Acid
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Figure 2.58: Do you read news paper (%)
Source: MM Study
As was reported by the respondents, Prabhat Khabar, and some other news papers such as Hindustan,
Dainik Jagaran, Aaj, Rashtriya Sahara etc are most common newspapers read by respondents.
Table 2.18: News papers generally being read
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Prabhat Khabar 15 3.7
Others 64 16
Do not read news paper 321 80.3
Total household (N) 400 100
Source: MM Study
Findings of the study suggests that approximatly 18 percent of the households watch television, around 20
percent read newspapers and a large number of respondents which is more than 83 percent listen to radio.
Same is depicted in the graph given below.
19.8
80.2
Yes
No
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Figure 2.59: Do you do any of the following? (Multiple
Responses) %
Figure 2.60: What programme do you watch/ Listen
(Multiple Responses) %
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
Majority of the respondents watch/listen all kinds of programmes. However, 31.5 percent respondents
prefer news and 3.5 percent respondents like to watch/listen films.
All the respondents prefer to watch Hindi television programmes. Respondents mostly watch Hindi
television programmes such as serials, religious programmes, news etc. All community members do not
have access to television therefore they watch it at a public place such as any shop etc.
Table 2.19: Preferred media language
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Hindi 336 100
Total (Respondents using media as medium of information)
336 100
Source: MM Study
Media channel which preferred by the respondents is radio as nearly 60 percent prefer radio as a medium
of information and entertainment followed by TV which is being watched by approximately 32 percent of
respondents. Tabulated response presented below
.Table 2.20: Preferred media channel
Particulars Frequency Percentage
News paper 36 9
Radio 237 59.3
TV 127 31.8
Total (Respondents using media as medium of information)
336 100
Source: MM Study
17.8
83.5
19.8 8.8
Watch TV
Listen Radio
Read News paper
Go to religiousplace
31.5
3.5
48.5
News
Films
All
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As a medium of information and entertainment, most of respondents watch TV both in the morning and
evening (M&E), depending on the availability of electricity .
Table 2.21: Time of watching TV
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Both M&E 71 100
Total (Respondents having TV) 71 100
Source: MM Study
Most of respondents listen to the radio both in morning and evening.
Table 2.22: Time for listen to radio
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Evening 21 6.3
Both M&E 313 93.7
Total (Respondents having Radio) 334 100
Source: MM Study
38% of respondents opined that availability of pollution related messages on the media was quite easily
available and also easy to understand (detailed response in following graphs).
Figure 2.61: Availability of pollution related messages
in media (%)
Figure 2.62: Awareness regarding water and
sanitation sector reform programme in your city (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
Level of awareness regarding water and sanitation reform was found to be very low as 84 percent
respondents have no idea about the water and sanitation reform in their city.
Around 58 percent respondents opined that local ward worker/ official is the main source of information
about government programmes. About 35 percent opined that they get information from their family and
friends while 7 percent seem to be getting information from governmental officials.
38.5
15.3
25.5
20.8
Fairly easy
Neither easy nordifficult
Fairly difficult
Very difficult
16
84
Yes
No
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Figure 2.63: Main source of information about
government programmes (%)
Figure 2.64: Media which influences most (%)
Source: MM Study Source: MM Study
It was found that the most influential media was the visual (television) mode (57 percent believe that TV
influences most), print media was picked up by 6 percent, and about 7 percent believe that public
consultation to be more influential.
2.1.8 Problems faced by the respondents regarding water supply, solid and liquid
waste management
During the interactions with the respondents, it was found that in summer season the water table goes
down which causes scarcity of water in some areas. Some GPs which have the piped water supply scheme
face irregular supply of water. As far as the waste management is concerned, there is no drainage in most
of the areas. Hence, water was seen flowing on the roads. There is no provision for solid waste
management either. Therefore, the respondents keep dumping household waste in nearby lands. It was
reported by the respondents that 96.7 percent would prefer local ward worker/official as a point of contact
in case of any problem or grievances. However, 3.3 percent prefer administration officials for the same.
Details in following table.
Table 2.23: Preferred point of contact in case of grievances
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Friends and family 0 0
Media (print, visual or audio) 0 0
Local ward workers/officials 387 96.7
Administration officials 13 3.3
Religious leaders 0 0
MLA 0 0
Local NGO 0 0
Others 0 0
Total 400 100
Source: MM Study
35
58
7 Friends and family
Local wardworkers/officials
Administrationofficials
6
57.3
2 1
3.8
23 7
Print media
Visual
Audio
Hoardings
Pamphelets
Nukkar natak
Publicconsultation
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2.2 Analysis of Qualitative Findings at Community Level
2.2.1 Gram Panchayat Profile (Banmankhi, Purnia)
Participatory rural appraisal was conducted in the Banmankhi
Panchayat of Purnia district. Banmankhi is located 35
kilometres from the district head quarters on National Highway
107. The data collected from the PRA exercise suggests that
the population of the panchayat is approximately 25,000 with
5000 houses, mainly comprising OBCs (nearly 60 percent).
There are other social groups - 20 percent Muslims, 10 percent
SC and rest are extremely backward classes. The percentage
of APL families is 70 and rest are BPL.
Agricultural labour is the main occupation. Almost 60 per cent of
the population is engaged in agriculture & related activities while the balance earn their livelihood from
other sources. The agricultural land is owned by 30-40 percent population. Small business, petty trade etc
are the other sources of income.
2.2.2 Participatory rural appraisal (Banmankhi, Purnia)
According to the participants, sanitation in the area is not
good. The area does not have drainage system. Therefore,
waste water flows on the road and is strewn everywhere.
Few participants reported that they have soak pits in their
houses for the disposal of waste water. Public dust bins are
kept at selected places but they are hardly being used.
Heap of the waste could be seen near the newly
constructed Panchayat Bhawan in ward no. 10. Lack of
toilet facilities at homes and improper management of solid
waste make the sanitary condition worst. It was reported
during the PRA that about 30 percent households have toilet
facilities, rest are doing open defecation. In the rainy season when fields are swampy nearby National
Highway No. 107 and Katihar- Saharsa railway track is being used for defecation. Participants are well
aware of the ill effects of these malpractices.
In the Banmankhi Gram Panchayat, Piped water scheme
work was initiated in year 2006-07 with a capital cost of INR
1.098 crore. In 2010-11, the services were started and
subsequently handed over to the panchayat in November,
2012. Since inception of the project, only one house and that
of Ramesh Aggarwal has the connection. However, there are
approximately 20-25 stand posts in the area. As reported by
the participants of PRA, the area has abundant water and
there is no problem with the quality of water. The
responsibility of giving connection to households was given
to the contractor who is charging either INR 1000 or INR
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2000 depending on from which side of the road one is getting the connection to. User charge/fee has not
been decided so far. At present, no water is being supplied through the pipes. The Panchayat is taking
steps to provide connections to the household. As soon as there will be enough household connections,
water supply will be resumed. In Banmankhi Panchayat, most of the households own hand pumps. Also,
there are public hand pumps for the water. Collection of water is generally done by the female members of
the household who generally spends nearly 1 hour daily on this chore. In rainy season diarrhoea, cholera
and typhoid etc are prevalent. No caste related exclusion issues for water suplly was reported during the
PRA.
In the PRA most of the participants displayed the desire and willingness to get piped water scheme and
manage the same with a condition that they would get sufficient water- at least twice on daily basis.
Participants are ready to pay monthly user charge up to INR 20-25, however the connection charges of
either INR 1000 or 2000 as was to be paid to the contractor was considered to be a hefty amount by some
participants. It was found that there are no existing water related associations or groups in the panchayat.
The PRA exercise reflects that there are wall paintings and graffiti messages available specifically on the
topic of sanitation. However, there is no significant change reported due to these messages. Availability of
sanitation related messages are quite insufficient on the other media. Radio, TV and newspaper were
reported to be the most common medium of information in the area. However, the accessibility of radio is
common in the area.
A number of festivals are being celebrated in the area such as
Dashera, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Moharram etc. It was also observed
that men and women were given equal opportunity to express
their views in any social and local gatherings. The area had
witnessed severe disaster caused by flooding of Kosi River in
year 1945, 1977 and 2008. Drought had never caused any
serious harm to the GP earlier but in 2010 the area faced a
drought like situation.
2.2.3 Gram Panchayat Profile (Dharhara, Purnia)
Participatory rural appraisal was planned by visiting this Gram Panchayat in advance. In Purnia district
there were two Gram Panchayats which were selected for the primary survey
Banmankhi
Dharahara
The PRA was however conducted in the village in village
called “Makhnaha” in Dharhara GP. During the PRA it was
observed that most of the participants do not own any land.
Hence, most of the villagers are agricultural labourers. The
agricultural land is owned by approximately 20 percent
population of the village. It was also observed that migration
to Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata for the livelihood is also
alternative option for villagers. According to the participants,
sanitation practices in the village is not good and absence of
drainage, lack of toilet facilities at homes and improper
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management of solid waste make the condition worst. It was reported during the PRA that hardly 10
percent household have toilet facilities, while the remaining do open defecation. In the rainy season, when
fields are swampy, the nearby National Highway (Katihar- Saharsa) is being used. Participants to some
extent understand the ill effects of the malpractices but in the absence of toilet facilities and provision of
waste management they do not have any other alternative. Lack of awareness and economic conditions of
the participants can be attributed for the same. As reported by the participants, the village has abundant
water. However, the quality of water is not good as the water contains iron contamination.
At the depth of 30-35 feet potable water is available. Hence, almost all households own hand pump.
Installation of hand pump in the area is cheap, at approximately INR 5000. Collection of water is generally
done by the female members of the households who spend nearly 1 hour daily. As far as solid and liquid
waste management is concerned, there is no provision for drainage or dust bin. Hence, residents dump
waste in the open or throw water from their kitchen or bath area in the nearby land.
During rainy season diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid etc are prevalent. Children are considered to be more
vulnerable as they are easy target of the ailments. Iron contaminated water is also causing severe health
problems of the residents.
2.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Dharhara, Purnia)
During the PRA, no caste exclusion dynamics was reported. However, the participants opined that few
political figures such as Sarpanch, Mukhiya etc have more influence than a commoner. In the PRA most of
the participants displayed the desire and willingness to get piped water scheme and manage the same.
Participants are ready to pay monthly user charge upto INR 20-25 but the connection charges of INR 500-
1000 in the district is considered to be a high amount by some participants. It was reported that in every
village there are Self Help Groups formed by the “Jeevika” (A programme started by Government of Bihar)
and these are effectively working on the income generation programmes. There were no water related
associations found in the village. Dependency of the community on these SHGs is minimal as the group is
involved in the income generation programme only.
During the PRA exercise it was reported that there are few graffiti messages on display specifically on the
topic of sanitation. However, no significant change is reported in the life of individuals due to these
messages. Availability of sanitation related messages are quite insufficient in the media. Radio is the most
accessible and influential medium of information and entertainment in the area.
A number of festivals are being celebrated in the area such as Dashera, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Moharram etc. It
was also observed that men and women have equal opportunity to express their views in any social and
local gatherings. The area had witnessed severe disaster caused by flooding of Kosi River in year 1945,
1977 and 2008. In 2010, the region had faced drought like situation
2.2.5 Gram Panchayat Profile (Balua, Maner)
Participatory rural appraisal was planned by visiting this Gram Panchayat in advance. In Maner block, there
are 19 gram panchayats out of which three gram panchayats were selected for the study namely Balua,
Kuitachauhator West and Bank. The PRA discussion was held in the Balua GP. There were about 15
village members who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members
of the community was low and they had to be persuaded to attend and participate in the discussion.
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The Balua Gram Panchayat (GP) comprises 10 villages – Balua, Ramnagar, Kathotiya Khurd, Kathotiya
Kala, Rewa, Mahngu tola, Gulabi bagh, Raghuvar tola, Lela tola and a newly formed tola with 15/20
families residing called as Naya tola. The GP has 12 Anganwadis, 6 Government Primary schools, 2
Government Middle schools and 4 Primary Landless
Schools (also called as Jhugi Jhopdi schools).
Total households in the GP are 2029 spread across
the 10 villages, around 50 percent population belong
to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis),
followed by 30 percent Extremely Backward Castes
(Ravidas & Kuhar) and 18 percent Scheduled
Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with
road and all modes of transportation are available
including public transport. Main source of livelihood
for the community is based on agriculture and allied
activities. Around 75 percent population is landless
and they work as agricultural labourers. Those
having land are doing cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. Major
crops of the area are Wheat, Maize and Masoor while Paddy, potato and onions are also cultivated.
Around 25 percent of the households have individual household latrines; of this only 5 percent use latrines,
but the common practice is open defecation. Main source of water is hand pumps, there are around 20
wells available in the gram panchayat but the community does not use it. The community members stated
that physical labour is required to get water from the wells therefore they have stopped using it. They stated
that hand pumps are easily accessible and water is easily available. However, in summers mainly in the
months of May, June & July, the community faces issues regarding water availability as the ground water
level goes down. Level of awareness about the quality of water and water borne diseases in the community
is low, because during the discussion when asked about the water borne diseases that the community had
in last three months, they responded by saying that the community members had cough & cold, fever and
measles which clearly indicates the lack of awareness among the community members. River Ganga flows
at a distance of 5 kms from the gram panchayat and a drain named Daniya Nala also flows outside the
gram panchayat from south towards north direction (currently it is dry and is filled with water only during the
rainy season). The community faced severe drought in 1966 and floods in the years 1970, 1972, 1975
1977 & 1978.
2.2.6 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Balua, Maner)
The community members were enthusiastic about the information on the proposed piped water supply
scheme getting operational in their gram panchayat. It was only then that the female members were
encouraged to discuss the issues related to water supply. The female members stated that a considerable
time, effort and physical labour is required to collect water. Earlier their dependency was on wells for
collecting water and now they rely on the hand pumps. The responsibility for the upkeep of the households
is the sole responsibility of the female members as they have to do the cooking, washing, cleaning etc. for
which water important. Female members shared that if they get piped water supply in their households their
life would be simpler and would be saved of the hardship of fetching water. The female members also
raised certain critical issues which are directly linked to water supply – they stated that during the
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pregnancy period (initial as well as advanced) they have to carry buckets of water due to which they have
serious health issues and also that some females are weak (as they are anaemic) and sometimes faint.
On being asked about the availability of land within the gram
panchayat for proposed construction of water works including
the overhead tank, the community members said that ample
of land is available with the panchayat which can be used for
the proposed scheme. The Village Water and Sanitation
Committee is available in the gram panchayat but it is mostly
inactive. The issues related to water and sanitation are being
discussed with the local ward members and the panchayat
members. The community members were apprehensive if
the proposed scheme would cover all the villages in the GP
or only some villages will be covered within the proposed
scheme and some would be excluded. MM team felt this is a
critical issue which would require careful thought of the
Department. After the PRA, MM team also visited three other
villages excluding Balua viz. Kathotiya Khurd, Kathotiya Kala
and Rewa, it was observed that where the concentration of
Scheduled Castes and Extremely Backward Castes was high
the level of service delivery related to water and sanitation
was low. Therefore the department would need to adopt
inclusive and pro-poor policy for its proposed schemes
Literacy level is low in the GP, however the younger generation is aware about the importance of education
and do attend school on regular basis.
While discussing about the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the GP, it was observed
that the community had no awareness; therefore the study team had to probe more for getting a clear
picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as
vegetable peels, wastepaper, or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture
field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is
no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the household is thrown in the open drain or
soak pit. However the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them are
blocked. Similarly the soak pits are not made technically, hence water does not get absorbed and gets
collected wherein mosquitoes breed, raising health concerns. There is no provision of appointing sweepers
for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. The community members say that the waste from their
household is not properly disposed and in turn comes back to their houses. They also added that the
situation could be managed if the community members take initiative and employ sweepers for cleaning
and collecting waste from the households.
During the PRA discussions, the study team also asked about the most effective way of communicating or
generating awareness about Water and Sanitation related activities/ facilities. The community members
stated that they do not get newspapers in the village on daily basis and most of the community is illiterate.
Therefore using print media or hoarding will not be effective. The most effective way according to the
community is to conduct Nukkad Nataks or public consultations on regular basis (once in two months).
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Moreover they suggested that these activities should be held on the occasions/ festivals, fairs (mela)
wherein the community is gathers at a place in large numbers.
The villagers celebrate all the festivals; Makar Sankranti, Dashera, Diwali, and Chhat being the major
festivals in the village.
2.2.7 Gram Panchayat Profile (Bank, Maner)
Participatory rural appraisal was held in Bhatehri village of Bank gram panchayat, which has operational
piped water scheme in one of its village i. e Gopalpur. There were about 20/25 village members who joined
and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the community was low.
The Bank Gram Panchayat (GP) comprises 7 villages –
Bank, Lodhipur, Bhatehri, Narhana, Gopalpur, Chitrauli
and Ganauria and is located on National Highway. The
GP has 15 Anganwadis, 4 Government Primary
schools, 4 Government Middle schools, 3 Primary
Landless Schools (also called as Jhugi Jhopdi schools)
and 1 Urdu Primary school.
Total households in the GP are 4092, spread across 7
villages, around 45 percent population belong to Other
Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis), followed by 40
percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar)
and 10 percent Scheduled Castes. The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of
transportation are available including public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based
on agriculture and allied activities. Around 50 percent population have their own land and the rest are
landless and work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing cultivation on their own or have
leased out their land for cultivation to others. Major crops of the area are Wheat, Maize, Masoor while
Paddy, potato and onions are also cultivated.
Around 75 percent of the households have individual household latrines, of which only 50 percent use the
latrines while others practice open defecation. Main source of water are hand pumps, there are around 200
hand pumps in the gram panchayat. Earlier wells were used but as hand pumps came in they find it easier
to use hence now wells are not used. They also stated that hand pumps are accessible and water is easily
available. However, in summers mainly in the months of May, June & July the community faces issues on
water availability as the ground water level goes down. Level of awareness about the quality of water and
water borne diseases in the community is low, because during discussions when asked about the water
borne diseases that the community had in last three months, the response was that the community
members have cough & cold and fever (which clearly indicates the lack of awareness amongst the
community members). The community faced severe drought in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and floods in 1975,
1988 and 2007.
2.2.8 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Bank, Maner)
The piped water supply scheme is operational only in one village of the GP since last year, viz, Gopalpur
village. The village has around 300 households, out of which only 105 households have taken household
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piped water supply connections. The village also has piped stand post connection. On asked about the
satisfaction level of the water supply with regard to timing, duration, quantity, pressure of supply etc. the
community members who have connections responded that the scheme doesn’t work properly. They had
several issues such as there is no definite time for water supply as it depends on the availability of
electricity. They usually get the water 2/3 times in a day for about half an hour. They also stated that the
water is directly pumped from the tube well to the households; the overhead tank meant for storage of
water is not used for storage due to some technical reasons due to which the pressure of water supply to
households is low. The community members raised their concerns about their total dependency on the
piped water as the water through this in not adequate for a household and they have to get most of the
water from the hand pumps. Therefore they were not confident that this piped supply will be sustainable in
the long run, if it works in the present manner. On enquiring about how much the households pay for using
the piped connection, the members responded that nobody comes to collect the charges and they are also
not aware whether they have to pay for it or not.
The community members who use the piped stand post water supply were also not satisfied with the
scheme and had similar issues of pressure, duration and timing of water supply. The other communities
who do not have household piped connection in the village were asked the reason for not having one, they
stated that as per their observation the scheme is not working properly, there is no definite time of water
supply and the pressure is also very low, therefore they are not interested in taking connection. Moreover
they have to pay for getting water connection which they can’t afford. The other nearby villages within the
gram panchayat was not as enthusiastic about the scheme as they felt neglected. The community
members were of the view that the scheme is unequally distributed and should have covered all the
villages in the gram panchayat.
On discussing about the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the gram panchayat, it was
observed that the community has no awareness regarding this; therefore the MM team had to probe more
for getting a clearer picture of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all
solid waste such as vegetable peels, wastepaper or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or
in the agriculture field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field.
Similarly there is no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the household is thrown in
the open or drain or soak pit. Moreover, the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as
most of them are blocked. Similarly the soak pit is not made technically, hence the water is not absorbed
and gets collected on which mosquitoes breed, raising health issues. There is no provision of appointing
sweepers for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village.
2.2.9 Gram Panchayat Profile (Kitachauhator West, Maner)
Participatory rural appraisal was held in Kitachauhator West GP. There were about 20 village members
who joined and actively participated in the discussion, the participation of female members of the
community was low.
The Kitachauhator West gram panchayat (GP) consists of 6 villages – Haldi Chhapra Saat Ana, Purana
tola, Nayka tola, Harijan tola, Badal tola and Ramnagar. The villages are divided into 14 wards. The GP
has 9 Anganwadis and 5 Government Primary schools. Total households in the GP are 2946 spread
across 7 villages, around 67 percent population belongs to Other Backward Castes (Yadav & Kurmis),
followed by 15 percent Extremely Backward Castes (Ravidas & Kuhar) and 15 percent Scheduled Castes.
The Gram Panchayat is well connected with road and all modes of transportation are available including
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public transport. Main source of livelihood for the community is based on agriculture and allied activities.
Around 75 percent population is landless and work as agricultural labourers. Those having land are doing
cultivation on their own or have leased out their land for cultivation to others. The GP is surrounded by two
rivers, Soan and Ganga, from northern, western and southern side.
Around 21 percent of the households have individual household latrines; 3/4th of them use these, but the
common practice is open defecation. Main source of water is hand pumps and the water is contaminated
with arsenic. The community members stated that it required physical labour to fetch water from the wells
therefore they have stopped using it. They also stated that hand pumps are accessible and water is easily
available. However, in summers, mainly in the months of May and June, the community faces issues
regarding water availability as the ground water level goes down. During the discussion when asked about
the water borne diseases that the community had in last three months, they responded by saying that the
community members generally suffer from diahorrea, jaundice and liver cancer (some cases have been
reported). Though Village Water and Sanitation Committee have been formed but presently it is inactive
and works on need basis.
On the solid and liquid waste management facility available in the gram panchayat, it was observed that the
community has no awareness on this; therefore the MM team had to probe more for getting a clear picture
of solid and liquid waste management. The community members stated that all solid waste such as
vegetable peels, wastepaper or plastic/ glass bottles are either thrown into the open or in the agriculture
field or the vegetable peels are put on the manure heap to be used as manure in the field. Similarly there is
no facility for liquid waste management as the used water from the households is thrown in the open or
drain or soak pit. However the drains (kutcha & pucca) are also not maintained properly as most of them
are blocked. Similarly the soak pit is also not made technically as the water is not absorbed and gets
collected on which mosquitoes breed, raising health issues. There is no provision of appointing sweepers
for cleaning the lanes or drains in the village. However the gram panchayat functionaries have proposed
an initiative which is still under consideration - they have proposed to engage sweepers in all the villages of
the gram panchayat to clean the drains, collect waste like vegetable peels, plastic/ glass bottles and clean
toilets. The households who are keen for clean surroundings and utilizing the service of the sweepers can
pay according to their will.
During the PRA discussion the study team asked about the most effective way of communicating or
generating awareness about Water and Sanitation related activities/ facilities. The community members
stated that they do not get newspapers in the village on daily basis and most of the community is illiterate.
Therefore using print media or hoarding will not be effective. The most effective way according to the
community is to conduct Nukkad Nataks or public consultations on regular basis (once in two months).
Even radio is a popular mode but they do not pay attention to the advertisements regarding water &
sanitation and health and hygiene.
2.3 Conclusions based on Beneficiary Assessment
Geographical Structure of Panchayat: Villages are heterogeneous in nature so far content/
establishment/ social setting is concerned, it was seen on an average a panchayat has 11 to 12
habitations, 115 habitations were found in 10 selected panchayats. Further interestingly it was
observed that the economically empowered caste generally resides in the main village of the
panchayat and the SC and Mahadalits generally reside in distant villages from the main panchayat
village. Further the villages which are distant from the panchayat main village were found with relatively
less number of infrastructure like hand pumps and toilets.
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Family Size: The average family size of the contacted households was found to be 6.5 (however it
ranges from 7 to 15). As per census 2011, in villages of Bihar a household has an average of 6
members. Thus, the toilet facility created for one household is not adequate for the family size
mentioned above
Literacy: The literacy rate of the households contacted was found to be low, about 38 percent of
respondents were illiterate. Further most of the females contacted during participatory rural appraisal
and focus group discussions were found to be illiterate.
Awareness about Government Programmes: The contacted respondents in the villages were not
aware (84%) about government programmes related to water & sanitation. They reported that such
messages are not frequently heard/seen (46%). Local ward officials (as reported by 97% of
respondents) are the major source of information about government programmes.
Gender issue: In most of the contacted households, women were found responsible for fetching water
(78.9% households) and also for cleaning toilets in the households (having toilet). During interactions
(FGDs) with women groups, it was found that they were not aware of most of the issues related to
development of their village. During discussions, it was reported that women do not have say in the
household decisions. Though due to current education system, girls are availing education at least upto
primary level.
Women Empowerment and participation: During qualitative interactions it was sensed that women
are not adequately empowered, the main reason is their low literacy and awareness levels. Many
women participants reported that they generally attend panchayat meetings but their concerns are not
heard by the PRIs and thus, they do not find any use attending these meetings.
Poverty: Poverty is acute in these villages, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found
living in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent
are earning their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the
contacted households do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households covered have
monthly income below INR 5000/-. The situation is further bad in case of marginalized community and
mahadalits. The monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-.
Inclusion: During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was observed that habitation/villages are clustered
according to the caste, and poor families and mahadalits are very poor and also unorganized.
Supply of Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the
villages, though more than 90 percent of the households were found having electric connection in their
household (mostly illegal connections) but the electric supply was found very erratic in covered
villages. Due to irregular electric supply, the operation of water pumps and supply remains erratic. It
could be seen that water comes to many of the PWS villages once in a week.
Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine: About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected
water sources (Source secondary data from PHED). A significant number of households (82.6%) using
hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for various household purposes such as drinking,
cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey data). During discussions it was reported that
about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further, latrine coverage is very inadequate- only
17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household latrine in sampled GPs.
Usages of latrine: During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in
some of the houses, the males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land
will reduce if they do not use their own agricultural land for open defecation.
Media Coverage: The respondents mainly listen to audio media (84 percent listen to radio, 18 percent
watch Television and only 20 percent read newspaper). Hindi is the preferred language as respondents
prefer to watch/listen programmes in Hindi. Radio is the most popular media of communication and
preferred time for watching television was either morning or evening
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Grievance Redressal: Most of the people file their complaints with PHED’s local office and also to the
Gram Panchayat office. There is no proper grievance redressal system in the villages with regard to
water and sanitation issues as reported by the respondents.
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BSWSM Headed by Principal
Secretary, PHED
CCDU (Capacity Building)
PMU (M&E)
DWSM/DWSC Executive Engineer
3.1 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E on Water &
Sanitation
Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation
Campaign & Swajaldhara in the state of Bihar. BSWSM has been constituted as a registered society as per
Para 2.2 IA Restructured Central Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (RCRSP) guidelines and under
Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, GOI, New Delhi.
The approval on the constitution and registration of BSWSM was given by Apex committee of the State
Government body in its meeting on 7th October 2004 and by executive of the BSWSM in its meeting on
22nd
September 2004(a resolution was taken to register BSWSM). Principal Secretary, PHED is the
Member Secretary of BSWSM and PHED is the main Government body for delivering water and sanitation
services in Bihar.
PHED has its own structured organizational
setup for service delivery which is placed from
State to Sub-Divisional Offices. But there is no
structured organization at Block and Gram
Panchayat level.
However, Block Resource Coordinators are
appointed on contractual basis and they report
to the Assistant Engineer, PHED. They are
appointed for reinforcing service delivery at
village level. At panchayat level, in some of the
panchayats, Village Health & Sanitation
Committees (VHNSCs) (which are formed under NRHM project and is chaired by the Sarpanch, the elected
head of the Gram Panchayat) are functional.
The organization structure of Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission, its different wings and their roles
are detailed in subsequent sections.
3.1.1 Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission
The Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is the main body for implementation of Drinking
Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in the State. This is a registered society under Society Act 1958.
The Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Development Commissioner, Government
of Bihar. There are State level committees namely Apex Committee & Executive Committee which governs
BSWSM.
The Apex Committee constitutes of Development Commissioner, Government of Bihar as the
Chairman, Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, Government of Bihar as Member Secretary and
Principal Secretary/Secretary of the other department as either Member of the Committee.
Similarly, Executive Committee has Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, Government of Bihar as
Chairman, and Engineer in Chief cum Special Secretary/Chief Engineer, PHED, Government of Bihar
3. Institutional Analysis
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as Member Secretary and Joint Secretary/Deputy Secretary level officer of the other department as
Member of the Committee.
The Chairman presides over all meetings of Governing Body (GB) and has the overall powers of
supervision, direction, and control over all affairs of the Mission and the functioning of the office bearers; he
may invite experts other than the members of the Governing Body to the meetings of the GB as for
specialized inputs and expertise. All executive and financial power of the mission is vested on the Member
Secretary who is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of activities as per the mission
policies. He/she is the overall charge of the funds of the Mission and operates the Mission’s accounts in the
Banks.
The Governing Body is responsible for overall policy guidance & co-ordination of programmes implemented
by the District WATSAN missions / Zila Parishads;
ensures co-ordination with various departments, agencies and convergence of different activities
related to water supply & sanitation in rural areas;
approves and sanctions the Annual Plan, Budget and Audited Accounts; makes, alters and amends the
objectives, rules and regulations by laws of the Mission,
constitutes committees from time to time as and when considered necessary for effective execution of
the programmes and schemes and
delegates powers and function to the employee’s committees and the consultants of the missions.
The Executive Body implements the policies/decision of the Government Body, interacts with
GOI/RGNDWM and supports the implementation of various Rural Water Supply and Sanitation schemes
and other related activities as well as programmes funded by external donors like DFID, UNICEF, DANIDA
etc. Other activities of Executive Body are mentioned below;
liaise & co-ordinate with various line departments, State Govt. & other sector partners and ensuring
participation of the SHGs and the communities in different projects,
Identify; mobilize NGO’s to undertake work as per schemes notified by the Department of Rural
Development.
Also includes providing technical assistance, guidance, and training, ensuring establishment and
constitution of Missions in the District Level and Panchayat Level, ensuing opening of separate Bank
account at District Level and Panchayat Level etc.
organise meeting/ Workshop/ Study tours/ Seminars with involvement of all concerned prepare IEC/
Publicity materials for Sanitation and Sector reforms projects
other related activities by adoption of demand driven & participatory approach, service delivery
maximizing empowerment of villagers in decision making on the choice of service levels.
It also monitors and evaluates the implementation of the schemes by the various agencies including
NGO’s.
It is the state nodal agency responsible for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural
areas of the state and implements the drinking water supply and sanitation projects under the National
Rural Drinking Water Plan (NRDWP), Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), State Plan and other external
assistance programs.
It has two missions – Project Management Unit (PMU) and Communication and Capacity Development
(CCDU).
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STATE PHED OFFICE
Principal Secretary
Administrative
Technical
Additional Secretary
Joint Secretary
Dy. Secretary
Assistant Secretary
Engineer in Chief
Figure 3.1: Existing Institutional Structure for Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services in Bihar
ST
AT
E L
EV
EL
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CE Design
CE Urban
CE Mechanical
EE
SE
SE
SE (2)
EE
AE, JE and
other
support staff
EE(5)
DIV
ISIO
NA
L &
SU
B D
IVIS
ION
AL
LE
VE
L
3.1.2 District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) & District Water & Sanitation
Committee (DWSC)
District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM)/District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) is set up at
district level to oversee and coordinate the implementation of NBA and NRDWP. The DWSC is headed by
the Chairman Zila Parishad who is District Development Commissioner and the Superintending Engineer
(SE), BSWSM is the member secretary of the committee.
DWSM/DWSC is the executing agency for successfully implementing & providing safe drinking water to
rural population through different water supply programme i.e. hand pumps, tube wells and executing rural
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piped water supply scheme with the help of district administration. At the district level, the activities related
to water supply are looked after by the Executive Engineer and at sub divisional level by the Assistant
Engineer & Junior Engineer. Similarly sanitation activities come under the NBA, whereas at district level it
is looked after by the District Coordinator.
District Magistrate is the acting head of this institution. The institution convenes meetings in each quarter
for planning, implementing and monitoring programmes related to water & sanitation. The meetings are
attended by Project Director DRDA, District Education Officer, District Health Officer, District Panchayati
Raj Officer, District Social Welfare Officer, and District Information & Public Relations Officer. The functions
of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are as follows:
Formulation, management and monitoring of NRDWP and NBA projects
Scrutiny and approval of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat
Selection of agencies and/ NGOs and enter into agreements for social mobilization, capacity
development, communication, project management and supervision
Sensitizing public representatives, officials and the general public about the NRDWP principles
Engaging institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and
undertaking communication campaign; and
Interactions with SWSM, State Government and the Government of India
During interactions at district level it was observed that constituted DWS Mission & DWS Committee are
continuously reinforcing implementation of the schemes. However, very few schemes have been
transferred to panchayats. Due to non availability of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats is also limited so
far planning, implementation, operation & maintenance of the schemes is concerned. It was also reported
by the DWSC officials that the panchayats that have taken charge of operation and maintenance are not
adequately equipped and they also do not have requisite resources and capabilities to handle O & M of the
schemes. Non availability of VWSCs was found to be a serious gap in project delivery and it was also
mentioned by development partners (UNICEF, BTAST etc).
3.1.3 Block Resource Coordinators (BRC)
As such there is no setup at block level however, Block Resource Coordinators are placed at the block
level on contractual basis called the block coordinator (but he reports to the Assistant Engineer, PHED) and
he ensures the expansion of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and timely completion of projects/ schemes.
However, Block Coordinators are placed only in 413 blocks out of 534 total Blocks. They are responsible
for community mobilization for formation/activation of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC)
and enhanced IEC activities for awareness generation, technical support, and capacity building for Gram
Panchayats (GP) to enable them to fulfil their role in sustainable water supply and sanitation; water quality
monitoring and managerial aspects of operation and maintenance of the water supply systems.
Block Coordinator is responsible for all day to day of the programme. She/He is responsible for process
implementation, provide guidance for preparation of GP plans, collection, & collation of information, monitor
progress of implementation, and verify the construction of IHLs, Schools, and Anganwadis. He provides all
the information collected to the Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer.
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3.1.4 Panchayati Raj Institutions
After the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, Government of Bihar enacted the Panchayati Raj Act 1993
(Replaced by BPR Act, 2006) and three tier system of Panchayat Raj Act 1993 (replaced by BPR ACT
2006) and three-tier structure of local governance with Zila Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram
Panchayat of which Zilla Parishad at the district level and gram panchayat at panchayat level. In Bihar
there are 9 Divisions, 38 Districts, 101 Sub divisions, 534 Blocks and 8,463 Panchayats.The
responsibilities of GP include:
Rendering assistance in the implementation of developmental schemes pertaining to the village;
Identification of beneficiaries for the implementation of developmental schemes pertaining to the
village. Provided that in case the Gram Sabha fails to identify the beneficiaries within a reasonable
time, the Gram Panchayat shall identify the beneficiaries;
Procuring voluntary labour and contributions, in kind or in cash or both, for community welfare
programmes
Providing all assistance in the programmes of mass education and family welfare within the village
Providing all assistance in the programmes of mass education and family welfare within the village;
Promotion of unity and harmony among all sections of society in the village;
Seeking clarifications from the Mukhiya, Up-Mukhiya and members of the Gram Panchayat about any
particular activity, scheme, income and expenditure; and
Discussing and recommending appropriate action with regard to reports of the Vigilance Committee
such other matters as may be prescribed.
As per Bihar Panchayati Raj Act 2006 every gram panchayat will be constituted as a standing committee
and will be lead by a Mukhiya and one member from each territorial constituency. All the members of gram
panchayat are to be selected through direct elections and 50 percent of the posts should be kept reserved
for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes. Further 50 percent of the seats in each
category- general and special caste should be reserved for women. Each gram panchayat has tenure of 5
years during which the mukhiya convenes gram sabhas and presides over its meetings.
As per Bihar Panchayati Raj Act 2006 gram panchayats are responsible for Construction, repair and
maintenance of drinking water wells, tanks, ponds, hand pumps, prevention and control of water pollution,
and maintenance of rural water supply schemes. Similarly panchayat has given responsibility of rural
sanitation like; Cleaning of public roads, drains, tanks, wells and other public places, maintenance and
regulation of burning and burial grounds, construction and maintenance of public latrines, disposal of
unclaimed corpses and carcasses, management and control of washing and bathing ghats and upgradation
of environment and prevention of its degradation.
However, as per information collection from PHED, Bihar (Government Order), panchayat has been given
responsibility of construction and maintenance of public infrastructure like hand pumps but they can only
assist PHED for construction and maintenance of piped water supply schemes (PWS). Thus, devolution of
power for operation and maintenance of PWS is not being handed over to panchayats.
Further each block will have a PANCHAYAT SAMITI having jurisdiction over the entire Block excluding
such portions of the Block as are included in or are under the authority of a Municipality or a Cantonment
Board constituted under any law for the time being in force. The Panchayat Samiti shall have directly
elected members from the Panchayat Samiti’s territorial constituencies, members of Lok Sabha/members
of the Legislative Assembly of the State falling in the Panchayat Samiti area, members of Rajya Sabha and
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members of the State Legislative Council, who are registered as electors within the Panchayat Samiti Area
and all the Mukhiyas of the Gram Panchayats falling within the Panchayat Samiti area.
At district level Zila Parishads will function with jurisdiction of the entire district excluding such portion of the
district as are included in or under the authority of a Municipality or Cantonment Board constituted under
any law for the time being in force. Zila Parishad shall consist of the members directly elected from
territorial constituencies in the district, the Pramukhs of all Panchayat Samitis in the District, members of
the Lok Sabha and the members of the State Legislative Assembly who represent any part which falls
wholly or partly within the district and whose constituency falls within the district, the members of the Rajya
Sabha and the members of the State Legislative Council who are registered as electors within the district
3.1.5 Village Heath, Nutrition & Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs)
No dedicated structure like Village Water & Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) was found in selected
panchayats of Bihar, however, the structure of VHNSCs was found in some of the contacted Panchayats.
VHNSCs were actually created under NRHM mandated to look into health issues moreover, these
empowered committees were found inactive during filed visits. VWSC are chaired by the Sarpanch (the
elected head of the Gram Panchayat).
3.2 Development Partners
These development partners are working in the rural Bihar in areas of livelihood, health issues, capacity
building/skill development, and also providing policy level as well as technical support to PHED.
3.2.1 UNICEF
UNICEF is providing technical support to PHED for providing water and sanitation related services.
UNICEF has placed 3 consultants within the PHED department; one consultant with the water quality cell
and other two with the CCDU cell
UNICEF has prepared manuals to enhance understanding of Arsenic, its impact, and mitigation.
UNICEF has also organised rigorous training for chemists and analysts
UNICEF is assisting Bihar with a range of other issues, including its high rates of child labour, school
dropouts, and low learning levels and illiteracy, particularly among girls, Muslims and scheduled caste
children, who face discrimination in the education system and society in general
3.2.2 DFID-SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar
SWASTH programme has been designed for convergent actions primarily from three service delivery
departments of the Government of Bihar, viz, the Department for Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW),
Social Welfare Department (SWD) and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). DFID-SWASTH is
working closely with the PHED on the issue of water quality in an integrated manner addressing the critical
gaps in the rural water quality management of Bihar. Large scale interventions are ongoing under
SWASTH, to support this Reform Support Unit (RSU) set up within Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission.
The RSU effectively manages, oversees, supports, and monitors the ongoing interventions including
activities undertaken under DFID-SWASTH in water, water quality and sanitation including systems
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strengthening. RSU is currently involved in strengthening the O&M of water treatment facility; operation and
maintenance policy of water supply schemes; piloting water quality interventions with effective delivery
mechanisms and development of evidence based research & IEC for fluoride management.
3.2.3 Mahila Samakhaya
Mahila Samakya is a central Government project aimed at empowering women through education, and was
initiated in 1992. Originally the programme was focused on social development with women’s groups
mobilised around social issues, but it has now also embraced savings and credit. In Bihar, Mahila Samakya
started federating SHGs in 2000, and is currently working in 13 districts through 8039 SHGs and 166075
members.
3.2.4 Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika)
Jeevika, the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Programme (BRLP), started in 2006 as a Government of Bihar and
World Bank programme. BRLP aims to improve rural livelihoods and the social and economic
empowerment of women and the rural poor by organising them into groups, and increasing access to credit
and services. Jeevika supports SHGs taking up social mobilisation activities and addresses health,
nutrition, and water and sanitation issues. The programme is currently ongoing in 8 districts and will be
scaled up across the state under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission. Jeevika has 59105 SHGs and
192000 members.
3.3 Conclusions
During interactions at different levels, it was observed that there is no structured organization / office at
Block / GP level. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach of project delivery as desired in NRDWP
and NBA guideline is not being undertaken. Further this is also delaying the process of
decentralisation. On these lines, we would recommend the establishing and strengthening of
institutional structure at block and village level so that process of decentralisation could be achieved
and community driven approach could be setup.
Further to this it was also seen that DWSM consultants are not placed at DWSC/DWSM level which is
hindering the IEC activities under the project (NRDWP & NBA) thus, it is recommended that DWSMs
are placed for project sustainability.
Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by
the civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and
operation of machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of
coordination was observed among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to
delay in project delivery.
Further, acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior
Engineers, Pipe Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation,
implementation, monitoring and repair of schemes. While interaction with the junior level staff, the
capability gap was also observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with
the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature.
Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted.
Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,
operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats as
they are not adequately equipped and do not have requisite resources, they are not been able to
handle O & M of the schemes.
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4.1 Role of different Stakeholders in Service delivery
The proposed social assessment study has a mandate of identifying the stakeholders in water supply in the
rural areas who could impact implementation of water supply project so that Fully Covered (FC) status
could be achieved. This section presents the stakeholder analysis – identifying stakeholders at different
levels, mapping key expectations and issues and concerns thereof. This section has been prepared after
detailed consultations with various stakeholders, diverse inputs received from them and observations of the
study team. The table below presents the key stakeholders with their direct/ indirect roles and the activities
performed by them.
Table 4.1: Stakeholders involved in Rural Water Supply Scheme
Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
State level
Public Health Engineering Department
Direct It is the state nodal agency responsible for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural areas of the state and implements the drinking water supply and sanitation projects under the National Rural Drinking Water Plan (NRDWP), Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), State Plan and other external assistance programs
Technically competent group which can do effectively if they work through community participation by putting a mechanism of getting community response on all their activities.
Less staffed
Lacks soft skills
Struggling with water related issues
Depletion of ground water level due to low rainfall/flood zone remains under water
Deterioration of water quality due to water depletion, bacterial contamination due to population pressure and open defecation
Ensuring expansion of the organization and timely completion of projects
Should consider users as customers
Have to come out of the thought process of being providers
Building of soft skills so that they could implement participatory development models
Requires orientation on Public Health issues
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism at local level no support on community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
State Water and Sanitation Mission
Direct Bihar State Water & Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) is nodal agency for implementation of total Sanitation Campaign & Swajaldhara in the
Struggling with following issues
Communities’ lack of sense of hygiene due to illiteracy, lack
Requires customised communication strategy for behaviour change as most of the population is
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism at local level, there is
4. Stakeholder Analysis
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
state of Bihar. It has two missions – Project Management Unit (PMU) and Communication and Capacity Development (CCDU).
Technically competent group for project delivery
Implementation of M&E system
Undertakes IEC and capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance
of awareness, inadequate capacity building at the grass root level and lack of convergence
Lack of co-ordination with related departments like health, education social welfare.
Absence of front line workers at village level
illiterate
Establishment of coordination with related departments like health, education social welfare.
Appointment of VWSCs and training of its members on different aspects
no support for community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
They may have to pay more for providing services to poor
UNICEF Direct Technically competent body- has huge potential of providing technical support
No issues Is involved at the policy level, therefore assists the PHED which in turn works with the grass root level organizations.
May face problem of poor coordination
DFID-SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar
Direct Works on convergent actions primarily from three service delivery departments of the Government of Bihar, the Department for Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW), Social Welfare Department (SWD), and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). Therefore having close working relationship with three main departments working on issues of health, hygiene and social welfare
Technically competent body thus helping PHED on the issue of water quality in an integrated manner addressing
Though a lot of effort has been put on convergence at State & District level but the same process does not trickle down at block & village level- for example resource persons such as Anganwadi workers, ANM and Asha didi does not work in a converged manner
Work closely and provide continuous support for strengthening the O&M of water treatment facility, water quality management, IEC etc.
Should help in establishing coordination with related departments like health, education social welfare.
May face problem of poor coordination
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
the critical gaps in the rural water quality management of Bihar
Development Partners – Mahila Samakhaya
Indirect Working in rural Bihar in the areas of livelihood, health issues, capacity building/ skill development
They have huge potential as they are already working at the grass root level and have community support with 8039 SHGs and 166075 members who could be involved for better governance at community level
The organization has a limited coverage for their interventions.
They can be utilized to reach communities, thereby motivating and generating awareness amongst the rural community regarding the rural water supply schemes
They can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the villages by spreading their geographical coverage
Can be involved for any kind of campaign for awareness generation
May face problem of poor coordination
Development Partners – Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika)
Indirect They have huge potential as they are already working at the grass root in 8 districts level and have community support with 59105 SHGs and 192000 members who could be involved for better governance at community level
Their community mobilisation models and activity tracking systems are holistic
The organizations have a limited role in current context
They can be utilized to reach communities, thereby motivating and generating awareness amongst the rural community regarding the rural water supply schemes
They can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the villages by spreading their geographical coverage
Can be involved for any kind of campaign for awareness generation
May face problem of poor coordination
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
District level
District Water & Sanitation Mission & Public Health Engineering Department
Direct District level agency for implementation of total Sanitation Campaign & Swajaldhara
Technically competent group can be effective if they work in community participation by putting a mechanism of getting community response on their activities.
Less staffed
Lacks soft skills
Lack of technical resource persons with expertise in social mobilization, IEC/ HRD activities as well as sanitation, health and hygiene experts to strengthen rural water supply scheme
Lack of efforts to motivate community participation, primarily all the planning of implementation of activities is done by the Junior Engineer and Block Coordination, therefore there is no strong mechanism of getting community response on their activities
Ensuring expansion of the organization and timely completion of projects
Should consider users as customers
Have to come out of the aura of providers
Building of soft skills so that they could implement participatory development models
Requires orientation on Public Health issues
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism, local level does not support community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
Contractors Direct Helping the Department in scheme implementation
Securing steady business revenues at least costs
Less experienced contractors for specialized work of the drinking water supply sector
Potential to inflate the projects costs.
Potential to keep community annoyed by providing poor quality services
They need to be monitored closely so that they deliver better quality output- regulatory control with feedback loop of beneficiaries to be put in place
They may lose business
Low Profit margins due to close monitoring by the department and community, hence no interest at low margins
NGOs Indire Non government They have huge NGOs could be No negative
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
ct bodies are engaged in water and sanitation related activities
Know the participatory development models but currently not using them in rural services delivery.
potential as they are close to the community.
They can be utilized to reach communities, thereby supporting W&S program
Can be used for any kind of campaign for connecting households to the main sewers.
appointed for communication and outreach activities of sector program
They can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the ward
They should be used for social monitoring of sector program like city sanitation committee
They can also be involved for providing water supply and sanitation services like Rural Sanitary Marts and Production centers
impact
Block level
Block Resource Centre (BRC)
Direct They have huge potential if they are properly staffed and oriented towards service delivery
These are grass root level institution involved in effective implementation of all activities related to Water and Sanitation and are directly connected with the Gram Panchayats, Village Water and Sanitation Committees. However these are non functional due to inadequate availability of manpower
Ensuring expansion of the organization and timely completion of projects
Have to come out of the notion of providers
Building of soft skills so that they could implement participatory development models
Requires orientation on Public Health issues
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism, local level does not support community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
Gram Panchayat level
Panchayati Raj Institutions
Direct They are elected members of community and they are mostly believed by the community.
Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a
They should be involved in motivating community for taking part in water
Non capability to handle finance and may land up in trouble
Contributions may
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
It is also observed that they enjoy respect of their community in most of the contacted panchayats
Very close to the community
They are basically first point of contact of community thus, have potential in community mobilisation for operation and maintenance of W&S services including delivery of piped water supply and solid waste management.
Expect good quality water
Expect regular water supply
Timely delivery of funds
member of the dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit
They are not actively involved in a dialogue with the community on tariff for maintenance of water supply systems
There is a dearth of funds, functionaries and infrastructure facilities for PRI as a result of which the actual designated duties and functions as per the Bihar Panchayati Raj Act are not being performed by the local bodies. Presently, they are not actually engaged in implementation of development programs and schemes but their role in governance is at a nascent stage
and sanitation management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.
Should be trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.
They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and support in management.
not be deposited by the villagers
VWSCs may become more empowered than PRI, hence PRIs may not co-operate
May lose community land
Women Direct Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly women as they are primary users, providers and managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related issues
Interested in safe drinking water and
They are not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation They are mostly illiterates and also not empowered
Women are not the empowered section of the
Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced
Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
Higher tariffs
May come across social issues due to in migrant labors
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
proper sanitation however, not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation
Expects Good quality water for domestic purposes and also for cattle purposes as well.
Expects regular water supply with appropriate timings and reasonable durations.
Adequate number of stand posts as per the requirement of villagers
society in rural area
Women do not have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings.
For taking any decision they are dependent on the male members of the family.
Women are mostly illiterate and are not aware about any development programs or initiatives
Women collect the water for all domestic use from the hand pumps either installed at their houses or from the public hand pumps.
In the model of Mahila Samakhya similar groups developed at village level for active participation in W&S related issues
They can also be involved for O&M of W&S programmes
Community including SC/OBC/EBC
Direct Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the society who are generally not able to afford the services and are facing serious problems due to unhygienic and unhealthy condition
Interested in safe drinking water and proper sanitation however, not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation
Expects good quality water for domestic
They are not aware of issues related to unsafe water and improper sanitation
Are not the empowered section of the society in rural area
They do not have much say in community meetings.
They are mostly illiterate and are not aware about any development programs or initiatives
Pro poor policy is to be taken up
Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active participation in W&S related issues
In the model of Jeevika, similar socially backward and marginalised groups could be developed (this also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
Higher tariffs
May come across social issues due to in migrant labors
May lose community land
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
purposes and also for livestock as well.
Expects regular water supply with appropriate timings and reasonable durations.
Adequate number of stand posts in villages
They expect special consideration for their requirements and needs while program planning
participation in W&S related issues
They can also be involved for O&M of W&S programmes
Anganwadi Centres (AWCs)
Direct Are the basis institutes of health care system and work under the Integrated Child Development Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition. It provides basic health care in villages include counselling to pregnant & lactating mothers, adolescent girls and supply, nutrition education and supplementation, as well as pre-school activities. The centres are also used as depots for oral rehydration salts, basic medicines and contraceptives.
They are also point of contact of community thus, have potential in community mobilisation for operation and maintenance of W&S services including delivery of piped water supply and solid waste management.
There are various issues in functioning of AWCs, primarily these do not have their own buildings – are run in rented buildings or at a public place with no water and sanitation facility
As these are the basic centres of health care and hygiene, no proper resources are provided to them
The children attending the Anganwadi either has to go home for urination/ defecation or have to sit in the open as very less Anganwadis have toilet facility within their premises. Similar is the case with water facility, the water for drinking & hand washing is
They should be involved in motivating community towards safe water and sanitation services through students
Should be involved in VWSCs as members and then trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
stored for the children in the bucket – which is collected from the nearby hand pump. Therefore the children though taught about hygiene are not so keen in practising it.
Schools Direct Schools and teachers are respected among the community. This is a place where children spend most of their time and learn various important things under the supervision and direction of teachers.
They are also point of contact of community thus, have potential in community mobilisation for operation and maintenance of W&S services including delivery of piped water supply and solid waste management.
Due to the non availability of running water supply in the school toilets, the students leave them dirty which cannot be used by other students. In addition to it there is no full time sweeper available in the school for cleaning toilets regularly therefore the school administration has to avail services on contractual/ day to day basis of either sweeper, helper etc for getting the toilets cleaned. Same is the case with teachers, it is not always possible for them to take a bucket of water while going for toilet therefore they prefer to use either the nearby panchayat ghar or go home. Also in most of the schools
They should be involved in motivating community towards safe water and sanitation services through students
Should be involved in VWSCs as members and then trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.
They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and support in management.
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
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Key Stakeholders
Role – Direct/ Indirect
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
there is no separate toilet for teachers and they have to use the toilets meant for the students which is mostly very filthy
Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees
(VHNSC)
Indirect Is not an empowered committee for ensuring delivery of services related to water
However, if they are organised they can as well be entrusted the responsibility of looking at water & sanitation issues
In most of the places it is not formed or if formed is non-functional or inactive
The members have been provided with several trainings on sanitation related issues but these are limited to themselves, proper dissemination of information from their end to the community members not there
Primarily inactive institution and requires regular capacity building and awareness generation.
The intended benefit from these capacity building and awareness generation programme does not reach the community therefore more focused approach required
As they do not have mandate to look after water facilities thus, they may not turned up as envisaged
Conflicts may arise on distribution and use of water
VHNSCs can be hijacked by politically influenced groups
VHNSCs may become another bureaucratic setup for the villagers
VHNSCs may overlook PRI and may land in trouble
Source: MM Study
4.2 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation in Bihar
4.2.1 Key strengths
High design standards and reasonable construction quality.
Have support of organizations like UNICEF, JEEVIKA and Mahila Samakhya
Formation of Water & Sanitation Missions being carried up – at state and district levels – to adopt
demand driven approach in the sector
4.2.2 Key weaknesses
The current institutional structure of the BSWSM does not fully subscribe to the principles of the
demand driven approach that the state is contemplating to scale up.
Top down approach of service delivery as there is no structured organization / office at Block / GP
level. Further this is also delaying the process of decentralisation. Devolution of powers to Zilla
Parishad and Panchayat has not happened as desired. Common facilities are under control of PHED
only.
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Further to this, it was also seen that DWSM consultants are not placed at DWSC/DWSM level which is
hindering the soft component / IEC activities under the project (NRDWP & NBA)
Lack of coordination between the mechanical and civil wings at district and sub-divisional level; this
generally end up resulting delay in project delivery.
VWSCs are not formed thus, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,
operation & maintenance of the schemes.
Presently the state is mostly covered by hand pumps (96.43%) and very less number of completed
schemes is available (2.35%)
Currently under the World Bank program, the state is planning an extensive network of rural water
supply infrastructure mostly piped water scheme. However, availability of electricity remains a concern.
The Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees formed under NRHM do not have the mandate
of looking at issues related to water thus, are not in a position to take up the responsibility of O&M
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5.1 Socio Cultural & Economic
The social life in Bihar heavily gravitates around the villages as only 11.2 percent of total population resides
in urban areas. Vast majority of them is still illiterate (63.82 percent are literate as per census 2011). The
study on social assessment was conducted with an objective to examine and analyze the dynamics and
mechanism of community with diverse socio-economic indicators. MM team interacted with community
members, representatives of Gram Panchayat and Panchayat Samiti to carve out the diversity and caste
dynamics in the state
Even as people of Bihar are excessively dependent on agriculture as compared to other states, agriculture
is not in a good shape. Over the years there has been stagnation in the agricultural sector. Agricultural
productivity in Bihar is one of the lowest in the country, as is the income generated from agriculture. In a
rural income dominated economy, sufficient agricultural growth can reduce poverty. However, in the case
of Bihar, low agricultural growth has come in the way of poverty reduction. Despite huge potential, the
agricultural growth rate has remained sluggish due to low productivity, lack of infrastructure, poor linkages
between farms and markets as well as institutional constraints. Environmental factors like floods and
drought also cause fluctuations in agricultural outputs in Bihar. Consequently, allied sectors are also
afflicted with wide gaps in productivity and low realization of potential.
Land still remains the measure of family’s prestige and social standing in rural areas. However, distribution
of operational landholdings is extremely skewed as majority of the population of rural households has less
than 0.001 hectare to cultivate followed by marginal holdings, the reason being that the land has been
divided amongst the sons of the households. According to the 2011 census, the population of the state of
Bihar 103,804,637 persons, consisting of 52.2 percentage males and 47.8 percentage females. The
average population of a district of the state is 2,731,701. The state has recorded 25.07 percent decadal
population growth with a range from 18.83 to 30.65 for Gopalganj and Madhepura respectively.
The population of Hindus in Bihar is about 83 percent, whereas the Muslim population is to 17 percent. The
rest comprise 0.06 percent Christians, 0.02 percent Sikhs, 0.02 percent Buddhists, 0.02 percent Jains,
while 0.05 percent belong to other religions about 0.06 percent did not state their religion (Source: Bihar at
Glance 2009). The state has about 15.7 percent of Scheduled Caste (SC) population and 0.9 percent
Schedule Tribe (ST) population (as per 2001 census).
The 29 notified Scheduled Castes in Bihar are Bantar, Bauri, Bhangi, Bhogta, Bhuiya,Bhumji, Chamar,
Mochi, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dasadh, Dhangad, Dharhi, Dhobi, Dom, Ghasi, Halalkhor, Hari, Kanjar, Kurariar,
Lalbegi, Mehtar, Musahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi, Rajwar, Sawasi and Turi. Vast majority of them are landless and
poor. Their living conditions are pathetic. However, in recent years, there has been growing consciousness
among them of their rights and entitlements.
The Government of Bihar has formed the State Mahadalit Mission for the development of the most
deprived amongst the Scheduled castes. The Commission observed that out of the 22 scheduled castes in
Bihar, 20 are acutely deprived in terms of educational, economic, socio-cultural and political status. The
Commission identified these 20 castes (Bantar, Bauri, Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dasadh,
Dhangad, Hari/Dom/Mehtar, Dhobi, Ghasi, Halalkhor Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Musahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi,
5. Diversity in Bihar
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Rajwar, Sawasi and Turi) primarily on the basis of their literacy rate. The literacy rate of Mahadalits is 16.7
percent against 28.5 percent of scheduled castes in Bihar (Source: Mahadalit Mission Document).
The dominant group of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) is the Yadavs, Koeris, and Kurmis. There has
been an improvement in their socioeconomic indicators because of affirmative action and political
ascendancy, and the political power is also in their hands in most cases. At the same time, many OBC
communities remain both economically and socially deprived. Although the OBCs do not suffer social
disabilities as the Dalits do, they seem to have been enjoying lower socio-economic status compared to the
upper castes. Though upper or forward-caste Hindus Brahmins, Bhumihars, Rajputs, and Kayasthas are
also present but in limited numbers.
As per 2011 Census, the literacy rate of the state is 63.82 percent. Out of which male literates are 73.4
percent and female literates are 53.3 percent. Further the urban literacy rate stands at 78.75 percent (Male
84.42 percent and Female 72.36 percent) as compared to compared to rural literacy rate of 61.83 percent
(Male 71.9 percent and Female 50.82 percent).
Table 5.1: Bihar: Demographic Indicators
Particulars Bihar India
Total population (Census 2011) (in millions)
103.8 1210.19
Decadal growth rate (Census 2011) (%) 25.1 17.64
Crude Birth Rate (AHS 2010-11*) 28.9 22.17
Crude Death Rate (AHS 2010-11) 7.3 8.04
Natural Growth Rate (AHS 2010-11) 19.5 17.64 ( 2011 census data)
Infant Mortality Rate (AHS 2010-11) 52 44
Female Sex Ratio (Census 2011) (per 1000 males)
916 940
Schedule Caste population (‘000) (2001 Census)
13049
Literacy rate (Census 2011) (%) 63.82 74.04
Source: * Annual Health Survey 2010-11 and Census of India 2001 and 2011.
Bihar has around 49.6 million women and 54.2 million men. While the sex ratio of the state declined from
919 (Census of India, 2001) to 916 (Census of India, 2011), child sex ratio in the same period declined
steeply from 942 to 933. The age of marriage is increasing and the fertility rate is declining – both of which
are positive developments. However, high level of illiteracy coupled with a high maternal mortality rate –
both indicators of low human development of women – is a cause of alarming concern.
In brief, the society in Bihar reflects a great deal of diversity. Seen through the lens of social and economic
development, the society is divided along several axes. There exist huge socio-economic disparities among
different segments of the population, especially among different social groups. Women participation is
negligible in Gram Sabha, even if they are persuaded to participative they do not voice their issues and
demands.
Social structure of the blocks is fractured along caste lines. Relative positions in the caste hierarchy
determine social relationships, behavioral patterns, and cultural norms. Socio-economic structure revolves
around land ownership. Land reforms in Bihar have had limited impact and land distribution is skewed in
favour of few. Owners of large holdings belong to upper castes with some OBCs. The lower castes are
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small land owners or landless labourers. Although the lower castes form numerical majority in any village,
they reside outside the main village in tolas i.e. settlement clusters or hamlets.
Economic and social inequalities are interlinked. The power structure is concentrated in the hands of the
dominant castes, with people in politics or power. They dominate the activities of the village as well as their
own community. These people control the flow of resources and technology coming from outside, and take
all the benefits meant for the weaker sections. The phenomenon of the dominant caste and dominant
personalities among all castes is a common feature to all villages in this region.
About 80 per cent of workers are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. About two-fifths of workers are
cultivators and another two-fifths agricultural labourers (Census 2001). About 90 per cent of rural labourers
are agricultural labourers (Census 2001). However, the primary survey data is 92 percent for labourers.
Comparing the per capita income of the state, a substantial difference could be noted from India (INR
25661) and Bihar (INR 9586) for the year 2008-09. The above mentioned income is as a result of increase
i.e 17.37 percent from 2006-07 to 2008-09, which is 13.64 percent increase for India.
Table 5.2: Income Details in per capita
Per Capita Income
At Constant Price in INR (Base Year 1999-2000)
At Current Price in INR
2006-07 2007-08 (Provisional)
2008-09 (quick)
2006-07 2007-08 (Provisional)
2008-09 (quick)
Per Capita Income, Bihar
8167 8703 9586 9817 11135 12643
Per Capita Income, India
22580 24295 25661 29524 33283 38084
Source: Bihar at Glance 2009
Poverty is acute in the sampled panchayats, as high as 83.2 percent of the respondents were found living
in non pucca houses (of which 51.1 percent were having semi pucca houses), about 78.3 percent earn
their livelihood by working as agricultural labourer. Further about 85 percent of the contacted households
do not have separate kitchen, about 67 percent of the households covered have monthly income below
INR 5000/-. The situation further bad in case of marginalized community like mahadalits. Similarly the
monthly expenditure of most of the respondents (79%) is within INR 5000/-.
5.2 Rural Governance
In Bihar, strong footholds of caste and patriarchy are everyday realities in women’s lives. These two
institutions define and govern a woman’s status, her work, and agency. Yet, there are slow and steady
changes in the policy. Women’s reservation in the Panchayat is an important milestone in this regard but it
will take decades to get fruitful outcome. The ground reality is that though the women is elected as a
Mukhiya but all the operation and management is in the hands of her husband also called as “Mukhiya
Pati” which clearly demonstrates that women are still not empowered and do not have a say in decision
making.
The role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in governance, planning and monitoring of development
programs/schemes is crucial. But, ironically, there is a dearth of funds, functionaries and infrastructure
facilities for PRIs as a result of which the actual designated duties and functions as per the Bihar
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Panchayati Raj Act are not being performed by the local bodies. Presently, they are largely engaged in
implementation of development programs and schemes but their role in governance is at a nascent stage,
therefore they require capacity building support in this regard.
For taking all important decisions relating to any panchayats, a Gram Sabha is held. Gram Sabha is a body
consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of
Panchayat at the village level. As the Gram Sabha prepares plans and budgets and audits reports, one
may argue that it has effective control over the Gram Panchayat, but not necessarily in reality. The legal
position is different. The Gram Sabha makes recommendations and suggestions, and the Gram Panchayat
gives due consideration to its recommendations and suggestions. There is no legal obligation on the Gram
Panchayat to accept the recommendations and suggestions of Gram Sabha. This has created the problem
of Mukhiya Raj instead of Gram Swaraj. This has made the Gram Sabha meaningless.
In the surveyed villages, a number of people had not even heard the name of Gram Sabha, so participation
is a distant goal. They usually call it Aam Sabha. Panchayat members and Block officials state that Gram
Sabhas are held regularly (26th January, 1
st May, 15
th August, 2
nd October – these are the dates wherein
Gram Sabha is held, apart from these it held on need basis) in these villages but villagers do not
participate. Villagers claim non-participation because their plans and demands are not considered, and
everything is decided by the Mukhiya, officials and dominant personality of major castes and communities.
5.3 Available water Resources
Earlier the rural community in Bihar was
majorly dependant on the wells of their water
needs. Currently it has shifted and people
largely depend on the hand pumps also called
as “Chapakal” in rural Bihar. In spite of ample
water resources because of high dependence
on groundwater for drinking as well as irrigation
purpose (85 percent) the per capita water
availability is declining day by day. Reports of
water portal suggest that the gross per capita
water availability in Bihar may decline from
1,950 m3/yr in 2001 to 1,170 m3/yr in 2050;
reason being decline in surface water coverage
of rivers, shifting of rivers, huge sedimentation
in river beds thus, reducing porosity of water
and ground recharge (Source: Water portal:
Paper of Mr Ghosh, A.N.Collage). Due to over extraction of ground water, absence of water harvesting,
awareness & technology, poor sewage and drainage facilities there is alarming rise of water pollution.
Thus, water is no longer potable. There are also high levels of Arsenic, Fluoride and Iron in groundwater in
some districts which is an area of concern.
Similar to other natural resources, water (both ground water and surface water) is also in abundant in
Bihar. The state received considerable rainfall i.e. 1271.9 mm and the average number of rainy days/year
i.e. 52.5. The Zone-II North East Alluvial Plains receives the highest rainfall ranging between 1200-1700
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mm, the Zone-I North West Alluvial Plains receives rainfall between 1040-1450 mm, and the Zone-III,
South Bihar Alluvial Plains receives the lowest rainfall ranging between 990-1240 mm.
Further the state receives considerable water supply from the rivers which flow within the state territory, of
which Ganga is the main river joined by tributaries with their sources in the Himalayas. The tributaries are
Saryu (Ghaghra), Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan and Mahananda. Apart from above, there
are few other rivers namely Sone, Uttari Koyal, Punpun, Panchane and Karmnasha which start from the
adjoining plateaus and meet in Ganges or its associate rivers after flowing towards north. The above
mentioned network of rivers makes the water available for irrigation purposes and may help in generating
the hydro-thermal energy for the state (Source: Statistics of water published by Central Water Commission
in 2010).
Table 5.3: Water Availability in Details
Type of water Details
Surface water The surface water resource in the state includes 69000 ha of ponds and tanks, 9000 ha of oxbow lakes, 7200 ha of reservoirs, 3200 km of rivers and 1 lakh ha of riverine and other flood plains.
Groundwater The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state is estimated to be 29.19 BCM. The net annual ground water availability is 27.42 BCM. The annual ground water draft is estimated to be 10.77 BCM making the stage of ground water development 39%. None of the administrative divisions (called blocks) in the state are classified as Over Exploited, Critical or Semi critical with respect to the groundwater status. The stage of groundwater development exceeds 50% in Nalanda, Jehanabad, Begusarai, Siwan, Saran and Patna.
Water quality Groundwater quality in parts of the state is affected by high Fluoride (4157 habitations), Iron (18673 habitations) and Arsenic (1590 habitations).
Contaminant Affected Districts
Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l)
Aurangabad, Banka, Buxar, Bhabua(Kaimur), Jamui, Munger, Nawada, Rohtas, Supaul
Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabua (Kaimur), East Champaran, Gopalganj, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Madhepura, Muzafferpur, Nawada, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Siwan, Supaul, West Champaran
Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Aurangabad, Banka, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Bhabua, Patna, Rohtas, Saran, Siwan
Arsenic (>0.05 mg/l)
Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Munger, Patna, Purnea, Samastipur, Saran, Vaishali
Source: Statistics of water published by Central Water Commission in 2010
5.4 Rural Drinking Water
Status
As per NRDWP norms, the habitations are
categorized into three different categories
basically as per lpcd;
Fully Covered (FC)- Habitations
getting 40 lpcd water supply for all its
population is termed as FC
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Partially Covered (PC)- Habitations which are getting a supply of 1 to 39 lpcd
Quality Affected (QA)- Habitations with no safe source, ex. Fluoride and A Arsenic affected.
Assessment of the data collected from DDWS website, it could be inferred that about 82 percent of the
habitations in Bihar and 85 percent of the rural population is fully covered so far water availability is
concerned. Further about 7 percent of the habitations are partially covered. Another 12 percent of the
habitations which has only 7 percent of the total rural population has water quality affected (Fig. 5.1 & 5.2).
Figure 5.1: Distribution of Habitations by Water Availability
Figure 5.2: Distribution of Population by Water Availability
Source: Data collected from DDWS, Feb. 2013
Table 5.4: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply
S. No.
District
Total Fully Covered Partially Covered Quality Affected
Habitation
Population
in lakhs
Habitation
Population in lakhs
Habitation
Population in lakhs
Habitation
Population in lakhs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Araria 2350 25.62 1227 17.34 0 0 1123 8.28
2 Arwal 569 7.11 516 6.29 53 0.82 0 0
3 Aurangabad 3077 22.63 2947 21.7 126 0.9 4 0.03
4 Banka 3069 18.62 1253 10 0 0 1816 8.62
5 Begusarai 3091 30.85 1758 24.26 0 0 1333 6.58
6 Bhagalpur 2807 23.56 2491 20.62 22 0.28 294 2.65
7
Bhojpur(Aara) 1282 22.27 1242 21.93 40 0.34 0 0
8 Buxar 2542 15.42 2351 14.23 52 0.49 139 0.7
9 Darbhanga 3120 37.84 2606 32.91 511 4.92 3 0.01
10 Gaya 5715 40.07 5197 35.85 465 3.67 53 0.55
11.7
6.7
81.6
QualityAffectedPartiallyCoveredFullyCovered
7.0
8.3
84.6
QualityAffected
PartiallyCovered
FullyCovered
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S. No.
District
Total Fully Covered Partially Covered Quality Affected
Habitation
Population
in lakhs
Habitation
Population in lakhs
Habitation
Population in lakhs
Habitation
Population in lakhs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
11 Gopalganj 6025 21.49 5648 18.88 377 2.61 0 0
12 Jamui 3373 15.51 3207 14.73 1 0 165 0.77
13 Jehanabad 1198 9.81 1148 9.18 50 0.63 0 0
14
Kaimur (Bhabua) 3087 15.1 3033 14.46 48 0.61 6 0.03
15 Katihar 1838 25.66 1727 24.35 2 0.06 109 1.25
16 Khagaria 1031 13.46 978 12.74 0 0 53 0.72
17 Kishanganj 3084 12.92 2463 11.37 0 0 621 1.55
18 Lakhisarai 1532 7.68 894 5.28 499 1.95 139 0.45
19 Madhepura 2494 21.07 1710 17.75 0 0 784 3.32
20 Madhubani 2644 42.03 2248 36.91 396 5.12 0 0
21 Munger 1601 9.58 1032 5.43 0 0 569 4.16
22 Muzaffarpur 2868 35.79 2804 35.08 64 0.71 0 0
23 Nalanda 2519 23.74 2051 19.7 338 3.11 130 0.93
24 Nawada 2242 19.97 2083 18.38 158 1.6 1 0
25
Pashchim Champaran 4428 34.01 4219 31.78 209 2.24 0 0
26 Patna 2554 33.76 1869 27.6 641 5.73 44 0.43
27
Purba Champaran (Motihari) 4285 45.59 2950 28.92 1335 16.67 0 0
28 Purnia 4768 30.03 3741 25.36 0 0 1027 4.67
29 Rohtas 1568 24.21 1384 21.74 122 1.42 62 1.04
30 Saharsa 2895 17.1 1251 10.49 0 0 1644 6.61
31 Samastipur 3971 39.92 3840 39.3 1 0.01 130 0.61
32 Saran 4765 35.76 4447 32.3 310 3.36 8 0.09
33 Sheikhpura 316 5.31 214 4.13 0 0 102 1.18
34 Sheohar 438 6.42 332 4.11 106 2.31 0 0
35 Sitamarhi 1926 33.8 1729 29.75 197 4.05 0 0
36 Siwan 5558 30.33 5055 25.13 503 5.2 0 0
37 Supaul 3940 19.46 1762 11.68 0 0 2178 7.78
38 Vaishali 3072 30.68 2454 23.71 581 6.54 37 0.43
Total 107642 904.18 87861 765.37 7207 75.35 12574 63.44
Source DDWS
It is reported that out of total 107,642 habitations in Bihar 21.9 percent are dominated by SC followed by 20
percent minority and about 2 percent ST. Further about 27 percent are left wing extremist effected
habitation. As per policy of Government of Bihar most of the fully covered habitations are more in above
mentioned marginalized habitations.
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Table 5.5: Status of Rural Habitation with Respect to Drinking Water Supply (BY Caste)
Type of Habitations
Total Fully Covered
Partially Covered due to Slipped Back
Percentage of fully covered (%)
Percentage of partially covered (%)
Total 107,642 87,394 20, 248 81.19 18.81
SC 23,520 21,987 1,533 93.48 6.52
ST 1,952 1,885 67 96.57 3.43
Minority 21,514 20,318 1196 94.44 5.56
LWE 28,784 27,604 1,180 95.9 4.1 Source PHED Bihar
Table below reveals that only 3.57 percent of the habitations are covered by piped water supply schemes
of which 2.35 percent of the schemes are completed and remaining 1.22 percent is ongoing. Further 96.43
percent of the habitations are covered by hand pumps.
Table 5.6: Proportion of Rural Habitations Covered with Type of Water Supply Schemes in Bihar
S. No.
District Total Number of Habitations
Percent habitations covered with Piped Water Scheme
Percent habitations covered with Hand pumps
Completed On going
1 Araria 2350 1.66 1.45 96.89
2 Arwal 569 4.39 1.23 94.38
3 Aurangabad 3077 0.06 0.06 99.87
4 Banka 3069 6.19 14.47 79.34
5 Begusarai 3091 5.31 0.97 93.72
6 Bhagalpur 2807 1.46 8.8 89.74
7 Bhojpur(aara) 1282 7.1 1.87 91.03
8 Buxar 2542 2.87 0.2 96.93
9 Darbhanga 3120 0.9 0.83 98.27
10 Gaya 5715 3.5 0.12 96.38
11 Gopalganj 6025 0.15 0 99.85
12 Jamui 3373 4.71 0.09 95.20
13 Jehanabad 1198 12.85 0.92 86.23
14 Kaimur (Bhabua) 3087 0.68 0.13 99.19
15 Katihar 1838 1.9 0.22 97.88
16 Khagaria 1031 2.81 1.26 95.93
17 Kishanganj 3084 3.27 0.52 96.21
18 Lakhisarai 1532 0.52 1.37 98.11
19 Madhepura 2494 2.09 1.56 96.35
20 Madhubani 2644 2.61 2.12 95.27
21 Munger 1601 3.06 0.56 96.38
22 Muzaffarpur 2868 2.58 0.03 97.38
23 Nalanda 2519 4.17 0.87 94.96
24 Nawada 2242 3.17 0.0 96.83
25 Pashchim Champaran 4428 1.65 0.5 97.85
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S. No.
District Total Number of Habitations
Percent habitations covered with Piped Water Scheme
Percent habitations covered with Hand pumps
Completed On going
26 Patna 2554 4.74 1.41 93.85
27 Purba Champaran (Motihari) 4285 2.26 1.31 96.43
28 Purnia 4768 1.47 0.38 98.15
29 Rohtas 1568 0.96 0.32 98.72
30 Saharsa 2895 1.83 0.86 97.31
31 Samastipur 3971 1.31 1.06 97.63
32 Saran 4765 0.42 0.29 99.29
33 Sheikhpura 316 2.22 0.32 97.47
34 Sheohar 438 0.91 0.23 98.86
35 Sitamarhi 1926 2.02 0.73 97.25
36 Siwan 5558 0.49 0.07 99.44
37 Supaul 3940 2.28 1.24 96.47
38 Vaishali 3072 2.31 0 97.69
Total (N) and (%) 107642 2.35 1.22 96.43
Source DDWS
During Focus Group Discussion it was reported that about 48 LPCD of drinking water is required for daily
needs. The major issues that were highlighted by the respondents are as mentioned below;
Respondents are not satisfied with the quality of water. Problems of water contamination with Arsenic,
Fluoride and Iron and water being muddy were mentioned.
Due to quality problems in drinking water, villagers reported isolated cases of Typhoid and Diarrhea
and other stomach related problems
Community is not satisfied so far supply duration and pressure of water is concerned, even timing of
water supply was also not acceptable for the respondents.
5.5 Gender related issues in Bihar
Women constitute nearly 48 percent of the population in the state (Table 5.7) of which about 89 percent
reside in rural areas. On the literacy rate, Bihar has the lowest in the country. The literacy rate of women in
the state is further poor at 53.33 per cent as compared to 73.39 per cent literacy among men (provisional
Census 2011 data) ( Table 5.7) .
Table 5.7: Distribution of population by literacy and rural urban in Bihar
Population Total Rural Urban % Total % Rural % Urban
Persons 103,804,637 92,075,028 11,729,609 88.70 11.30
Males 54,185,347 47,983,851 6,201,496 88.56 11.44
Female 49,619,290 44,091,177 5,528,113 88.86 11.14
Literacy
Persons 54,390,254 46,478,818 7,911,436 63.82 61.83 78.75
Males 32,711,975 28,221,885 4,490,090 73.39 71.9 84.42
Female 21,678,279 18,256,933 3,421,346 53.33 50.82 72.36
Source: Census 2011
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Further, Bihar has a human development index of 0.367 which is much lower than the national figure of
0.472. Table 5.8 provides the health indicators from the National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3) that
support the fact that the status of women in the state is bad.
Table 5.8: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar
Particulars % of women with Low BMI % of Anemic Women
India 35.6 55.3
Highest 45.1 69.5
Lowest 11.2 32.8
Bihar 39.3 68.3
Source: Census 2011
The state has a sex ratio of 916 females for every 1,000 men (Census 2011). The state has high maternal
mortality rates. Though these have reduced over the years, but the figures are worrisome. Table 5.9 gives
the data on health indicators for the same.
Table 5.9: Health Indicators for Women in Bihar & India
Heath Indicators India Bihar
Crude Birth Rate 22.5 26.7
Crude Death Rate 7.3 7.2
Infant Mortality Rate 50 52
Still Birth rate 9 1
Neo Natal Mortality Rate 34 35
Child Mortality rate 14.1 14.7
Total Fertility Rate 2.6 3.9
Polio Rate 89% 69.1%
Maternal Maternity Ratio (MMR) 2007-09 212 261 Source: Annual Health Scurvy 2010-11 and SRS 2009
During focus group discussions, it was reported that in general village women do not own any property in
their names and do not get a share of parental property. It was also reported by the BPL women that
though their family had received Indra Awas dwellings but the land is not registered in name of female of
the households. Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to
land and property.
During interactions with women, many cases of physical violence (murder, beating, burning of not just the
panchayat candidates but their families as well), threats, and intimidation of women candidates in the 2006
Panchayat elections were narrated. In some cases Women candidates and their families had to face
violence for standing against male candidates who wanted to remain in power and get elected unopposed.
This above mentioned discussion clearly indicates that gender issues need to be addressed in order to
bring the females at par with their male counterparts in the State.
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During the participatory appraisal and focus group discussions at panchayat level our study team could
interact with the population and while discussing with them on different issues related to water and
sanitation the team could assess that the planned project will have mostly positive. However, a few social
impacts (negative) have also been discussed and as detailed in the following table.
Table 6.1: Anticipated Impact of the Project
Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact
Public Health Engineering Department
They will be more equipped and staffed to overcome issues like
Depletion of ground water level
Deterioration of water quality Convergence of programmes
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism at local level no support on community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
State Water and Sanitation Mission
Attain sustainability in water and sanitation related service delivery
Can develop community beneficial model like pro-poor initiatives of providing safe drinking water to the poor and then collecting charges in instalments
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism at local level, there is no support for community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
They may have to pay more for providing services to poor
CCDU They will be more equipped and staffed to overcome issues like
Awareness on communities’ sense of hygiene
Co-ordination with related Departments like health, education social welfare.
Availability of front line workers at village level
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
Behaviour change communication may not work
It may happen that due to casteism at local level does not support community mobilisation
Political pressure
UNICEF Their role and support to the department may enhance
May face problem of poor coordination
DFID_SWASTH-WATSAN-Bihar
Their role and support to the department may enhance
May face problem of poor coordination
Development Partners – Mahila Samakhaya
Their role and support to the department may enhance
May face problem of poor coordination
Development Partners – Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika)
Their role and support to the department may enhance
May face problem of poor coordination
District level
District Water & Sanitation Mission & Public Health Engineering Department
They will be more equipped and staffed to overcome issues like
Depletion of ground water level
Deterioration of water quality
Convergence of programmes
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism, local level does not support community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
Contractors They may get to equipped with better technical competencies
They may lose business
Low Profit margins due to close
6. Anticipated Impact of the Project
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Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact
Timely initiation of project, less time required for land acquisition thus, profit margins will go high
Timely completion of project, as community will cooperate in the villages
monitoring by the department and community, hence no interest at low margins
NGOs Involvement in public outreach and campaign
Can also be involved in mobilizing women groups within the ward
They can also be involved for providing water supply services like sanitation services of Rural Sanitary Marts and Production centers
No negative impact
Block Resource Centre (BRC)
They will be more equipped and staffed to overcome issues like
Depletion of ground water level
Deterioration of water quality
Convergence of programmes
It may happen that community participation is not achieved as desired
It may happen that due to casteism, local level does not support community mobilisation
Political pressure
Non Convergence of programmes
Panchayati Raj Institutions
Opportunity to get safe drinking water and sanitation services for the community
Involvement in mobilizing fund for implementation, operation and maintenance of services (W&S) related
Opportunity to get Nirmal Gram Puruskar in long run
Scope of capacity building
Better rural governance
Can win support of community
Non capability to handle finance and may land up in trouble
Contributions may not be deposited by the villagers
VWSCs may become more empowered than PRI, hence PRIs may not co-operate
May lose community land
Women They will get quality water for required duration and at a time as required
Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances (which they do even if at the stage of pregnancy)
Less disease burden to household kitty and reduction of water borne disease
Saving due to reduced health expenditure
Increase in household income due to productive use of time
Safe sanitation will help them to ensure dignity of their girl child and themselves
Capacity building and better infrastructure
Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and women empowerment
They will have say in family decision due to improved empowerment
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
Higher tariffs
May come across social issues due to in migrant labors
Community including SC/OBC/EBC
They will get quality water for required duration and at a time as required
Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances
Less disease burden to household kitty and reduction of water borne disease
Saving due to reduced health expenditure
Increase in household income due to
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
Higher tariffs
May come across social issues due to in migrant labors
May lose community land
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Key Stakeholders Positive Impact Negative Impact
productive use of time
Safe sanitation will help them to ensure dignity of their girl child
Capacity building and better infrastructure
Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment
Less migration
Anganwadi Centres (AWCs)
They will get quality water for required duration required and at a time as required
Reduce drudgery of carrying water from long distances
Capacity building and better infrastructure
Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment
Respect in the community
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
Schools They will get quality water for required duration required and at a time as required
Reduces drudgery of carrying water from long distances
Capacity building and better infrastructure
Opportunities for interaction as part of social mobilization and capacity building and empowerment
Respect in the community
Heath hazards due to stagnant water and sewerage
Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committee (VHNSC)
Participation from different social groups of the community, number may increase
Regular meetings
Capacity building in different procedures including book keeping, accounts management, record maintenance etc
Timely and regular meetings
Involvement of community in financial, non financial issues related to operation and maintenance of water and sanitation services
Vibrant involvement of members in community mobilization for operation & maintenance of sanitation systems
Reduction of difference between groups- poor to rich and general to SC/EBC etc
As they do not have mandate to look after water facilities thus, they may not turned up as envisaged
Conflicts may arise on distribution and use of water
VHNSCs can be hijacked by politically influenced groups
VHNSCs may become another bureaucratic setup for the villagers
VHNSCs may overlook PRI and may land in trouble
Source: MM Study
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7.1 Key Risks
Community Support & participation:- The activities of the project may not get community support and
participation due to following reasons
Lack of education and awareness among the community
Socially backward groups are also not well-off economically and thus, they may not be able to pay for
the capital cost
Local level casteism and politics, which may not support community mobilization
Lack of women participation, their lack of economic empowerment, illiteracy, no say in decision making
of the family etc
Equity and inclusion:- The issues related to equity need to be addressed. Currently the villages that are
dominated by socially backward groups have comparatively lesser functional infrastructure (water &
sanitation).They are also economically backward thus cannot afford construction and maintenance of the
infrastructure.
Regular water Supply: The community having piped water supply were not satisfied with the water supply
timings and pressure at which water is supplied. Thus, the community may not like to take the connections
till these issues are resolved.
Irregular Power Supply: Availability of power is a major issue in Bihar which will be a potential risk for
piped water schemes dependant on power supply. Due to erratic power supply, the operation of water
pumps and thereby the supply may get stalled and money invested in the construction will be futile. If the
water supply is not made to the community, they will be forced to use their old water sources; thereby the
health issues will persist mainly in case of villages with water contamination (fluoride and arsenic)
Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs: The operation and maintenance of the schemes may be an
issue if the dedicated structure at grassroot level is not established.
Political influence:- Looking into the importance of VWSCs, it is possible that political and economically
dominating groups would try to control the VWSCs. This can also initiate a conflict between VWSCs and
Gram Panchayat, mainly in the constituencies reserved for socially backward groups.
Delay in project delivery:- There is lack of coordination and capability gaps in the different wings of
PHED , which may lead to the project unable to deliver its objective within its stipulated time.
Contamination of Ground Water:- Leech pit toilets with deep pits (as reported by the households having
toilet) could lead to groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken on urgent basis.
7.2 Possible Mitigation of Identified Risks
The identified risks can be minimised by the following proposed mitigation measures;
Risks Proposed Mitigation measures
Lack of Community Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations is to be organised for
7. Key Risks & Possible Mitigation
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participation conceptualizing the sub projects. Each sub project can have a local level communication office with a grievance redressal officer. The activity of each sub project could be further overseen by a high level coordination committee (at state level.)
Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs
It is important that each VWSC is represented by all the sections of the
society of the village and their members are trained to assist the W&S
service delivery.
Capacity building of VWSC members
Ensuring women participation
One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be
provided mandatory training
The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get
women’s participation
Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools
through their wards and motivated
Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced
Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for
active participation in W&S related issues
In the model of Mahila Samakhya, groups could be developed at village
level for active participation in W&S related issues
Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be
through rural sanitary marts
Establishment of bottom up approach and involvement of PRIs and
community in O&M of W&S programmes
Capacity building of PRIs in O&M
Equity and inclusion Pro poor policy is to be taken
Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.
Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses
measuring up to 200 square feet, built-up area regardless of whether they
live in or outside the village.
Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to
collect only the cost of providing meters (to be fixed by the PRIs
themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;
Fix a lifeline supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6
member household) per month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be
fixed by the PRIs themselves).
Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such
as ration cards and ID cards would be considered sufficient to provide a
connection.
Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to
vulnerable sections such as nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars
etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.
Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the
vulnerable sections for managing free water supply through public kiosks.
Regular water Supply Work out the most feasible way of water supply, appropriate with duration, time, quality, and quantity.
Alternative power supply arrangements are required for restoring regular
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water supply which could be solar based systems.
Irregular Power Supply Policy dialogues to be initiated with the power supply department for ensuring regular power supply.
The tariff for unit rates for community PWS system should be lower than the minimum domestic tariff/unit.
Weak PRIs and non availability of VWSCs
PRIs should be empowered and mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be involved in following activities;
In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation
management for sustainability of service delivery so that financial viability
of the schemes is not affected.
Should be trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and
management of W&S services including domestic waste disposal.
They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for
ensuring piped water connections, timely payment of tariff and
management support.
It is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate
participation and they are also trained for supporting service delivery.
Appropriate and regular IEC will also be equally important.
Strong Political influence Community mobilisation and empowerment so that they are able to identify the requirements related to water, sanitation, health and hygiene and not come under any such influence.
Delay in project delivery Project Management Unit is to establish good rapport with the Government of India and State PHED for timely release of funds and sanctioning of contracts respectively.
Project delivery in Mission mode so that Project management Unit has a complete structure up to the level of panchayat and able to monitor the project closely.
Contamination of Ground Water
Capacity building of PHED officials on soft skills so that communication on technical aspects could be delivered to the community.
Hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water.
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8.1 Issues
8.1.1 Organizational Structure for Service Delivery
During interactions with different level it was observed that the institutional structure of BSWSM is up to
district level only, below district there is no available structure. The activities of Block and GP level are
governed by the DWSC. Due to absence of four-tier system of governance, establishment of bottom up
approach for project delivery is not being undertaken. Further, this is also delaying the process of
decentralisation.
8.1.2 Top Down Approach
Currently, top-down approach is followed in planning, implementing and operation and maintenance of the
schemes. Thus, PHED is totally responsible for service delivery. Though, there is initiation of devolution of
power to ZP and GP but it has not happened due to issues in capacity of PRIs and also lack of supervision
from PHED.
8.1.3 Staff Strength and internal Communication
Acute shortage of manpower was observed at the level of Assistant Engineers, Junior Engineers, Pipe
Inspectors, Khalasi, Plumber, Mistry and Operators affecting project formulation, implementation,
monitoring and repair of schemes. While interactions with the junior level staff, their capability gap was also
observed. It is to be noted that junior level staff are regularly interacting with the community for project
delivery and currently the emerging project needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills
for better service delivery could be adopted.
Mechanical and civil are the major wings providing technical service. Construction is being taken up by the
civil wing while Mechanical wing looks after operations like getting electricity connection and operation of
machines. Both wings are headed by technically expert groups however, lack of coordination was observed
among them at district and sub-divisional level which generally leads to delay in project delivery.
8.1.4 Absence of village level structure i.e. VWSCs
During field visits it was observed that VWSCs are not formed at village level, during interaction with PHED
officials it was confirmed that no Government Order was issued by the Department for constitution of
VWSCs as a subcommittee of gram panchayat.
Due to absence of VWSCs, involvement of panchayats remains limited in planning, implementation,
operation & maintenance of the schemes. Very few schemes have been transferred to panchayats that too
only hand pump schemes. It was also observed that gram panchayats are not adequately equipped with
requisite resources to handle Operation & Maintenance of the schemes. Thus, devolution of power
including fund for O&M of water supply schemes has not happened in the State.
8. Issues & Recommendations
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8.1.5 Technical/Water Quality
About 12% habitation has water quality issues and the Department is not being able to complete all its
water testing as planned for year 2011-12 (only 52147 sample tested against target of 120000 sources in
lab and further only 540 FTK tests were done as against target of 204692). As per NRDWP guideline all
drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological contamination and once a
year for chemical contamination. (Source: DDWS data of 2011-12). However, since sub divisional labs are
not set up as planned (target 228 as per PHED website but none of them are functional however, approval
on 76 of such labs are under process) thus, district labs are putting additional effort to meet targets for
water quality testing.
8.1.6 Inclusion
Since the panchayat is spread and has 11 to 12 habitations in it and they are clustered according to the
caste. Many a times the core village (i.e the panchayat village) is dominated by economically sound section
of the society and the distance village which is majorly dominated by poor families and mahadalits lacks
infrastructure facility related to water and sanitation. Moreover if the facility is provided they are so poor that
they will not be able to pay the connection charges.
8.1.7 Limited participation of Community
Limited participation of the community was observed, in planning, implementation and O&M of RWSS
facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the RWSS sector. The limited community involvement is partly
because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness and illiteracy among users
about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts need to be effectively
channelled to improve community participation.
8.1.8 Limited or non participation of women-Gender
Women comprise about half of the population and they are not empowered enough to participate in
community meetings and provide their inputs in service delivery related to water & sanitation.
8.1.9 Weak PRIs less participation of women
Though the PRIs have been given mandate of operation of water supply (hand pumps) and sanitation but
no funds were transferred for this purpose as they are technically weak and are not in a position to
dispense their responsibility. Too much politics and casteism involved as Mukhiya or a member of the
dominant caste (powerful) decides who will get what benefit. They are not actively involved in a dialogue
with the community on tariff for maintenance of water supply systems and public welfare.
Moreover women member of the panchayats were also not found vocal thus, a holistic approach for the
benefit of each section of the society in a sustainable manner was found missing.
8.1.10 Poor Supply of Power
Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages, though more than 90
percent of the households were found having electric connection in their household (mostly illegal
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connections) however, electric supply was found very erratic in covered villages. Due to irregular electric
connection operation of water pumps and supply remains stalled. It could be seen that water comes to
many of the PWS villages once in a week.
8.1.11 Low Coverage of safe Drinking Water & Latrine
About 12 percent of habitations have quality affected water sources (Source secondary data from PHED).
A significant number of households (82.6%) using hand pump spend 1 to 2 hrs daily for collecting water for
various household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing & bathing purposes (survey
data). During discussions it was reported that about 48 liters of water is required for one person. Further,
latrine coverage is very inadequate- only 17.5 percent of contacted households had individual household
latrine in sampled GPs.
8.1.12 Usage of latrine
During Participatory Rural Appraisal, it was reported that despite having toilets in some of the houses, the
males are still practicing open defecation. They think that productivity of land will reduce if they do not use
their own agricultural land for open defecation.
8.2 Recommendations
8.2.1 Organisation Structure for Service Delivery
In case of absence of four-tier system i.e. State-District-Block-VWSC, the process of decentralisation is
delayed and bottom up approach has not been established. Thus, it is suggested that institutional structure
is established and strengthened at block and village level. Further, PRIs should be involved in the process
so that community driven approach could be setup.
8.2.2 Establishing Bottom up Approach
The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and
sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, establishment of bottom up approach by
forming and strengthening VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels is suggested. The
whole idea will be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially
VWSCs which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM.
8.2.3 Improving Water Quality testing
Setting up Sub division Labs as planned (target 228 as per PHED website) to enhance of lab testing of
water at grass root level. The services of private labs or labs under other governmental bodies like State
Universities, Institutes under Council of Scientific Industrial Research can also be an option to be explores.
8.2.4 Establishing Village Level Structure i.e VWSCs
In order to establish bottom up approach it is important that Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee
(VWSC) are constituted and strengthened adequately to take up different activities related to water &
sanitation. Thus, it is recommended that;
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VWSC should be formed within Gram Panchayat as Standing Committee.
VWSC should have 6 to 12 member, the committee should have adequate participation of ST, SC,
Women, elected members of panchayat, ANM, ASHA etc.
All the water & sanitation related work should be carried out by the VWSCs which will be a
subcommittee of Gram Panchayat including;
Identification of water sources
operation of Piped Water Schemes
supply of water to households
bulk water transfer
inter-village distribution for multi village schemes
maintenance of water grid
collection of water user charges for Operation & maintenance as per 12th etc.
assistance for quality testing of each of the water sources
IEC and awareness generation
At least five members of VWSCs are trained by CCDU for a minimum of three days on issues like
Water quality issues including health related diseases
Water quality monitoring
Sanitation and hygiene
Social mobilization & IEC
8.2.5 Staff Strength and internal Communication
Staff should be placed at each level as per guideline and state requirement of NBA or NRDWP. BWSWSM
can also conduct a separate study on staff’s requirement for smooth implementation, operation and
maintenance of the services.
While interactions with the junior level staff, a capability gap was observed. It is to be noted that junior level
staff is regularly interacting with the community for project delivery and currently the emerging project
needs are dynamic in nature. Thus, augmentation of soft skills for better service delivery could be adopted.
It is important that the capacity the staff is built-up so that they are capable of coming up with innovations
and community friendly methods like pro-poor policy for providing services. Also, there is acute need for
building soft skills among the staff so that they could see users as customers and give them the desired
respect.
8.2.6 Ensuring inclusion
Water is a basic necessity for all more importantly for the socially economically weaker section of the
society who generally is not able to afford the services and is facing serious problems due to unhygienic
and unhealthy condition. They expect good quality water for domestic purposes and also for livestock as
well. In order to have inclusion following measures could be taken;
Pro poor policy is to be taken up which could
Provide concessions to rural poor in the matter of water supply.
Identify the rural poor through wealth ranking as those residing in houses measuring up to 200 square
feet, built-up area regardless of whether they live in or outside the village.
Waive the normal one time connection deposit for such rural poor and to collect only the cost of providing
meters (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves), to inculcate the sense of ownership;
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Fix a life line supply of 7,200 litres per household (considering 40 lpcd for 6 member household) per
month for rural poor, at a concessional rate (to be fixed by the PRIs themselves).
Simplify procedures of taking connection and any proof of residence such as ration cards and ID cards
would be considered sufficient to provide a connection.
Provide water free of charge through public kiosks / cisterns / taps to vulnerable sections such as
nomads, destitute, homeless poor, beggars etc. who cannot afford to pay anything.
Promote structured participation of NGOs and CBOs in organizing the vulnerable sections for managing
free water supply through public kiosks.
8.2.7 For enhanced participation of Community
Social mobilization and capacity building of community should be done through formation of VWSCs and
following community mobilization techniques like resource mapping (water & sanitation), problem tree
analysis, sustainability analysis involving technically competent agency.
It is important that each village VWSC is participated by all the respective sections of the society of the
village and their members are trained for supporting W&S service delivery.
Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.
Livelihood groups formed under Bihar Rural Livelihood Project (Jeevika) could be involved for active
participation in W&S related issues
In the model of Jeevika, similar groups of socially backward and marginalized could be developed (this
also has a mandate in State Rural Livelihood Mission) at village level for active participation in W&S
related issues
They can also be involved for O&M of W&S programmes
8.2.8 For enhanced participation of women
Water is a basic necessity for all, more importantly women as they are primary users, providers, and
managers of water in their households and are the guardians of household hygiene and health related
issues. However, women are the most deprived section of the society so far rural Bihar is concerned as
they do have much say in their families leave alone their participation in the public meetings. In order to
activate their participation following measures could be taken:
One-third of the VWSCs members should be women and they should be provided training mandatorily
The social mobilization agency should deploy women members to get women’s participation
Women should also be contacted by the Anganwadis and schools through their wards and motivated
Women education and empowerment programmes should be reinforced
Women groups organised by Mahila Samakhya could be involved for active participation in W&S
related issues
In the model of Mahila Samakhya, similar groups could be developed at village level for active
participation in W&S related issues
Women could be trained for providing services related to W&S, may be through rural sanitary marts
8.2.9 For strengthening PRIs
The project should address the issue of decentralized governance for proper implementation and
sustainable operation and maintenance of the schemes. Thus, PRIs should be empowered and
mandatorily be members of VWSCs and other respective committees at different levels. The whole idea will
be initiating planning from village level through involvement of community especially PRIs and VWSCs
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which will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. Further they should be
involved in following activities;
In motivating community for taking part in water and sanitation management for sustainability of service
delivery so that financial viability of the schemes is not affected.
Should be trained in participatory development models
They should play an active role in the planning, implementation and management of W&S services
including domestic waste disposal.
They also need to be involved in dialogue with the community for ensuring piped water connections,
timely payment of tariff and support in management.
Thus, it is important that each village VWSCs and PRIs have their adequate participation and they are
also trained for supporting service delivery. Proper and regular IEC is also suggested.
8.2.10 Alternative arrangement for Power Supply
Alternative arrangements for power supply are required for restoring regular water supply which could be
solar based systems. However, solar based systems will not work in foggy and cloudy weather conditions
thus, a complete separate study is recommended to overcome this situation. Alternatively, policy dialogues
could be initiated with the Power Supply Department for ensuring regular power supply.
8.2.11 For enhancing coverage of water & sanitation infrastructure
Awareness on government programmes was found very low thus, implementation of awareness generation
program is recommended. Communication regarding water & sanitation is not only technical but also a
sensitive issue. Thus, we recommend hiring of professional agencies for developing and implementing
communication strategy for sanitation, hygiene, and conjunctive use of water. The key recommendations
are;
Intensification of awareness generation programmes on water and sanitation
Implementation of scientifically designed customized & effective communication strategy for behaviour
change
Awareness generation involving community
Involvement of community for planning, implementing and maintaining water & sanitation programmes
to inculcate sense of ownership
8.2.12 For Ensuring usages of Toilets
During visit to GPs it was also observed that toilet provided under government programmes are not tailor
made thus, tall members of the family are not using the units and prefer to go outside. Thus, tailor made
scientifically designed toilets needs to be incorporated in Government Programmes as well.
Further, due to absence of local level sanitation supply chain i.e. Rural Sanitary marts and production
centers, APL households living in interior areas were facing problems in constructing toilets in their houses.
Thus, it is recommended that;
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Customized designed toilet models are made available for the community
Rural Sanitation Marts are established and production centers at panchayat level
Facilitation and training is provided to village youth for construction, operation and maintenance of rural
toilets (training of masons)
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The applicability of social safeguard issues related to Indigenous People (OP 4.10) and Involuntary
Resettlement (OP 4.12) to the demonstration zones and priority investments were examined under this
section. Field visits to the demonstration areas and pipeline routes were conducted to examine if the
proposed project (demonstration zones and priority investments) would attract the provisions of OP 4.10
and OP 4.12. During these field visits, a number of persons were met including government officials,
community, PRIs, Development Partners and NGOs.
9.1 Land Acquisition
Water supply schemes in Bihar are planned under four broad categories -- Single Habitation Scheme
(SHS), Multi Habitation Scheme (MHS), Small Multi Village Scheme (covering 2-3 GPs) and Large Multi
Village Scheme (covering 4 or more GPs). Land is required for building infrastructure for different purposes
like;
Water sources (Bore well, Open wells and pump houses)
Water treatment plants (Generally, groundwater is treated with chlorination for bacteriological
contamination. land may or may not be required for this purpose if the chlorinator is fitted into the pump
house)
Water transmission (for laying of transmission lines and this could also be laid along the public roads)
Storage (Land is required for storage, though, generally, the storage is built in public places in the
villages)
Distribution (required, but pipes are laid along roads and public places are used for stand posts. Hence
no lands will be acquired)
During study, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each panchayat and during these FGDs
the study team tried to find out on availability of land. It was reported by the villagers as well as the
panchayat head that ample land is available under possession of panchayat and this could be transferred
to project for construction of public infrastructure. During discussion with PHED officials it was found that
most of the schemes will be ground water based schemes and land requirement for single habitation
scheme would vary between 0.01 to 0.03 hectares and for multi village schemes 1 to 1.5 hectare land may
be required.
9.2 Indigenous People
The present study indicates that the households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes category range from as
low as 0.72% in Saran district to 7.19% in Pashchim Champaran district. During field visits, interactions
with ST community was undertaken and it was observed that though they are living in exclusive clusters/
habitations but have ownership of land and other assets in few cases. This study records no distinct
livelihood pattern – nor in cultural identities – between the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes. On
the basis of these factors, this study concludes that the OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples need not be
triggered.
9. Social Safeguard issues
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10.1 Monitoring
10.1.1 Objective
The project monitoring will aims in improving the following;
Status Reporting
Programme implementation
Data sharing with partners
Accountability
Intermediate correction in programme implementation
Services (water & sanitation)
Use of toilet and sustainability of the structures
10.1.2 Type of Monitoring
Internal and external both the monitoring is proposed to ensure accountability.
10.1.2.1 Internal Monitoring
This could be undertaken at each of the levels like VWSC, DWSM and SWSM. At each levels, participatory
monitoring could be adopted under which representatives of VWSCs, NGOs and other stakeholders could
be involved and they can submit report to the upper level i.e. DWSM which will further review the progress
and then submit its report to SWMS.
10.1.2.2 External Monitoring
Consultants could be appointed by SPMU who will monitor the project implementation and then report back
to the SPMU. Indicators on which monitoring could take place is presented below;
Table 10.1: Indicators to be Monitored
Indicators to be Monitored Monitoring Outputs Responsibility User of Information
Creation of posts ad per norms of NBA and NRDWP
At least 1 graduate engineer is available for 1,00,000/- population
At least 5 DWSM consultants in each district
At least 2 BRCs at block level
Establishment of habitations as self sustainable management unit
Prioritization of Habitations based on Region and caste
Devolution of power to ZP and GPs for;
Creation of infrastructure
Policies made in this regard by Government of Bihar
Government orders issued
Guidelines issued in this regard by Government of Bihar
Circulation of these Policies, Government Orders and Guidelines to Districts and blocks
Principal Secretary, BSWSM
SWSM
PD PMU
Engineer-in-Chief, PHED
State Level
Principal Secretary, RWS
SWSM
CCDU
SPMU
Engineer-in-Chief, RWS
World Bank/UNICEF
Experts of different fields (Social,
10. Monitoring & Evaluation of social development indicators
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Indicators to be Monitored Monitoring Outputs Responsibility User of Information
Maintenance of infrastructure
Collection of user charges
Water quality mapping
Participation and formation of VWSCs
One third members of VWSCs should be women
Involvement of Schools and Anganwadis in VWSC
Separation of Governance and Operations functions
Technical and Financial)
Other Development partners
District Level
District Collector
Superintending Engineer
DWSM/ DWSC
Executive Engineer
Experts of different fields (Social, Technical and Financial)
NGOs
Mandal & Village Level
PRIs
VWSC
AE/AEE, PHED
Experts of different fields (Social, Technical and Financial)
NGOs
Appointment of social mobilization agency
The agency has women members
Training of at least 5 VWSC members
Training of all women members of VWSC
Social mobilization agency is appointed for social mobilization and training
CCDU
PD PMU
DWSM/DWSC
ZP
GP
Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc
Empowered women groups
CCDU
PD PMU
DWSM/DWSC
ZP
GP
Source : MM study
10.2 Evaluation
Evaluation of project is suggested by appointing external consultants by SWSM at the end of completion of
each batch of sub-projects. The purpose is to evaluate whether the project has achieved the expected
outputs and outcomes planned for. An External agency will carry out the evaluation. There will be two
evaluations, mid-term and end-term. The evaluation framework is given in the following table:
Table 10.2: Indicators to be Evaluated
Indicators to be Evaluated in each term
Evaluation Outputs Research Techniques
Responsibility
Ratio of posts created and staffs appointed as per norms of NBA and NRDWP
At least 1 graduate engineer is available for 1,00,000/- population
At least 5 DWSM consultants in each
Policies made in this regard by Government of Bihar
Government orders issued
Guidelines issued in
Rapid assessment by selecting 20 household’s, two schools and two panchayats
External agency
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Indicators to be Evaluated in each term
Evaluation Outputs Research Techniques
Responsibility
district
At least 2 BRCs at block level
Proportion of habitations established as self sustainable management unit
Proportion of habitations prioritized based on Region and caste
Devolution of power to ZP and GPs for;
Creation of infrastructure
Maintenance of infrastructure
Collection of user charges
Proportion of VWSCs are actively participating
Proportion of VWSCs having One third women members
Proportion of VWSCs has involvement of Schools and Anganwadis in VWSC
Separation of Governance and Operations functions
this regard by
Government of Bihar
Circulation of these Policies, Government Orders and Guidelines to Districts and blocks
in 20 Panchayats of 1/3 of the selected districts of Bihar.
Appointment of social mobilization agency
The agency has women members
Training of at least 5 VWSC members
Training of all women members of VWSC
Social mobilization agency is appointed for social mobilization and training
Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc
Empowered women groups
Checking indicators at household level
Proportion of household’s having toilet
% of rural households having water supply systems functional at the time of spot checks
% of rural piped water supply systems privately managed
% of rural population within 500 m of an improved water source
Number and nature of protected water Sources
Average frequency of water from domestic/ stand post connection
Average amount paid for water supply per month
Type of storage for water (specify)?
contamination observed in drinking water
proportion of Households using deflurode units/filters
Status improvement
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Indicators to be Evaluated in each term
Evaluation Outputs Research Techniques
Responsibility
proportion of Households have water quality testing facility
distance of nearest drinking water source that takes water from ground water (e.g. a hand pump or a well
Access to sanitation services In schools and hygienic standards
% of schools with latrines as per standards
Proportion of schools having toilet
Proportion of schools having functional toilet
Proportion of schools having child friendly toilet
Availability of running water in the toilet
Proportion of schools having hand washing facility
Proportion of schools having drinking water facility
Proportion of schools having Information & Education material (visuals/painting) on water, sanitation & hygiene is displayed
Status improvement
Status of water & sanitation in Anganwadis
Proportion of Anganwadi located in government building
Proportion of Anganwadi having toilet
Proportion of Anganwadi having functional toilet
Proportion of anganwadi having hand washing facility
Proportion of anganwadi having drinking water facility
Proportion of anganwadis having Information & Education material (visuals/painting) on water, sanitation & hygiene is displayed
Status improvement
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Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data ____________________________________________________________ 110 Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative ___________________________________________________________ 111 Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative __________________________________________________________ 112 Appendix D. Contact List ______________________________________________________________________ 113
Appendices
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Appendix A. Sampling Plan and Data
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Appendix B. Study Tools – Qualitative
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Appendix C. Study Tools – Quantitative
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Purnia
Sl. No. Name Designation Contact No.
1 Mr. Ranjeet Kumar Executive engineer 09939400797
2 Mr. Vipul Kumar Nandan Assistant engineer 09852981863
3 Mr. Abodh Kumar Junior engineer 09905476154
5 Mr. Mukesh Kumar Block coordinator 09431685846
6 Mr. Bechan Sharma Sarpanch 09631091674
7 Mr. Tanveer Ahmad Ansari
Mukhiya 09431666837
8 Mr. Mohd. Ali Ward commissioner 09431276396
9 Mr. Neelam Devi Corporator 08809679878
10 Mr. Shahbaz Alam Community Mobiliser (Jeevika) 09572609723
11 Mr. Jitendra Kumar C.C (Jeevika) 09771479241
Begusarai
1 Mr. Pranveer Singh Executive engineer 09431883769
2 Mr. Verma Assistant engineer 8092836700
3 Mr. Vijay Kumar Verma Junior engineer 09801796051
4 Mr. Mahmood Alam Block coordinator 09708831010
5 Mohd. Rashid Former Mukhiya 09934235021
6 Mohd. Javed Akhtar Voice chairman 09199838695
Banka
1 Mr. Sanjay Kumar Singh District Coordinator(TSC) 9430830658
2 Mr. Kapil Dev Thakur Mukhiya(Dara) 07739130496
3 Mr. Dilip Sharma Mukhiya(Domohon) 8292015982
4 Mr. Prit Bihar Jha Jan Sewa sangsthan(Secretary – Dara) 8051515393
Patna
1 Mr. D P Singh Superintendent Engineer 8292713266
2 Mr. M S Jawaid Director PMU 9835848933
3 Mr. Sanjay Singh Director CCDU 9430677320
4 Mr. Chiranjeev Kumar State Coordinator TSC 9304562306
5 Mr. S. N Mishra Director, NRDWP 9431645422
6 Ms. Lata Chaudhary State Consultant Water Quality
7 Mr. B. P. Ojha Director-water quality
8 Ms.Gloria Unicef Consultant, CCDU
9 Mr. Ajay Singh Executive Engineer, PHED
10 Mr. Dinesh Kumar Block coordinator, PHED
11 Dr. Sulekha Kumar BDO Maner
Societies
1 Mr. Arvind Chaudhary CEO BRLPAS 9934014191
2 Mr. Apolernarius Purty Project Manager (Social Dev) BRLPS 9771478326
3 Mr. Prakash Kumar DFID Dy Team Leader -WATSAN 7250673142
4 Mr. Nanak T. Santdasani WASH Officer, UNICEF
5 Mr. Mamta Chauhan Consultant, UNICEF
6 Ms. Shubraja State Program Officer, Mahila Samakhya
7 Ms Urmila Mahila Samakhya
8 Ms. Sangita Dutta Mahila Samakhya
GP level
9 Mr. Satru Paswan Mukhiya Pati (Bank) 983545614
10 Mrs. Ranju Devi Mukhiya (Bank)
11 Mr. Braj Bhusan Kumar
12 Md. Rafi Ward member (Bank) 9304431504
Appendix D. Contact List
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13 Mr. Ram Singh Community member (Bank)
14 Mr. Narendra Kumar Community member (Bank)
15 Mr. Munsi Paswan Community member (Bank)
16 Mr. Satish Singh Community member (Bank)
17 Mrs. Pratima Devi Mukhiya (Kitachauhator West)
18 Mr. Dilip Rai Social Worker (Kitachauhator West) 9304589339
19 Mr. Amodh Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West)
20 Sri Upendra Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West)
21 Sri Sunil Kumar Singh Ward member (Kitachauhator West)
22 Mr Naomi Paswan Member Panchayat Samiti Balua 7488446221
23 Mr Anilji Community member, Balua 7677062503
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