Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
Post on 04-Jun-2018
213 Views
Preview:
Transcript
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
1/209
AMERICANMEDICALBOTANY,
BEINGACOLLECTION OFTHE
NATIVEMEDICINALPLANTSOFTHE
UNITEDSTATES ,CONTAININGTHEIR
BOTANICALHISTORYANDHEMICALANALYSIS,ANDPROPERTIESANDUSES
INMEDICINE,DIET,ANDTHEARTS,
WITHCOLOUREDNGRAVINGS.
BYJACOBIGELOW,M.D .JIUMFOHIIOIESSOR, AND PROFF.SSOROFMATERIAMEDICA13
IIAllVARDUNIVERSITY.
YOL.m.
BOSTON:PUBLISHEDBYCUMMINGSANDHILLIARD,ATTHEBOSTON
BOOKSTORE,NO.CORNHILL.NIV.RESS....HII.LIARDANDMXTCAEF.
1820.
ML hoy.3
Mo.Bot .Garden ,
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
2/209
PREFACETOTHETHIRDVOLUME.
AHEsubjectsofthepresentwork,forreasonswhichrevailnmanypublicationsofhekind,havebeeninsertedwithoutreferencetonyar-ticularrrangementrystem.hoselantsreceivedhearliestlace,heobservationse-spectingwhichwerearliestmatured,ndthedrawingsfwhichwereirstompleted.l-thoughhisplanaseenbjectedonomeforeigncriticisms,itistheonepursuedineveralofhemostextensiveandusefulbotanicalworksofheay,whichareaccompaniedwithplates;andneriodicalublications,rhosewhichappearnuccessiveumbers,ithasmorethanonedecidedadvantage.tgivestimeorallthefiguresoecompletedteisure,romerfectspecimens,inroperandconvenientseasons ttheametimethatitdoesnotnecessitateprema-tureandimperfectdescriptionsfheirsubjects,whichmusttakeplacewereanarrangementadopt-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
3/209
VI REFACE.ed,hichmightequireheirstnsertionorplantsnotetobtainedorimperfectlyxamined.Asystematicmethodmayheadheredtoinaworkwhichisurnishedforthepressatonce,butmustoccasiondelayandimperfectioninaperiodicalone.
AsheAmericanMedicalBotanyisterminat-edyheompletionoftshirdolume,heopportunityisnowffordedforakingamethodi-calviewofitscontents.onsiderednamedici-nalpointofview,thesubjectswillbebestclassedasnystemsfMateriaMedica,by referencetotheirleadingpropertiesor moststrikingmodesofperatingnheumanystem.nhislighttheymaybearrangedasollows.Narcotics. onics.
DaturaStramonium,enyanthestrifoliata,Coniummaculatum,umulusLupulus,Cicutamaculata,upatoriumperfoliatum,Hyoscyamusniger,optistrifolia,Nicotianatabacum,ornusflorida,Solanumdulcamara,entianaCatesbeei,Kalmialatifolia?letrisfarinosa,
Polygalarubella,Astringents.abbatiaangularis,
Geraniummaculatum,rinosverticillatus,StaticeCaroliniana,iriodendrontulipifera,ArbutusUvaursi,agnoliaglauca.Rubusvillosus, cridstimulants.Rhododendronmaximum,rumtriphyllum,Nymphaeaodorata,ctodesfcetidus,Myricacerifera.anunculusbulbosus.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
4/209
PREFACE. VU Emetics.
Lobeliainflata,Phytolaccadecandra,Gilleniatrifoliata,Veratrumviride,SanguinariaCanadensis,Irisversicolor,Apocynumandrosmifolium,Dircapalustris,Euphorbiaipecacuanha,Euphorbiacorollata.ErythroniumAmericanura.
Cathartics.Podophyllumpeltatum,Juglanscinerea,Triosteumperfoliatum,Cassiamarilandica,
Diaphoretics.Aristolochiaserpentaria,AsarumCanadense,Xanthoxylumfraxineum,
Solidagoodor a,Gaultheriaprocumbens,Laurussassafras,IlliciumFloridanum.
Diuretics.Juniperuscommunis,PyrolaUmbellata.
Expectorants.Polygalasenega,Asclepiastuberosa.
Demulcents.Panaxquinqefolium.
Anthelmintics.Spigeliamarilandica.Externalstimulants.
JuniperusVirginiana,RhusVernix,Rhusradicans.
WevailurselvesflassificationnheMateriaMedicafoundedonthekindofoperationwhichmedicinesxertnheumanbody,be-causehereareeeminglyoetterharacteris-ticsbywhichorrangehem.utvenhismethodsefective,becauseewmedicinesaresimplenheirperation,ndfoursemostofhemhavelaimsotandnmorehanoneclass. Asxamples,Tobacco,Henbane,ox-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
5/209
Viii REFACE.glove,andOpiumareallofhemproperlyplacedbyauthorsundertheheadofNarcotics.utofthese,Tobaccoisanemetic,Henbaneacathartic,Foxgloveadiuretic,andOpium,whiletchecksallotherexcretions,isitselfudorific.ercury,underitsdifferentormsndmodesofadminis-tration,iscapableoffulfillinghalfadozendiffer-entintentions.heclassifierofmedicineshencanoomorehanorrangethembyheirmostobviousandwellknownproperties,whatevertheseaye,eavingtnderstoodhathenamef classisynomeansfullydescriptiveofhecharacterofitscontents.*Inormingelectionfsixtyplantstoerepresentedinthiswork,ithasbeenendeavouredtohoosehosehichremongheostinterestingootanists,theameimehattheypossessclaimsponhettentionofmedi-calmen.tisynomeansoeassertedthatallthesepossessodecidedanefficacyastoenti-tlethemtotheankoftandardmedicines,ortomaketdvisablehatpharmacopoeiashouldbeswelledyheirntroduction.partofthemnodoubtareeminentlyentitledtothisdistinction.Othersrefficaciousnlyin secondegree,
orabotanicalarrangementoftheplants,seeth esystematicindexatth eendofth evolume.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
6/209
PREFACE. X butarestillnse,andoftendvantageouslyso,inheandsfcountryractitioners.hereareomeofyetnferiorfficacy,hich,havingformerlynjoyedertainegreeofmedicinalnotoriety,arensertederewithaviewofdefin-ingtheirtruecharacter.
Therogressfbotanicaltudentssmuchfacilitatedbytheossessionfcorrectdrawingsandissectionsf arietyofdissimilarplants.Inhisountryotanicaligures,speciallyfAmericanplants,arecarce,andaccessibletobutasmallnumberofhosewhoursuehistudy.Itisopedthathepresentworkmay,in cer-taindegree,upplytheeficiency,teastntiltheextensionofnaturalciencemongs,ndtheincreasednumberofbotanicalstudents,shallcallforthandsupportworksofgreatermagnitude.
Apartfhelantsontainedinhisworkhavenevereenigurednnyotanicalwork.Othershavebeenepresentedareatnumberoftimes yetheirimportance,inamedicalpointofview,equiredheirdmission ndheigurebeingalwaysmadefromanAmericanpecimen,itmay,nhisccount,eotdestituteofn-terest.
Havingarrivedat theterminationoftheAmericanMedicalBotany,theauthoreeist
2
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
7/209
X REFACE.incumbentonhimtotate,thathehasatnotimehadauseoregrethendertakingofawork,whichhasurnished mostnterestingemploy-mentforhiseisureours ndwhichhasbeenhonoredwithapatronage,reatlyxceedingisanticipations.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
8/209
0///r///sr fff/f//,,/,
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
9/209
AMERICAN
MEDICALBOTANY .GILLENIATRIFOLIATA.
CommonGillenia.PLATEXLL
JSOTWITHSTANDING herinciplevowedyLinnaeus,thatgeneraareormedynature;hedeterminationofgenericconsanguinityinpeciesoccasionsnmanynstancesneofhereatestperplexitiesoftheotanist. Whatdifferencenstructurendxternalormitheroflowerorfruit,sufficientoeparateamiliesfplantsfromeachother;sapointoftendifficulttodecide;andsperhapsasfrequentlysetatrestbyconve-nienceandyrbitraryecision,stsyanyunexceptionableboundariesdesignatednnature.Whenthepeciesofavegetableorderarcexceed-inglynumerous,ndloseimilaritypervadesthewhole; generaremultipliedyotanists,thatthediscriminationofspeciesmaybefacilitt-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
10/209
2ILLENIATRIFOLIATA.ed.ntheotherhand,whereagroupofspeciesisnotunwieldyfromtsize,rdeficientndis-tinctivemarks,theeneraaremadesompre-hensive,saturalffinitywillpermit.hedi-versityofstructure,whichexistsntheflowersofGentiana,orthefruitofBunias,wouldbedeemedamplefoundationforconstructinghalfadozenge-neramonghembelliferous,eguminous,rgramineousrders.utshepeciesfhegeneraabovehave trongagreementinonepartoftheirfructification,swellasneneralabit,andasnogreatobscurityorinconvenienceresultsfromeepinghemogether,tasoteenthoughtworthwhileomultiplynomenclaturebyarrangingthemunderseparatetitles.
TheeparationofGilleniafromSpirseasoneofthosecases,uponwhichthebotanistmayhesi-tatelong,withoutfindingeasonstrongenoughtoinfluenceisecision.heaturalrderowhichheybelongsemarkableoravingtsgenerawelldefined,sohathereisonecessityfortheeparation,arisingfromconfusionorindis-tinctness.heruitfGilleniasxactlyhefruitofSpira,andthehabitoftheherbinoneisnotveryforeignromhatoftheother.hereisneverthelessomethingnherregularorolla,takennconjunctionwiththecampanulatecalyx.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
11/209
COMMONGILLENIA.3whichIthinkwouldpreventanyone,atfirstsight,fromconsideringheplantaSpiraea;ndwhichmayffordufficientroundorollowingheexamplefMcenchnconsideringt distinctgenus.
TheGilleniarifoliatarowsnwoods,nlightsoil,fromCanadatoFlorida.nhemari-timetateshaveotmetwithtnorthfheHudson.tsloweringtimeisnJuneanduly.Theenericharacter,whichistinguishesthisplantfrompiraea,issollows Calyxcam-pamdate,fiveoothed;orollarregular,etalslanceolate,ontractedearhelaws;apsulesfive,hespeciesrifoliatahastmate,lanceolate,serrateleaves,andstipuleswhichareminute,linea-lanceolatendnearlyntire.Classcosandria,rderFenlagynia.aturalordersSenticos,Lin . Bosace,Juss.Thislanthascommonlyanumheroftemsfromheameoot,whichreootortwoinheight,erect,slender,flexuous,smooth,commonlyofeddishinge,ndonsiderablybranched.Theleavesarealternate,trifoliate,withveryhortpetioles,furnishedwithsmalllanceolate,lightlytoothedtipulesthebase.eafetsvate,lan-ceolate,cuminate,harplyoothed,hepperonesftensingle. Thelowersrefewinnurn-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
12/209
14ILLENIATRIFOUATA.ber,cattered,erminal,odding,formingasortofpanicle,withlongpeduncles,occasionallyfur-nishedwithminuteanceolateractes.ulyxsubcampanulate,arubular,withheowerhalfnarrowest,theborderividedntoiveeflexedacuteeeth.etalsive,hewoppernesseparatedfromthethreelower,white,withared-dishtingentheed^eofheoutside,anceolate,unguiculate,contracted,andapproximatedatbase.Stamensahoutwentyinoubleeriesithin,thealyx.ermound,tylespproximated.Capsulesfive,notone,assomeauthorshavestated,diverging,blong,cuminate,ibbouswithout,sharpedgedwithin,twovalved,onecelled,oneortwoeeded;eedsoblong,correspondinginshapetohecapsule.
Therootfhisplantismuchbranchedandknotty.t consistsof oodyportion,investedwithathickbark,whichwhendrysbrittle,andverybittertothetaste.heredominant,solu-blengredientsinhisootppeartobeabitterextractivematter,ndesin.henoilednwater,itmpartstoitabeautiful,deeped,winecolour,andanintenselybittertaste.hisdecoc-tionundergoesohangeromalcoholorgela-tine,thoughitgives precipitatewithmuriateoftin.Waterdistilledfromtheroothasitspeculiar
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
13/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
14/209
16ILLENIATRIFOUATA.equalarts,neofwhichtookveryfifteenminutes,onceivinghisufficientengthftimetollowfortheactionfeachdosenmystomach. Theirst dosetakenproducednomanifestffect. AtheexpirationoffifteenminutesItookaseconddose;aegreeofun-easinessasxperienced,ttended with somenausea,*athendofifteenminutesmoreswallowedahirddose,nauseaincreased,untilthe .convulsiveactionfmystomachtooklace.Theourthoseasowaken;considerableeffortsweremadetovomit,ndfinallyheon-tentsfmytomachwerehrownp,togetherwithprofusequantityofbile. Thedetermina-tionofloodomyhead,herequencyofmypulse,andeatofmysystemweremuchaug-mented. Inowdrankhalfapintofwarmwater;theactionofmystomachubsided,andhenau-seagraduallyworeoff. A portion ofthemedicine,Iasinducedoelieve,hadnsinuateditselfintohentestines,aswoopiousvacuationswereproducedwithinhepaceofhreeours.DuringthedayIeltmuchdebilitated,utm-putedthistothegeneraleffectofemetics.I wasthussatisfiedwithrespecttoitsefficacy
asanemeticuponanemptystomach.ut,beingstilldesirousofbecomingetteracquaintedwith
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
15/209
COMMONGILLENIA.7itsparticularoperationaftereatinganusualmeal,Imade secondexperiment,onemonthafterthefirst.nhemorning,onehourafterIhadeatenaeartybreakfast,ookwentygrainsfhemedicine,individeddoses,snheformerx-periment.ttheexpirationof eryewmin-utesauseaommenced,hichontinuingoincrease,witheryfewffortsischargedhecontentsofmystomach.Theeffectsofthesecondtrialansweredexactlymyexpectations.
Someauthorshaveattributed tonicpowertotheGillenia,whendministerednmalldoses.Thatitpossessesuchapowerisrenderedrob-blebyitsbittertaste,andbytheact,hatmalldosesofpecacuanhaexert eneficialtimulusonhetomachnertainasesfdebilitynthatorgan.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
16/209
8ILLENIATRIFOLIATA.BOTANICALREFERENCES.
Gilleniarifoliata,MNCH,eth.uppl..86.NUTTALL,Genera,.307-Spirsearifoliata,LIN.ILLD.Sp.pi.ii.1063.CURTIS,Bot.Mag.t.489.MILLER,cones,56.MICHAUX,Flor.i.294.PuRSH,i.243.
MEDICALREFERENCES.SCHPF,80.B.S.BARTON,ColL26.DELAMOTTA,Inaugural
Dissertation.
PLATEXLI.Fig..Gilleniatrifoliata.Fig.2.Calyx.Fig.3.Apetal.Fig.4.Floweropened,shewingthesituationofthestamens.Fig..ermandstyles.Fig..tylesseparated.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
17/209
/'/..AV.//
f////.) fffff/fff//.i
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
18/209
RHUSRADICALS.
PoisonIvy.
PLATEXLILJUTKEtheRhusvernLx,describednourirst
volume,thisplantisregardedwithavers ion ,nd to ofrequentlyfurnishescausetoberememberedbyersonsofsusceptibleonstitution,hon -warilybecomeexposedtoitspoisonousnfluence.Thegeneralrecognitionofitsdeleteriouscharac-tersvincednhepplicationftheamesPoisonine,oisonreeper,ndoisonvy,whicharegivenoitna llartsoftheUnitedStates .Thehusadicanssrettyommon
inhabitantoftheborder sofieldsndofwoodsinmostsoilswhichareno tverye t .tso d e ofrowthsuchikehatfheommon creeper,theAmplopsisquinquefoliaofMichaux; andikehatine,ndheuropeanvy,twoulddoubtlessbecultivatedfo rornament ,ere
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
19/209
20HUSRADICANS.itarmlesssitisandsome. Astsnameimplies,thisvineascendsuponallobjectsintsneighbourhoodbymeansofstronglateralootingfibres,whichprojectingreatumbersromitssides,andattachthemselvesohebarkfreesandtheurfaceofstones. Theextremebranchesofthesefibresappearverytrongn proportiontoheirineness,andnsinuatehemselvesntotheminutestporesandrevices. Theadhesionofthevinetothebarkofreessrequentlyostrong,thatitcannotbetornoffwithoutbreaking,andIaveepeatedlyseenargetemsfheRhuscompletelyburied inthetrunksof oldtrees,thebarkhavinggrownoverandnvelopedthem. Thefibresarenalogousnheirtruc-turetofineoots,ndconsistof egularwoodandbark. Theyresometimesthrownutnsuchnumbersnallsides,soivetheineashaggy appearanceandconcealits bark. Ingeneral,owever,heyendoheshadyide,andareattractedowardopaqueobjects,urnish-inganexemplificationofMr.Knight'seautifulexplanationofmotioninendrils,which,byheirpropensitytovoidheightndpproachheshade, arc directedintocontactwithbodiescapableofyieldingthemupport.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
20/209
POISONVY. ITheizeoftheteminthisvineiscommonly
notmorehanannch.ometimes,however,inveryoldplants,tisfoundseveraltimesaslarge.Itssuallyompressednheidehichadherestotheupport.navourableituationsitscendsoheopsofheighestocksndtrees,ndsfteneenestoringoecayedtrunksheverdurewhichtheyhavelost.henitdoesnotmeetwithnelevatedprop,thelantbecomestuntedinitsgrowth,ismorebranched,andaffects spiralmodeofgrowth;rallsotheground,takesrootandrisesagain.
TheenusRhusslaced} rinnseusntheclassentandria,ndrderrigynia.hepresentpecies,owever,sioecious,actwhichslsoruefmostfheAmericanspeciesofRhuswhichavexamined.heRhoeselongoheinnseanaturalrderBumos,ndtothe TerebintceasofJussieu.
TheleavesofheRhusadicansreernate,andrownongemicylindricaletioles.Leafetsovateorhomboidal,cute,moothndshiningnothides,heeinsometimeslittlehairybeneath.hemarginsometimesentirendometimesariouslyoothedndlobed,nheameplant.heflowersaremallandgreenishwhite. Theyrownaniclesor
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
21/209
gHUSRADICANS.compoundacemesnheidesfheewshoots,ndrehieflyxillary.hearrenflowershave calyxoffiveerect,acuteegments,andorollafiveblongecurvedetals.Stamensrectithblongnthers.nhecentresudimentftyle.Theertileflowers,ituatedonifferentlant,rebouthalftheizefhereceding.healyxndcorollareimilarbutmorerect.heyavefivemall,abortivetamensndaroundishgermsurmountedwithashort,recttyle,ndingnthreetigmas.heberriesareoundishndfapalegreencolour,approachingtowhite.
AplanthasongappearedinhePharmaco-poeiasnderheameofhusoxicodendron*Botanistsarenotagreedwhetherhisplantsseparatepeciesromhenenderonsidera-tion,orwhetherheyrearietiesofheame.LinnaeusmadethemdifferentwithhedistinctionofheeaveseingakedndntirenRhusradicans,whileheyreubescentndngularinhusoxicodendron.ichauxndursh,whosepportunitiesfbservationaveeenmoreextensive,considerhewosmereocalvarieties hileElliottndNuttalltilloldthemobedistinctpecies.monghelantswhichrowbundantlyroundBoston,ave
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
22/209
POISONVY . 3frequentlybservedndividualhootsromhesametockhavingthecharactersofbothvarieties.IhavealsoobservedhatyounglantsofRhusradicansrequentlydonotputoutootingibresuntilheyreeveralearsld ,ndhatheyseem,inhisespect,oeonsiderablynflu-encedbyheontiguityfupportingbjects.
TheoodofhePoisonvysrittle,inegrainedandwhite,withayellowheartintheoldplants.Ifaleaforstemofhislantberokenff,
ayellowishmilkyuiceimmediatelyexudesfromthewoundedextremity.fterahortxposuretotheair,itbecomesof deepblackolournddoesnotagainchange.hisjuice,whenappliedtolinen,formsneofhemosterfectindsfindeliblenk.toesotaderomge.washing,rxposureonyfheommonchemicalgents.aveepeatedly,whennthecountry,markedmywristbandwithpotsfthisuice.hetainastirstaintndhardlyerceptible,utnifteeninutestbecameblack,ndaseverfterwardsradi-catedbywashing,butontinuedorowarkeraslongashelinenlasted.
Dr.ThomasHorsfield,inhisvaluableisser-tationnheAmericanspeciesofRhus,made
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
23/209
34'HUSRADICANS.variousunsuccessfulexperimentswithiewo ,ascertainheatureofhisolouringrinciple,andthemeansofixingtntuffs.eoundthatthejuice,expressedfromthepoundedleaves,didnotroducetheblackcolour,andthattrongdecoctionsoftheplant,impregnatedwithvariouschemicalmordants,producednothingmorehanaullellow,rownishrawnolour.hereasonfhiss,hatheolouringrincipleresidesnotintheap,butinthesuccuspropriusoreculiaruicefhelant,hathisuiceexistsonlyinsmallquantity,andiswhollynsol-ubleinwater, ircumstancewhichontributestothepermanencyofitscolour,attheametimethatitrendersomeothermediumnecessaryoritsolution.
Withaviewtoascertaintheropermenstru-umforthisblackubstance,ubjecteditsclothtainedwitht,ohectionfariouschemicalagents.ater,atvariousemperaturesassistedbysoapandlkali,producedohangeinitscolour.lcohol,bothcoldandboiling,wasequallyineffectual.ortionofheloth,i-gestedseveralhoursncoldetherwithoccasionalagitation,asardlylterednppearance.Sulphuricacidreddenedhepots,utcarcelyrenderedthemfainter.Thefumesofoxymuriatic
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
24/209
POISONVY. 5acidwhichbleachedvegetableleavesnditsfcalicointheamevessel,exertednoeffectonthiscolour.
Boilingthersheroperolventfhisjuice.pieceofinenpottedwithheRhuswasmmersedinethera n p lacedveramp.Asoonsheluidoiled,hepoteganogrowainter,andnewminutesaswhollydischarged,hethercquiringromtdarkcolour.heinentheameimeecametingedhroughoutwithalereyisholour,acquiredfromheolution.Thisnigrescentuice,inommonwithhatofheRhusernix,as,erhaps,laimsoeconsideredistinctroximaterinciplenvegetablechemistry.Theeavesndarkrestringentohetaste,whichqualityappearstoeccasionedygallicacidratherthantannin.heinfusionnddecoctionbecomeblacknhedditionofaltsofron,utiscoverardlynyensibilityoscelatin.Apoisonousualityxistsnheuicendeffluviumofhisplant,likethatwhichsoundinheRhusvernixalreadydescribed.tisaid,thatsomeotherpeciesofRhus,uchsRhuspumiiumandRhusyphinum,ossessheame
4
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
25/209
26HUSRADICANS.propertyin greaterorlessdegree.hepoisonIvy,iowever,appearstobeessrequentlynju-riousthanthepoisonDogwood,andmanypersonscancomeincontactwiththeormerwithmpu-nity,whoaresoonaffectedbytheatter.avenever,nmyownperson,beenffectedyand-lingorchewingheRhusadicans,houghheRhusvernixhasoftenoccasionedaslighteruption.Indeed,theormerplantissocommonlyiffusedbyoad-sidesndearabitations,hattsllconsequencesmustbextremelyrequent,weremanyindividualsusceptibleoftspoison.
Thosepersonswhoareonstitutionallyiabletotheinfluenceofthispoison,experiencefromitatrainofymptomsverysimilartohosewhichresultfromexposureotheRhusvernix.heseconsistinitching,rednessandtumefactionoftheaffectedparts,particularlyoftheface ucceededbylisters,uppuration,ggravatedwelling,heat,pain,andfever.henhediseasesattsheight,hekinecomesoveredwithrust,andthewellingisogreatasinmanynstancestoclosetheeyesandalmostobliteratethefeaturesoftheface.heymptomsbegininafewhoursaftertheexposure,andarecommonlyattheheightonheourthorifthay;fterwhich,esqua-mationbeginsotakeplace,andheistress,nmostinstances,todiminish.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
26/209
POISONVY .7Sometimesheruptionsesseneral,nd
confinestselftohepartwhichhasbeenexposedtocontactwithheoison.entleman,withwhom wasnompany,markediswristbandwithhefreshuice,oobserveheffectofhecolour.henextdayhisarmwasoveredwithaneruptionfromthewristohehoulder,utthediseasedidnotextendfurther.tsometimeshappenshattheeruptioncontinuesor ongertimethanthatwhichhasbeenstated,andthatonesetofvesicationssucceedsanother,soastoprotractthediseasebeyondthesualeriodofecovery.
Theymptomsofhismalady,houghftenhighlydistressing,arerarelyatal.aveev-erthelesseenoldfasesnhicheathappearedoeheonsequenceofhispoison.
TheiseaseroughtnyheiffrentspeciesofRhusappearstobeofnerysipelatousnature.tisobetreatedbythemeanswhichresistinflammation,uchsest,owiet,ndevacuations.urgingwithheeutralaltsspeculiarlyseful,ndnheaseflethoricconstitutions,rwhereheeverndrterialexcitementareverygreat,blood-lettinghaseenfoundofservice.Theextremerritabilityndurningensa-tionmaybereatlymitigatedypium. Cold
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
27/209
28HUSRADICALS.applications,intheformofceorcoldwater,restronglyrecommendedbyDr.Horseficldnistreatise,andwhenperseveredn,theyppearoexertaremarkablybeneficialeffect.heacetateofeadserhapsssefulsnyxternalpalliative,andtshouldbeusedinolutionratherthannheointment,hattmayeppliedscoldsossible.heateDr.Bartonpeakshighlyof aolutionofcorrosiveublimatexter-nallyappliedinhisisease,utromrialsfthewoemediesmadetheameimendinthesamepatient,aveoundheeadhemorebeneficialofthetwo.
ApersonwhohaseennontactwithheKhusandfindsimselfpoisoned,houldmme-diatelyexaminehishands,clothes,$c.oeeftherearenospotsofheuiceadheringoim.These,ifpresent,houldberemoved,astheywillotherwiseervetoeeppndxtendheis-order.romantfhisrecaution,hediseaseisrequentlytransferredromhehandstodifferentpartsofhebody,ndikewiseeptupforalongerimehanfhecauseadeenearlyremoved.swashingdoesotradicatethetainsofhisveryadhesivejuice,itisbesttorubhemffwithomeabsorbentpowder.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
28/209
POISONVY .DThehusadicansaseendministered
internallynertainiseasesyewracti-tionersinEuropeandAmerica.r.lorsefield,ineveralnstances,dministeredtronginfusionnheoseofbouteacupulloconsumptivendnasarcousatients.tp-pearedtoactsnmmediatetimulantohestomach,roducingomeneasinessnhatorgan,lsopromotingerspirationndiuresis.SomepractitionersntheMiddleStates,eretoldbytheameuthor,avexhibitedtwithsupposedbenefitinpulmonaryonsumption.Frenchhysician,uresnoy,aseportedsevencasesofobstinateherpeticeruption,whichwereuredyhereparationsfhislant.Hisattentionwasdrawntotheubjectbyfindingthatoungmanhoadartreponiswristofixyears'tanding,asuredftyaccidentallybecomingpoisonedwithhislant.Theamephysicianadministeredhextractnseveralcasesofpalsy,fourofwhich,heays,werecuredbyit.
Dr.Alderson,ofHull,inEngland,aveheRhusoxicodendronndosesofhalf grain,oragrainhreeimes ay,neveralasesfparalysis ndtates,hatllhispatientsecov-ered,toacertaindegree,heseofheirimbs.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
29/209
3ttHUSRADICANS.Theirstymptomfmendmentwasnn-pleasantfeelingofpricklingorwitchingnheparalyticimbs.r.uncan,uthorfheEdinburghDispensatory,tates,hateiadgivenitinlargerdoseswithoutxperiencinghesamesuccess,althoughhehinkstotnactiveas medicine.
Mywnpinions,hathelantnderconsiderationsooncertainndazardousobeemployedinmedicine,orkeptinapothecaries*shops.tisrue,thatnotmorehanonepersonintenisprobablyusceptibleofpoisonromt.Yet,evenhischance,smallasitis ,houldeterusfromemployingit.nersonsotonstitu-tionallysusceptibleofheeruptiveisease,tsprobablyannertmedicine,iuceeindhatDuresnoy'satientsometimesarriedhedosesighsnunceofhextract,hreetimesaday,withoutperceivinganyeffectfromit.Itistruethattheexternalpplicationofhe
RhusradicansandRhusvernixwould,inertaincases,ffordmoreiolentxternaltimulus,thananymedicinalsubstancewithwhichwereacquainted.utsincetisneithercertainntseffect,normanageableinitsextent,herospectofbenefit,evenindiseasesikepalsyandmania,isnotsufficientoustifyheiskofgreatvil.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
30/209
POISONVY.1BOTANICALREFERENCES.
Rhusadicans,WILLD.p.i..481.ELLIOTT,.Rhustoxicodendron,&c.MICHAUX,Flor.i.83.PURSH,.05.Toxi-codendronrectum&c.DILLENIUS,Elth.t.291.MEDICALREFERENCES.
DuFRESNOY,quotedinAnnalsofMedicine,v.82.v.483.Med.andPhys.Journal,.308.vi.73.x.486.DUNCAN,Dis-pens.294HORSEFIELD,Dissertation,Philad.1T98.
PLATEXLII.Fig.1.Uhusradicans,th ebarrenplantinflower,Fig.2.Fruit.Fig.3.Barrenfloicer.Fig.4.Fertilefloicer.Fig.5.Fetal.Fig.6.Stamensandrudimentofastyleinth ebarren flower.Fig.7.erm,styleandabortivestamensinth e fertile flower.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
31/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
32/209
/% X/.f//
3
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
33/209
WAXMYRTLE.3ThegenusMyricabelongstotheclassLivedo,
andorderTetrandria.tislsoankedmongtheJlmentaceofLinnaeusandJussieu.Thegenericharacteronsistsnnmbri-
catedament;hecalesithout orolla;hebarrenflowerscontainingfouranthers,thefertileoneswotyles.ruit,neeeded,Thepe-cificcharacter,asgivenbyMichaux,isasfollows.leaveswedge-lanceolate,withafewserraturesattop;arrenamentsace;ruitpherical,aked,distinct.
TheWaxmyrtlesoundearingruitteverysize,fromtheheightofneoot,osixreight.nLouisiana,tisaidtogrowowelvefeet.hetopsmuchranched,ndoveredwithrayishark.heeavesreedge-lanceolate,aryingnwidth,ometimesntire,butmorefrequentlyoothed,articularlyowardtheend.heyareomewhatpubescent,ittlepalerbeneath,andgenerallywisted,revoluteinheirmodeof growth.heyareinsertednascatteredmannerbyshortpetioles.helowersappearnMayeforeheeavesreullyx-panded.hebarrenonesgrowincatkins,whichareessile,rect,boutalfnnchrhreequarterslong;riginatingfromheidesofhelastyear'swigs.veryflowersormedy
5
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
34/209
34YRICACERFERA.concavehomboidalcale,ontaininghreerfourairsfoundishnthersnranchedfootstalk.hefertileflowers,whichrowndifferentshrub,areesshanhalftheizeofhebarrennes,andconsistofnarrowercales,witheachnovategerm,andtwofiliformtyles.
Totheseanientucceedlustersrggre-gationsofsmallglobularfruitsresemblingberries,whichareatfirstgreen,butfinallybecomenearlywhite.heyonsistof hardstoneinclosingadicotyledonouskernel.histoneistuddedonitsutsidewithmallblackrainsesemblingfineun-powder,verwhichsrustofdrywhiteax,ittedoherainsndivinghesurfacefheruit ranulatedppearance.Botanicallypeaking,hisruitaseenm-properlycalledaberry,and drupe;incetsalwaysdryandneverinvestedwithuticle,ranythingbutthegrainsandwax.EveryyoungartofheWaxmyrtleasfragrant,balsamicsmell,whichtommunicatestoheingerswhenubbedyhem.lysappearsobederivedfromesinousxudation,whichmaybeseeninminuteointsof righttransparentellow,overingheounghootsandunderurfaceofheeaves.ntheerriesthisresinousubstanceswithinthewax.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
35/209
WAXMYRTLE.5ThebarkndeavesofheMyrieaerfera
containalliccid,annin,esin,ndmallquantityfmucilage,whichremanifestedytheirusualtests.
ThewaxoftheMyrieasbtainedorom-monpurposesyoilingargequantitiesfheberriesnettleswithwaternoughooverthemtotheepthofeveralnches.heer-ries,whichfloatatfirst,graduallysubsideohebottomwhenhewaxismeltedff,whichattersubstanceloatsnheurface.henheboilinghasbeencontinuedlongenoughtoivesttheerriesfmostofheirax,heiquidssufferedtocool,andthewaxconcretesonthetop.Itispurifiedbymeltingitanew,andisthencastintomasses.Inthistatetsof reenishgrayolour,withaconsistencewhichisntermediatebetweenthatofbeeswaxandtallow,beingbrittleandnotremarkableordhesivenessrnctuosity.tburnswithawhiteflame,whichislessvividthanthatoftalloworwhaleil .
ThehemicalropertiesfhiswaxavebeenexaminedbyM.Cadet,inrance,ndDr.Bostock,inEngland.romheirxperiments,welearnthatwaterasnoactionnheMyrtlewax,cithercoldorattheboilingheat. Dr*
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
36/209
36TBICACERFERA.Bostockinformsushatlcohol,therdinarytemperaturefhetmosphere,asoctionuponit;utonehundredpartsbyweightofhefluid,whenoiling,issolveboutiveartsfthewax.boutourifthsofthissepositedbycooling,andtherestislowlyepositednfewdays,ormayerecipitatedywater.fthemassofwax,acertainportionemainsnsol-ubleinalcohol.
Sulphuricther,ccordingor.ostock,dissolvesutittlefheax,whenold,utactspontapidly,whenoiling,akingpsomewhatorehanneuarterftswnweight.ponevaporation,thewaxsepositedinrystallineramellatedorm,tsextureresemblinghatofpermaceti.Rectifiedilfturpentine,whenassistedbyheat,dissolvesaboutsixpercentoftsownweight,mostofwhichsdepositednooling.Pureotash,nater,rendershewaxcolourlessbyoiling,ndormsasoapwithasmallpart,whichmayeecom-posedbyanacid,andaffordshewaxnearlyn-changed.Theulphuriccid,ssistedyeat,dissolvesaboutnetwelfthofitsownweight,andformsadarkbrownmass.Thenitricandmuriaticacidsexert\evylittleactionuponit.Dr.BostockconsidersheMyrtlewaxtobeixedegetableoil,renderedconcretebyoxygen.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
37/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
38/209
38YRICACERFERA.Therendoubtedlyxists,nheerriesf
thishrub,somenterestingonstituentsesidethewaxandnsolubleor t ions ,sheollowingresultswillshow.faterbedistilledfromthefreshberries,itacquires lightear lyppear-anceandafinearomaticdourndaste.hisindicateshepresenceofavolatileoil,thoughhaveoter formedhexperimentufficientlyinthelargewaytoobtainanyo ilepara t e .hedecoctionremaininginther e t o r tgivesroo fsfgallicacid.
Whenthewax,inaepara teta te ,soiledinalcohol ,aport ionisdissolved,whichsmostlydepositednooling,eavingheluidlear.Butifa lcoho lbeboiledponheerriesillstrongolutionsormed ,to esotivedepositnooling,uttheolutionoagulatesintoasoftsolidandremainsafterwardsunaltered.Thiscoagulumseadilyolublenoldether,andmeltswhenexposedtoeat .ftheerriesbeboiledinateruntilheaxsmeltednd principallyetached,heemainingar t stillgive oagulatingolutionithlcohol.Thetincturead ebyigestingoldlcoholnhebruisederriessonsiderablyo loured ,nd becomesurbidnhedditionfater ,utwhethertheresinoussubstancethusrecipitated
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
39/209
WAXMYRTLE.9isheamenmalluantity,whichroducesthecoagulationn argene motre-paredtosay.Itppears,hen,hatherexistsnheberriesofheMyricapeculiarvegetablerin-
ciple,bearingnearlythesamerelationtolcohol,astarchandgelatinotowater.havenotyetobtaineditin separatetate,ndannothere-foregiveanydditionalharacteristicsohosewhichhavebeenalreadystated.
TheMyrtleaxssefulormanyfhepurposesorwhicheesaxndallowreemployed,articularlyorandles.turnswithaclearflame,thoughlessividthanhatfcommonil ,andemitsonsiderableragrance.Itwasformerlymuchndemandsnngredi-entinaspeciesofblackingball,towhichitcom-municatedaemporaryustrendowerofe-pellingwater.tasccasionallyeensedinpharmacyinvariouscompositionsntendedforexternaluse,andismildorstimulatingaccordingasitsmoreressurendreedromhecolouringmatter.InomepartsofEuropelantationsofhisshrubhavebeenaisedwith iewoherofittoeerivedromheax.nhisountry,wherethehrubbounds,heerriesreften
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
40/209
40RICAEIIFEUA.neglected,theircollectionndheeparationfthewaxeingdeemedtooaboriousoompen-satetherouble.InDr.Thatcher'sDispensatory,weren-formed,onheuthorityofDr.Mann,hathebarkoftherootofheMyricacerferasmetic.Withaviewtoexaminingthoroughlytsmedici-nalproperties,Dr.S.L.Dana,n818,madettheubjectfnnauguralissertation.efoundthatthepowderedbarkwascridnds-tringent,butdidnotappeartopossessnytherqualitieshanerettributableohosewo.Moderatedosesofhepowderanddecoctionpro-ducednoeffectonthetomachorbowels.argedoses,forinstancetwocruples,werewallowedwithdifficultyonaccountofheircrimony,ndoccasionedeatndauseathetomach.Largerdoses,of drachm,producedaowerfulburningensationndomiting.ostivenessgenerallyfollowedtheuseofthismedicine.hepowder,whensnuffedptheose,rovedpow-erfullyternutatory,ndwhenppliedohefungousgranulationsofnulceratedeg,tro-ducedsomuchpainsompelledheatientowashito f f .AVemayhenconsiderthebarkoftheMyricaasnacridtimulantndstringent. Thatt
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
41/209
WAXMYRTLE. 1sometimesprovesemetic,inargeoses,istobeexplainedinheameaysheperationfmustardndorse-radish,whichomefheolderhysiciansmployedsmetics.henthetomachisburdenedwithnndueuantityofstimulus,itnaturallytendstoelievetselfbyvomiting.
Onthewhole,wereosteemheMyrieacerferaasmorenterestingin chemical,thanmedicalointofiew.heleasantromafthewaterdistilledfromtheerries,ndhep-plicationofheaxoomeurposesfphar-macy,arell ,thathishrubtresentffers,muchdeservingtheattentionofphysicians.
BOTANICALREFERENCES.Myrieacerfera,WILLD,v.745.MICHAUX,i.27.PURSH,ii.620.Myrtusoliisanceolatis,&c.GRONOVIUS,55.Myrtus
brabantieseimilis,&c.CATESBY,.3?
MEDICALANDCHEMICALREFERENCES.CADET,ranslatednicholson'sournal,vo.ol.v.1ST.
BOSTOCK,inditto,129.KALM,Travels,,129.DANA,nSillinian'sJournal,vol.i.HACHER,Disp.288.a
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
42/209
42YRICACERFERA.PLATEXLIII.
Fig..Myricacerfera,withfruitnotfullyripe.Fig.2.3arrenbranchinflower*Fig.5.Fertiledittoinflower.Fig.4.Abarren flower.Fig.5.7esamewithth escaleturneddown,shewingheode
ofgrowthofth eanthers.Fig.6.Fertileflower.Fig.7 .Fruitsomewhatmagnified.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
43/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
44/209
JUNIPERUSCOMMUNIS.
CommonJuniper.PLATEXLIV*
HEprostratevarietyofthecommonJuniperisopeculiarinitsmodeofgrowth,hattassomeclaimsoeonsideredistinctpecies.Oncomparingit,however,withEuropeanpeci-mens,Ifindtheimilaritysogreat,thatIdonotseeufficientgroundsforseparatingit,especiallyashereare,inEurope,severalarietiesnizeandmodeofgrowth,whicharenotrecognizedsseparatepecies.hevariety,whichishenlyoneIhavemetwithntheNorthernStates^slargerailinghrub,ontinuallyhrowingutrootsromtsranches,ndpreadingnlldirectionsuntiltormseds,whichremanyrodsncircumference.nhiswayitontinuestodvanceutward,upportingtselfyewrootsevenaftertheoriginaltrunks,atthecentre,
*Verybeautifuldrawings,fromhichhisndheollowingplateareengraved,weresentmeyadynHampshireounty.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
45/209
44UNIPERUSCOMMUNIS.aredeadanddecayed.tseldomrisesmorethantwoorthreefeetfromheground.TheenusuniperuselongsohelassDicia,rderMonadelphia,ndaturalrderConiferasofLinnseusandussieu.tsistin-guishedynvatementithpeltatecales,which,inth ebarrenflowers,arewhorledinthrees,with fromwoto fouranthers;nth efertileonesopposite.erryhreeeeded.InheommonJuniper,heleavesremate,spreading,ucro-nate,argerhanheberry.
TheJuniperiswithusalways hrub,everrisinginto tree.hetipsofhebranchesresmoothandangular.heleavesgrownhreesandarelinear-acerose,sharplymucronate,shininggreennheirowerurface,utwithroadglaucousinehroughheentreofhepper.Theseleaves,however,arealwaysresupinate,andturnheirpperurfaceowardheround.Thebarrenflowersgrownmallaxillaryaments,withoundish,cute,tipitatecales,nclosingseveralanthers.hefertileflowers,growingnaseparateshrub,haveasmall,threepartedcalyxgrowingtothegerm;andthreestyles.hefruitisleshy,oundish,blongerry,farkpurplishcolour,formedofheermndonflu-entcalyx,markedwiththreeprominences or
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
46/209
COMMONUNIPER.5vesiclesattop,ndontaininghreeeeds.trequireswoseasonsorrivetmaturityromtheflower.TheleavesoftheJuniperhavetrongndratherunpleasanttaste,withaittlestringency.Thepeculiarjuiceofhebarkappearstoconsistofresinandvolatileoil.umSandarach,whichfurnishesthematerialofpounce,isobtainedfromtheuropeanuniper,romhichtxudesspontaneouslythroughcrevicesnderforationsinthebark.
Thepartprincipallyusedinmedicinesheberries.heseavetrongeculiaraste,accompaniedwithconsiderableweetness.henlongchewed,theyleavenmpressionofbitter-ness.heweetnessppearsoesidenhepulp,thebitternessintheeeds,ornheirm-mediateinvestment,andheromaticlavourntheessentialoil.r.Lewisobserves,hatinc-tures,madewithheseerries,ifferccordingastheyarereparedwithheerriesntirerbruised.
Whenof goodqualitytheseberriesyield,indistillation,largeuantityofungent,olatileoilof peculiarflavour,thesamewhichtom-municatesoin.heedicinalowers,orwhichthisarticleisemployed,maybeconsideredasresidinginthisil.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
47/209
46UNIPEHTJSOMMUNIS .Theerriesfheuniperaveongbeen
employedforthepurposesof diuretic,articu-larlyindropsy.anyoftheolderwriters,whosenamesrefhighuthoritynmedicine,avegivenavorableeportsfheperationofhismedicineinhydropiccases.thasbeenusednsubstance,nnfusion,ndinvariousompoundmedicines.Theeffectsofitsmostpopularprepara-tion,thatofnardentpirit,areooniversallyknowntorequireparticularelucidation.naddi-tionohepecificffectfhessentialil,somehysiciansavettributedirtuesoherob,orinspissateddecoctionoftheberries.off-manfounditofgreatuseindebilityofthestomachandintestines,articularlynldeople.hestrongerpreparationshavebeenoundsefulnuterineobstructions,andinparalyticaffectionsfthevesicaurinaria.
Linnseusinformsus,inisFloraLapponica,thatafermente*ddecoctionfuniperberriessusedinSwedens commondrink,but hedeniestheinfusioneingubstitutedforteaandoffee,asomewritershavetated,inLapland.ood-villendthersaveisquotedimnhispoint.TheAmericanJuniperherriesreonsidera-blynferiortotheEuropeannstrengthnd
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
48/209
COMMONUNIPER.7flavour.heestofheatterreaidoefromtaly.utfhemportedpecimens,whichIhavexaminedtheruggists'hopsinthiscountry,veryfewpossessnyemainsftheriginaltrength,nduchhereaterportionfhemppearoavendergonetleastonedistillation,beforetheirexportationfromEurope.hebestJuniperberrieshave strongimpregnationofvolatileil,which,avingeenonceasted,annoteasilymistaken.hosewhichhavebeensubjectedtoistillationredryandtasteless.
BOTANICALBEFERENCES.Juniperuscommunis,LINN.MITH,Flor.Brit. iii.1085.Engl.
Bot.U1100.WOODVILLE,i.t.5.MICHAUX,i.245.PURSH,ii;646.BLACKWELL,.87.
MEDICALREFERENCES.MURRAY,App.Med.i.54.EWIS,Disp.240.LINN^US,Flor
Lapp. 76OODVILLE,ntsupra.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
49/209
48UNIPEliUSCOMMUNIS.PLATEXLIV.
Fig..lbranchofJuniperuscommunisinfruit.Fig.2.5barrentwiginflower.Fig.S.Barrenament.Fig.4.Scaleofanthersofth esame.Fig.5.Fertileflower.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
50/209
I>.JTLl
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
51/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
52/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
53/209
REDCEDAR.1fromheround,ivingffanyorizontalbranches.tsurfacesgenerallynequal,nddisfiguredbyknots,andherevicesndrotu-berancestheyoccasion.hemalltwigsarecoveredwithminute,denselyimbricatedleaves,whichcontinuetoincreaseinizeashebranchrows,tillheyrebrokenupandconfoundedwithheroughbark.heseeavesrefleshy,ovate,con-cave,rigidlyacute,markedwithasmalldepressedglandonthemiddleofheirouteride,rowinginpairs,whichareunitedtbaseoachther,andtothepairsboveandbelowthem.heydonotltertheirsituation,butcontinueoppositetilltheyrebliteratedbyage.ingulararietysometimesappearsintheyoungshoots,especiallythosewhichissuefromthebaseofthetrees.hisconsistsinanelongationofheleavesoiversixtimesheirusualength,whileheyecomespreading,acerse,considerablyremotefromeachother,ndrregularnheirnsertion,eingeitheroppositeorternate.hesehootsreodissimilarohearentreehatheyaverepeatedlyeenistakenorndividualsfdifferentpecies.Thearrenlowersrownsmalloblongments,ormedyeltatecaleswithhenthersoncealedwithinhem.hefertile flowers have aproper perianth,which
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
54/209
52UNIPERUSVIRGINIANA.coalesceswiththegermandforms smallround-ishberry,withwoorthreeeeds,coveredontsoutersurfacewithabrightbluepowder.TheleavesofheKededaravetrongdisagreeableaste,ithomeungencyndbitterness.hepeculiartasteanddoureside,nooubt,nolatileil,which,owever,snoteadilyeparatedbyistillationsnmallway.hetinctureecomesurbidwhenwaterisadded,anderymuchoifufferedotandadayortwo.heresenceofanninsevel-opedbytheadmixtureofdissolvedisinglass,withadecoctionofthebarkandleaves.
TheotanicalimilarityfhisreeoheSavin,whichisanEuropeanhrub,aslreadybeenmentioned.ntheirsensibleandmedicinalproperties,heyareequallyallied.heastefthetwopeciessnearlyheame,xcepthattheedareavesrehemoreauseousofhetwo.stheAmericantreeisfrequentlyknownthroughoutthecountrybythenameof Savin,ourapothecarieshavebeenledoresumepontsidentitywiththatmedicine,andithasongeenusednaseswhereherueavinsecom-mended.tsmostfrequentuse,owever,snthecompositionofthecerateemployedforkeep-ingupherritationnddischargeflisters.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
55/209
REDCEDAR.3Thisreparationsheameithheavincerate,sednEurope,heeavesfheiedcedareingubstitutedorhoseftheSavin.Whenroperlyreparedyoilinghereshleavesforashorttimeinabouttwicetheirweightoflardwiththeadditionof littlewax,erateisormedfeculiarfficacyserpetualepispastic.henppliedsressingonewlyvesicatedsurface,andfterwardsepeatedtwiceaday,tarelyailsoeeppheis-chargefornndefiniteengthofime.nderitsoperation,thedischargeusuallyhangesromaseroustoapuriformappearance,ndoncretesuponthesurface othattequiresoee-movedfromtimetotime,toadmitthefullctionofthecerate.
InternallytheleavesoftheJuniperusVirgin-ianahavebeenfoundtoexerteffectsveryimilartothoseofheSavin.heyhaverovedsefulasnemmenagogue,andaseneraltimulantanddiaphoreticnrheumatism.heyhavelsohadsomereputationasadiureticindropsy.
ThewoodoftheBedcedarsmooth,ight,anderyurable.tslburnumswhite,uttheheartwoodofabeautifuledcolour whenceitsnameisderived.tsrincipallymployedforpostsnences,nwhichapacitytproves
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
56/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
57/209
t'////,'//////
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
58/209
MENYANTHESTRIFOUATA.
BuckBeanPLATEXLVI.
IHEBuckbeanrMarshrefoilsnefthoselantshichreativenuropend NorthAmerica,withsolittleifferenceoftruc-ture ,nhewoontinents,ha theirpecificidentityanardlyeoubted .av ecom-paredspecimensofhenative ,andforeignlant ,withoutbeingabletoperceiveheeastefinable difference ,exceptnize;hemericaneingsmaller.et,fedmithetatementsfbotanicalwriters ,theplantf lowersinEnglandtleastmonthaterhantoesnheeigh-bourhoodofBoston,acircumstanceno tsualnotherspeciesofvegetables.
Themostspongyandboggysoils,hichre inundatedtertaineasons,ndeverhollydestituteofwater ,arethefavoritesituationsoftheMenyanthestrifoliata. Itoftenconstitutesarge
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
59/209
56ENYANTHESTRIFOLIATA.bedsatthemarginofpondsndrooks.tscommoninNewEngland,ndrows,ccordingtoPursh,sarsouthasVirginia.ThegenusMenyanthesastsorollaairyonhepperide;tigmaifid;apsulenecelled,woolved.hepeciesnheresentarticleisamedromtsmateeaves.lassPentandria.rdertMonogynia.aturalrdersRotceas,Lin. Geniian,Juss.Therootofthisplantpenetrateshorizontallyinthebog-earthtoagreatdistance.tsegu-larlyntersectedwithointstheistancefabouthalfaninchromachther,heseointsbeingformedbyhebreakingoffofhelde-tiolesandtheirsheaths.heleavesproceedfromtheendoftherootonlongtalksurnishedwithbroadsheathingstipulesatase.heyreri-foliate,earlyval,labrous,omewhatleshy,andlightlypand,rurnishedithanyirregularitiesathedge,whichardlyreventthemromeingentire.hecapesound,ascendingandsmooth,bearing onicalacemeoflowers.edunclestraight,cattered,up-portedyvateoncaveractes.alyxrect,subcampanulate,ivearted,persistent.orollafunnelhaped,heubehort,heorderivecleft,preadingandatlengthrevolute,clothedon
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
60/209
BUCKBBAN.7thepperar tit h oatingofdense,leshy,obtusefibres.hecolour ,inhemericana-riety,isgenerallywhite,withatingeofred ,ar-ticularlynheutside .t amensive,hor ter thanthecorolla,andalternatewithit ssegmentstheanthersblong-arrowhaped .ermvate;stylecylindrical,persistent,aslongasthecorol la;stigmaifid,ompressed.apsulevate ,wo va lved ,neelled.eedsumerous,inute,attachedtotwola teralreceptacles.InNewEnglandthisplantflowersbouthe middleofMay .
Thewholeplantandparticularlytheo o thasanntenselybittertaste ,hardlyexceededbyha tofGentianandColumbo.hisbitternessresideschieflyinanextractiveat ter ,olublena ter andpirit.her oo ts,owever ,esinousnd impregnateslcoholo retronglyhanater ,andmaybeprecipitatedfromitstincture,inpart ,bytheat terfluid. Theo o tfhisegetablesndoubtedlyentitledtoahighplaceinheistoftonics.nEuropethaslongbeendmittedo lacen theMater iaMedica,ndaseceivedheom-mendationsofvarioushysicians.heniveninsmalldoses,abouttengrains ,itimpartsvigourtohetomachndtrengthensigestion.ts
8
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
61/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
62/209
BUCKBEAN. 9re la tedinitsbotanica lhabit,sellsensiblepropert ies .
Weayegardhislantsnefhenumerousegetableittersboundingnur country ,hichreullyqualntrengtho importedarticlesoftheirlass,ndwhichmayhereafteressenurpendancenoreigndrugs.Linnseus ,inhisFloraLapponica ,informss,thatintimesofscarcity,sheepwillubsistpon thislant ,otwithstandingtsitterness.heLaplandersemployitasasubstituteo ropso preventcescencynheireer .heyvenin troduceitinomenstancesn toheirr ead ,uponwhichLinnseusbestowsthepithet,ama-ra setdetestabilis.
BOTANICALREFERENCES.Menyanthestrifoliate,LINN.Sp.pLDER.FloraDan..41.URTIS,lor.ond...7.WOODVILLE,ed.ot..2.SMITH,Engl. Bot.t.495.MICHAUX,Flora,i.25.URSH,.159.Menyanthespalustreriphyllum,RAY.yn.85.Trifoliumalu-
dosum,GERARD,em.1194.
MEDICALREFERENCES.MURRAY,Apparatusmed.ii.53.LINN-US,Fl.ap.0.HAL-
LER,Hist.Stirp.Helv.633.CULLEN,Mat.Med.ii.53.HOMFSON,Lond.Disp.256.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
63/209
60ENYANTHESTRIFOLIATA.PLATEXLVI.Fig.1 .Menyanthestrifoliata,Fig.2.alyx.Fig.3.Petal.Fig.4.tamen.Fig.5.tyle.
Fig.6.Fruit.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
64/209
//f/// ///f/////.i /'////?>.>SA J
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
65/209
RANUNCULUSBULBOSUS.
BulbousCrowfoot.PLATEXLVII.
JLTsaremarkableacthatreatortionoftheweeds,whicharemosttroublesomenheUnitedStates,refEuropeanrigin,avingintroducedthemselvesincethediscoveryofth.scountry.omeofheseemigrantsaveettledinourgrazingndmowingands,uchsheRanunculusulbosus,crisndepens,ndis-criminatelyalleduttercups,rowfoot,nd Yelloweed;heChrysanthemumeucanthe-mum,orWhiteweed;heRumexcetosella,rSorrel;heHypericumperforatum,orSt.ohn'swort,c.nurornfieldsndardensrequarteredtheCouchgrass,Triticumrepens hedifferentspeciesofoosefootorPigeed,he-nopodium heBock,umexrispus,> * c .;heCharlockrWildadish,aphanusRaphanis-trum;Burdock,Arctiumlappa,c. Someave
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
66/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
67/209
BULBOUSCROWFOOT.3Thenectary ,theneverfailingconcomi tantofthisgenus,sasmallcavityatthensideofthelaw ofeachetal ,generallyov er edbyflatcale,sometimesurroundedwithaoncaverim,nd a to ther snclosedinashor tcylinder.ubtle andiolentcrimony,nhichheedicalpropertiesseemtodepend ,soundnos t ,fnotinall,ofthespecies.Thepeciesulbosusasompoundeaves,anerectmanyfloweredstem,afurrowedpeduncle,reflexedcalyx,andbulbousroot.tgrowsen-erally indrypastures,mowingl andsandroadsides,floweringabundantlyinMayandtheirstparto fJune,fterwhichtiveslaceotsquallyabundantsuccessors,R.acrisandrepens,hich,however ,enerallyrefero reoistoil.Thesehreepecies,avinglowersfsimilarsizeandappearance ,arendiscriminatelynown byheamefuttercups.heiristinctionaffordsapleasingnstanceofdifferentombina-tionsoffeatures ,formingseparatecharacterso r similarplants.heB.bulbosushas urrowed flower-stalkndeflexedalyx;.epensfurrowedlower-stalkndpreadingalyx,nd B.cris oundlower-stalkndpreadingcalyx.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
68/209
4ANNCULUSBULBOSUS.Amoreparticulardescriptionoftheplantn
ouriguressol lows.ootleshy,olid 3roundish,epressed,endingutadiclesrom itsnderide.nutumntivesffa tera lbulbseartsop,hichffordlantso rhenextear ,hileheldo o tecays.temsseveral,rect,ound ,airy,ranching.ootleavesnongetioles,e rna t e ,ometimesqunate;hesegmentsariouslyut,obednd toothed airy.temleavessessile,t e rna te ,heupperonesmoresimple.lowerseveralnstem,soli tary,ofabrightglossyyellow.edun-clesurrowed ,ngular,airy.alyxeavesoblong ,airy,entackgainstheeduncle.Petalsfive,inverselyheartshaped heectarya tthela wcove r edwithamalledge-shapedemarginatecale.tamensumerous,ellow,withblongrectnthers.ermsumerouswitheflexedtigmas.ruit phericalead composedofacute ,naked ,ivergingeedsithrecurvedpoints.
Theroo t sofRanunculusbulbosusppearo consistrincipallyoflbumenntermixedithligneousibres.fther oo themacera tedincoldwater ,tgivesasolutionofthissubstance,whichcoagulatesnlocksnhepplicationofheat;andndergoestheamerocesslowlynhe
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
69/209
BULBOUSROWFOOT.5admixtureoflcohol. Butthemostnterestingconstituentinhis,andinmosttherpecies,stheacridprinciplewhichpervadesveryartftheplantinitsgreentate. LikehecrimonyofheArum,itisvolatile,anddisappearsndry-ing,oruponhepplicationofheat. Itiffers,however,innoteingestroyedy moderateheat,andinbeingfullyreservednistillation.IhaveubjectedvariousspeciesfRanunculustothisexperiment,andalwaysfoundthedistilledwateropossess atrongcrimony;whilehedecoctionandportionsofheplantremainingntheretortwerewhollyestituteofhisproperty.Thisdistilledwater,whenirstakenintohemouth,excitednoparticularffect; butfteraewecondsasharp,tingingsensationwasalways produced. When swallowed, a greatsenseofheattookplaceinthetomach. Ire-servedsomeofhewaterdistilledfromeavesfRanunculusepens,forseveralmonthsnalosestoppedphial uringwhichimeitetainedtsacrimonyundiminished. Inwintertimetfroze,andnhawinghadostthisproperty. Tilebein,asquotedbyDr.Pulteney,insomeexperimentsonhisgenusofplants,foundthatwaterdistilledfromR.celeratus,nooling,epositedsmallcrystals,whichwerehardlyolublennymen-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
70/209
GOANUNCULUSBULBOSUS.struum,andwereofnnflammableature.haveotmetwithnppearanceofhisindTheistilledwater,owever,adubstancedissolvedinufficientquantitytoyield radualprecipitatewithomereagents,uchsmuriateoftinandcetateofead.hetrengthofhedistilledatersmpairedyontinuingheoperationooong.hecrimonyofhelantisexpendedinaveryhortimetheoilingheat,andaarthercontinuanceofhedistillationbringsoveronlywater.
SincetheimeofDioscoridesJVoieA.]heacridandstimulatingpropertiesoftheRanunculihavebeenwellnown.hiscrimonyesidesinallthepecies,withthexceptionofR .uri-comus,whichisaidobemild,andperhapswoorthreeothers.tisopowerfulhattpeed-ilyinflamesororrodesheipsndongue,fkeptnontactwithhem.nheostrilstactss violentsternutatory,andifwallowedinconsiderableuantity,tringsnreatain,heatandnflammationofhetomach,ndhasevenoccasionedconvulsionsanddeath.
BeforehentroductionofCantharidessvesicatory,differentpeciesofRanunculuswereusedponhekin,sxternaltimulants.Theirpowerofoccasioningerosionandulceration
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
71/209
BULBOUSCROWFOOT.7appearsoaveeennownohencients.Differentmedicalwritershavegivenccountsftheirmodeofoperation;butthemostxtensivehistoryndnvestigationshatofKrapf,ub-lishedatVienna,in766.hiswork,whichhavenoteen,isquotedinlltsrincipalactsbyProfessorMurrayofGttingenintheAppara-tusmedicaminum.ccordingtothisauthorthevariouspecies,withwhichhisexperimentsweremade,rovedapablefexcitingnflammation,blisteringndlceration,whenppliedoheskin.liceofhereshootofR.ulbosusplacedincontactwithhensideofheinger,broughtonenseofburningnwominutes.Whentakenoff,thekinwasoundwithoutedness,ndheenseofeatandtchingeased.Intwohours,however,itreturnedgain,ndntenours fullserousblisterasaised.hiswasollowedynlcerofbadharacternddifficulttoheal.eemarkshat,ifheppli-cationsontinuedfterheirsttching,hepainndubsequentrosionsuchreater.Fromtheaccountsgivenofhispecies,lsoofR.celeratus,R.cris,ndomethers,tappearsthattheeaves,flowers,buds,orootsftheseplants,fbruisedandppliedohekin,exciteednessandvesication. Thisffectisot
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
72/209
68ANUNCULUS BUL.BOSUS.constant,butailsoakelacenertainon-stitutionsrtertaineasonsfheear.Generally,however,theyreaidoperatenhalf anhour,orless,fromthetimeoftheirappli-cation.heyareStatedtopossessheadvantageoverblistersmadebyflies,thatheynevercca-sionymptomsofstrangury.
Withaviewtoheirxternaltimulusheyhaveeenseddvantageouslynheumatism,thehipisease,emicrania,ndixedainsfvariousdescriptions.mongtheoldractition-ers,whohaverecordedinstancesofheirffects,areBuglivi,Storck,ndSennertius.uriouspractice,atonetime,revailedneveraloun-triesinEurope,ofpplyingtheRanunculusothewristsorfingers,fortheureofntermittentfever.hisismentionedbyVanSwieten,Tissot,andomeothers.nhemicraniatwasppliedtothehead,andinhiscasetdidnotproducedischarge,orreakhekin;utccasionedtumefactionofthehairyscalp.
AnobjectionagainsttheuseoftheRanunculi,asexternalstimulants,existsintheuncertaintyoftheirperation,ndheiolentffectshichsometimeshavefollowedaftertheyhadeenp-plied.hosewriters,whohavewitnessedheirapplication,recordinstancesinwhichthesevege-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
73/209
BULBOUSCROWFOOT.)9tablelistersaveeenollowedyeep,ll-conditionedandloughingulcers,whichwerenothealedwithoutgreatdifficulty.issotmentionsannstance,inwhichanapplicationmadeohethumbcausedadeep,painfululcer,whichene-tratedtothebone,andoccupiedsomemonthsnitscure.nanothercasehelisterpread,naewours,verhewholerm,ccasioningfeveranddelirium,ndwasollowedyuchtendencyoangrene,hatheimbaswithdifficultyaved.hesnau,uotedyMurray,adviseshatheRanunculushouldeppliedto smallsurfaceonly,andthroughaperforationinanadhesiveplaister,topreventitfrompread-ing.romwantofhiscaution,eadnownextensiveinflammationorisendpreadverareaterartfheace,eck,ndbreast.Linnseus,inhisFloraSuecica,elateshatbeg-gars,inSweden,wereknowntoexciteulcerationsoftheirfeetwithheRanunculusceleratus,oassistthemnextortingcharityromassengers.Iknownottowhatxtentthefficacyofhe
Ranunculi,externallypplied,aneependedon.ertaintshatheyootffectllpersonsalike,ndhisactsvowedyhosewhoavesedhemmost.aveepeatedlymadepplicationsofthe contused roots and
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
74/209
yOANUNCULUSBULBO SUS.leavesofdifferentpeciesomyarmndand,andwornthemforadozenhours,withoutfeelinganyparticularsensation,orperceivinganyvisibleeffect.herapiddryingupofhemoistureftheplantseemedtopreventitromctinguponthekin.mnclinedoelieve,heressomethingintheactionofhesevegetablesnal-ogousohatofheoisonouspeciesfRhusdescribedinthiswork;whichomendividuals,butotll,reusceptiblef.hextensiveandpreadingnflammation,whichheycca-sionallyroduce,esemblesoreheffectofthesehrubs,hanofanyofherdinaryube-facientsorvesicants.
TheburningsensationwhichheRanunculiexcitenhemouthwhenhewed,xtendsothetomachiftheyarewallowed.rapftatesthatmallportionfeafrlowerofR.sceleratus,rworopsfheuice,xcitedacutepainnthetomach,andasenseofnflam-mationinhethroat.egaveargeuantityoftheuiceto dog,whichbroughtonomitingandgreatdistress;nd.thenimaleingilled,wasoundwithhetomachnflamedndcon-tracted,ndheylorusardlyervious.hesameuthornformsshatilutionreatlydiminisheshepowerofhisfluid,othathalf
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
75/209
BULBOUSCROWFOOT.idrachmoftheuice,insixouncesofwater,mayheakenwithentireafety.
Dr.Withering,squotedbyDr.Pulteneyntheiun a anransactions,sserts,hatheis-tilledwaterofRanunculuslammulaisnemeticmoreinstantaneousndessffensivehanul-phateof zinc.knownotinwhatpublicationofDr.W.histatementsmade,utheactappearstomenotimprobable.cridsubstances,suchsustard,epper,ndorse-radish,fswallowedinlargequantities,excitehetomachtoelievetselfyomiting.nbjection,however,existsagainstthedistilledwater,wingtothencertaintyoftstrength;whichmustvaryinroportionoheuantityfhelantemployed,theimeccupiednistillation,ndtheubsequenttimeforwhichheluidsept.
KrapfstateshatR.auricomusandR.lanugi-nosareoreeromcrimony,thatheyreeatensgreensorallads.llhepeciesosetheirpungencynoiling,ohatvenheR.sceleratus,neofhemostacrid,isusedorhesamepurpose.
Grazingcattleenerallyvoidhelantsfthisenus,whichrowmongrass,sarsitispossibleorthemodot.ccordinglyeobservehelowersofRanunculileftntouched.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
76/209
7aANUNCULUSBLBOSUS.whilethegrassisloselyroppedroundhem.Itseverthelessnavoidable,oommonretheselants,hatortionsfhemhouldeeatenveryoftenytheseanimals.tisprobablethatmalluantitiesfheesscridortsothemnonjury.teast,itppearshatheirstomachsaremuchessusceptibleohisindofstimulusthanours.nthePanuecusomeexperimentsponheselants,ithomesticanimals,aredetailed nwhich,itstatedhat,hornedcattlerefusedoeatallthepecieswhenofferedohem,xceptR.uricomus.hisspecieswasejectedbyhorses,whileheywouldeatR.lammula.heepndoatsatheR.acris,nefhemostungentpecies.r.Pulteneystates,s wellknownact,hatogs,inngland,evourheootsfR.ulbosus.Howitisthattheseanimalsesistthedeleteriouseffectsofovirulentplants,itisnoteasyoay.Itis ,however,anotmoreemarkableact,hanthepowerofsomeanimalstodevourCantharidesandevenmineralpoisonswithimpunity.*Inheirdrytate,ariouspeciesofRanun-culusnterntothecompositionofhay,articu-larly.cris.avingostheircrimonyaltogethernrying,heyrearmlessndprobablynutritive.
*eeanote,vol.i.p.64.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
77/209
BULBOUSCROWFOOT.3Dr.Pulteneyhaspublishedamemoirnhe
LinnseantransactionsntheconomicalsefsomeoftheRanunculi,particularlytheR.luvia-tilis,whichheconsiders varietyofR.aquatilis.Contrarytothecommoneffectsftheotherspecies,thisplantissaid,byhim,tobeotnlyinnocent,buthighlynutritivetocattle. Hestatesthat,inheneighbourhoodofRingwood,onthebordersoftheAvon,whichaffordshisegetableingreatbundancelltheyear,somefhecottagers sustainheircows, andevenorses,almostwhollyuponthisplant;inceheremain-ingartofheiroodsothingmorehanscantypittance,theygetnhedjacenteath,whichaffordslittleinorethanLing,Lichen,Bog-mossorSphagnum,jc . Itsusualomployamanoollectuantityorheayverymorning,andbringitintheboattohedgefthewater,fromwhichtheows,nhenstanceseen,stoodeatingtwithreatvidity. Iasindeedinformed, ayshe,theyelishedtohighly,hattasnsafeollowhemmorethanacertainquantity;Ithinketweentwentyfive andthirtypounds daily,each; butwithvariationaccordingtocircumstances. TheowsIsawwereapparentlynotnmeanondition,andgaveufficientuantityofoodmilk. I10
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
78/209
7 ANUNCULUSBULBOSU S.wastoldbythepersonwhosecattlewereeedingonit,thateeptiveowsndneorseoentirelyonthisplantandwhattheheathafforded,thatheyadotonsumedalf onfhaythroughoutheholeear;oneeingsedexceptwhentheriverwasrozenver.xam-inedhewholeparcelnwhichourowswerefeeding,inhebeginningMarch,ndoundhewholeonsistedxclusivelyfheRanunculusfluviatiliswithoutnymixtureofhePotamoge-tn,Carex,Sparganium,orotherquaticlants.Inummer,owever,tanardlybevoidedbutthattheremustbeamixtureofsomeofthese,butotherplantsarenotchosen.Thisaccountwasconfirmedtomebyiffer-entpersons;ywhomasurthernformedthathogsarelsoedwithheamelant,nwhichtheyimprovesowell,thatitsoteces-saryollowhemtherustenance,illtspropertoputthemuptofatten.InVeterinaryracticeheRanunculusul-bosushasbeenemployedsnxternaltimu-lant.ohisurposer.hapman,nisTherapeutics,hinkstmayeetterdaptedthanothertopicalexcitants.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
79/209
BULBOUSCROWFOOT.5BOTANICALREFERENCES.
Ranunculusbulbosus,LINN.Sp.plURTIS,FloraLond..8.ARTYN,Florarustica,t.28.SMITH,Florarltt-91.Engl.
Bot.t.515.ICHAUX,.321.PUJISH,i.393.Ranunculusube-rosusagor,.AUHIN,ii.17.Ranunculusratensis,&c~CEDER,tDan.t.515.
MEDICALREFERENCES.MURRAY,Apparatus,Med.iii.88.KRAPF.Ranunculi.iennat1766.LEWIS,Mat.Med.ii.262.B..ARTON,3.PULTENEY,
Lin.transactions,v.14.CHAPMAN,Therapeutics,ii.411.
PLATEXLVII.Fig..Ranunculusbulbosus,tlieradicalleafofhelargestsize
andmoresubdividedthancommon.F i o .2.Radicalleafofsmallersizeandmorecommonshape.Fig.3.Petalandnectary.Fig.4.wostamensenlarged.Fis5.Fruit
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
80/209
ILLICIUMFLORIDANUM.
StarryAnise.
FLATEXLVIII.IHameualitieswhichntitleheLirio-
dendronandMagnoliasoalacemongmedi-cinalplants,existabundantlyinthekindredgenusofllicium. Thisfamilyconsistsofine,spicy,floweringshrubs,oneofwhich,theI.anisaturn,growinginEasternAsia,derivesitsnameromthesimiliarityofitsflavourohatofAnise,qualitywhichexists,thoughesssimple,inthesubjectofthepresentrticle. Anotherpecies,the.parviflorum,ahrubwithmallellowishflowers, first discovered by Michaux in themountains of Georgia and Carolina, has soexactlythelavourof theSassafrasoot,thattheyarenottoelistinguishedbytheaste. The.Floridanum forms beautiful thickets in thecountryborderingnheorthofheGulff
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
81/209
/ /jyjy/y
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
82/209
STARRYANISE.fMexico,andisoftenmentionedvheravellerBartram,withhisaccustomedenthusiasm,asoneofhehiefeautiesfthatxuberantegion.IntheNortherntates,swellsnEurope,tisreservedyrtificialeat.herawing,whichillustratesurdescription,wasmaderomagreenhousepecimen.
Theharacterssignedohisenussformedbyasiceleavedcalyx,ttventysevenpetals,andanumberofcapsulesarrangedinacircle,twovalved,oneseeded.hespeciesFloridanumhasitseavescuminatendtsetalsumerous,oblongandlinear.
TheclassandorderarePolyandria,olygy-nia;ndheNaturalrdersCoadunat,inn.Magnoli,Juss.TheIlliciumFloridanumisashrub,nomeinstancesentitledtobeonsideredmallree.Itsleavesarescattered,orgrowintufts,onshortpetioles.heyrevergreen,valanceolate,slightlyacuminate,entire,smoothonothides,andfirmorfleshy.heflowerbudsproceed fromtheidesofthebranchesatthexilsofheastyear'seaves.helowersrownlender,noddingpeduncles,aninchorwoong.henfullyexpanded,theyareaboutthesizeofadollar,andfdark,purplishrimson. Calyxeci-
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
83/209
78LLICIUMFLORIDANM.duous .etalsinear,btuse,nhreeows,aboutnineinaow,theppermostrowscend-ing,theowermostdescending,ndroaderr morespatulate.t amensthirtyo rmore ,diverg-ing,lat,epressedwithhenthersecurved;pollenhite.ermsadozenrore ,ound-i sh-rhomboidal ,ompressedndrrangedncircularmanner;tylesshort ,recurved ,pubescento ntheinside.hefruit,whichIhaven o teen,isrepresentedbyauthors ,ashaseentatednthegenericcharacter .Theleavesandounghoo t softhispecies
ofStarryaniseaboundinaine,learmucilage,whichecomesmmediatelyerceptiblenhemouth ,ifthesepartsarechewed,andwhichcom-municatesowaterinahor time o pyo n -sistence.hismucilageseparatedromhedecoctionbyalcoholinheo rmofdarkrown ,tough,stringycoagula.uriateofinausesprecipitatefterheseoagularei thdrawn,whichseemsoindicatetheresenceofextract . Sulphateofro naddedoheecoction,oagu-latedthemucusndarkenedheo lour .discoveredoracesfesinnheor t i onssubmittedoxperiment,nd trongincturewasn o tdisturbedbywater .hetrial,however,wasconductedo nasmallscale.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
84/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
85/209
80LLICIUMFLORIDANUM.toMr.Collinson. Mr.Bartram'sdescriptionofit,asitappearsnhisournaluptheriverSt.John,publishedyr.Stork,nisccountofEastFlorida,issollows.Nearheremysonfoundalovely,weetree,witheavesikeheweetbay,whichsmelledikeSassafras,ndroducesatrangekindofseed-pop;utalltheeedasshed.heseverefrosthadoturtt;someofthemgrownearlytwentyeethigh,acharmingbrightevergreenaromatic.''*
Ofthemedicinalpropertiesofthisshrub,Iamunabletopeakwiththeertainty,whichmighthaveattendedanextensivenumberoftrials,madewithhearkofullrownpecimens.romtheevidenceaffordedbythearkandleavesofagreenhousepecimen,andbytheanalogyofotherspecies,andsimilartrees,Ihouldnotfeelmuchhesitationnattributingtothelliciumtherop-ertiesofatonic-stimulantanddiaphoretic.haveatleastsatisfiedmyselfhathearkof wig,andthreeorourofheeaves,produceon-pleasantconsequence.tsitterastendro-maticqualitypointoutitsnalogyoCascarilla,Canella,assafras,ndtherromaticarks,whichareregularlyconsumedinthehops. Its
*tisverypossibleth eaboveescriptionmayaveeenn-tendedforllliciumparviflorum.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
86/209
STARRYANISE.1co-species,thelliciumanisatumofheEast,susedas condimenttocommunicateanagreeableflavourtocertaindishes.heChineseliewtafterdinnerastomachicndweetenerftliereath.nomeartsofheEastndiesthenativesandDutchmixitwithheireandsherbet.tislsoburntasncenseeforeheiridolsbyomeofherientalations,ndare-fullykeptasanantidoteovariouspoisons.
Thebeautyofbotlitheseshrubsendershemdesirableacquisitionsocollectorsofplants.
BOTANICALBEFERENCES.llliciumloridanum,INN.URTIS,Bot.Mag..3ELMI-
CHAUX,.526PuRSH,ii.330.
MEDICALREFERENCES.ELLIS,nPhilosophicalransactionsabridged,xiii.T..2.SCHTF,91.
PLATEXLVIII.Fig..lliciumFloridanum.Fig.2.Severalstamensmagnified.Fig.3.Pistilsmagnified.Fig.4.Apistilseparate.
11
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
87/209
ARISTOLOCHIASERPENTARIA.
VirginiaSnakeroot.PLATEXLIX*
ATsprobablethatthisroot,likemanytherarticlesnowusednmedicine,wasindebtedtoitssensibleualities,ortsirstntroductionntouse.sthenameimplies,itsarliestmedicinalcharacterasoundednupposedntidotalpowergainstheitefenomouserpents.Cornutus,attheendofhisbookonheplantsfCanada,publishedatParisin1635,tellss,hataroothadbeenenttohimfromNoihaJlngliawhichwascalledSerpentaria,andinheernac-ulartongueSnagrael.hisootwas verysuresafeguardagainsttheiteofaugeerpentnthatcountry,whichprovedinevitablyfatalwithintwelvehours,unlessagoodportionoftheantidote
amindebtedtoagentlemaninGeorgiaforth everyaturaldrawingofthisplant.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
88/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
89/209
VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.3* waswallowedneason whichbeingone,oonewaseverknownoenangerofhisifefromhiscause.
Thenagrelhashadagreatmanyivalsntheharacterfpecificsgainstheitefserpents.oreat,ndeed,sheumberfarticleswhicharecalledniformlyuccessfulnsuchcases,thatwearecompelledtobelieve,hattheitefheattlenake,ndoubtlessfothervenomouserpentsnthecountry,althoughattendedwithsevereandalarmingconsequences,iseverthelessuteldomatal ndencethatthehonorofprovingspecificinheseasesisoneofcheapacquisition.TheSerpentariagrowsinwoodsintheSouth-ernandMiddleartsofheUnitedStates.tbearscultivationnanypartoftheunion,honghthemostnortherlyituation,romwhichavereceivedwildpecimens,sheicinityofNewHaven,fromwhichplacesomelivingplantsweresenttomebyDr.Monson.Thegenusristolochiaas onopcialous,tubular,rookedorolla,wellingtase,nd
dilatedattheborder.apsuleinferior,sixcelled.Thepecieserpentariaastseaveseart-shaped,blong,cuminate;temexuous;e-dunclesradical, Purshmentionsarietywith
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
90/209
84RISTOLOCHIASERPENTARIA.leavesoarrow,soppearikeistinctspecies helower,however,beingnotifferent.Woodville'sigurefurlantasheeavesmuchooroadorheommonabitfhevegetable.Itelongsohelassynandria,rder
Ileacandria,o rmoreproperlyJDodecandria.tsoneofhefewgeneraplacedbyLin neusnhatclasshichreotfherchideousribe.Naturalo rder sarmentace,inn .lristolochi,Juss.
Thisvegetableishumbleinitsgrowth,beingmostommonlynderootneight.herootisextremelyfibrous,andsendsupaumberofstems.heseareimpleorslightlybranched,jointed,lexuous,ndftenfeddishinge.Theleavesarealternate,onshortpetioles,oblong,entire,acuminate,heart-shapedatbaseandhreenerved.
Thelowersgrowloseoheround,ikethosefAsarum.heyavetift*eatherytexture,andadullbrownishpurpleolour.hepedunclewhichupportshemhasnermoreleafets,ndraduallynlargesntourrowedobovategerm.heorolla,ikethersnhissingulargenus,consistsofalongcontortedube,bentintheformofheetter,wellingtts
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
91/209
VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.5twoextremities,havingtshroaturroundedyanelevatededgeo rbrim,andit sborderexpanded intoabroadrregularmargin,ormingnpper andunderlip,whichrelosedn riangularmannerinthebud.henthersrewelvennumber,rowingnairsoheidesfhefleshystyle,whichsituatednheo t t omftheorol la ,ndover edy irm,preadingconvolutedtigma,hichxtendsv erhen -thers.heapsulesbovate ,ixngled,ixcelled,withnumerousmallflatseeds.Snakeroo tas enetrating,athergreea-ble,res inousmell,nd ungentitteraste ,resemblingsomewhatthatofthePinusCanaden -sis,rHemlockpruce.tommunicatestsqualitiesbothtospiritandwater ,butmosttoheformer .ubjected uanti tyfheoo to distillationo ro nehour ,andobtainednhee -ceiverawhitishearlyluid,erytronglym-pregnatedwithheroma,utessitterhantheoo t .ntandingwentyourours ,his fluiddepositedroundthedgesoftheurfaceconsiderableumberfmallhiterystals,whichprovedtobeureamphor .heyere inflammable,fusiblewith udden ,ndolatile with radua leat.erceivedossentialoil,thoughDr.Lewisinformsus.ha tfhe
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
92/209
86RISTOLOCHIAERPENTARIA.quantityofoot,submittedoheperation,elarge,therearises smallportionofpalecolouredessentialoilofaconsiderablemellbutofnoverystrongaste.heresrobablyortionfresinpresent,sIfoundhattheroot,fterav-ingbeenboiledinwateranhour,stillimpregnatedalcoholoasoauserecipitatewithwater.Thebitternesscommunicatedtothenfusionnddecoctionappearsoresideinavarietyofextrac-tivematter.
Medicinallyconsidered,Serpentariaisatonic,diaphoretic,andincertaincasesanantispasmodicandnodyne.taseenbundantlysednfeversofvariousdescriptions,andhaseenom-mendedbyahostofmedicalwriters.heresnodoubtthatithasbeennjudiciouslymployedinmanycases,ineverttendedwithnctivepulsendnflammatoryiathesis.hearlystages,lso,ofebrileiseasesarelydmitheexhibitionfoecided timulant,ithoutinjury.utintheadvancedstagesofeverndthosettendedithyphoidalymptoms,hismedicinesresortedtowithgreatadvantage,bothaloneandnombinatonwiththeronicsndstimulants.tispeculiarlyusefulinupportingthetrength,andnallayingtheirregularactionswhichattendgreatebrile debility, such as
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
93/209
VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.7subsultusendinum,delirium,watchfulness,5c.Itsbitteringredients,andhecamphorwhichtcontains,nooubtontributeoheseffects.Itismostadvantageouslyivennombinationwithbark,orwithwineandopium.
Snakerootisapopularremedynxanthema-tousisorderssiaphoretic,eingivenokeepouttheeruption,andtoestoretwhenthaseceded.nhelattercaseitsusesoubt-lessnjndicious,andiftailsoeproduceheeruption,itgreatlyincreasesheeat,pain,ndrestlessnessofhepatient.tisbetterinaseswheretheeruptionhasrecededoheisadvan-tageofhepatient,toattempttsestorationynauseatingandsalineiaphoretics,ndvenyafullemetic,thantoincurtheriskofaggravatingthesymptomsby stimulatingregimen.
Dr.Chapman,inhisTherapeutics,onsiderstheSerpentariaaspartakingthemixedqualitiesoftimulantndonic,ndctinglsosdiaphoreticanddiuretic.tseculiarlysefulasanuxiliarytothebark.etates,hatneofthemoreearlyusesofthemedicinewasinthecureofintermittentfever.hetheraloneitwasfoundadequateothispurpose,oesotclearlyappear.ItassedySydenhamnon-junctionwithwine,topreventheecurrencef
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
94/209
88RIS'fOLOCHlASERPENTARIA.theparoxysm,andfromhisccount,otwithoutadvantage.sageneralule,eays,hatnallcases,wheretisxpedientoombinewinewithbark,theeffectwillemuchncreasedy addingSerpentaria.heorrectnessfhisobservationhaseenullyonfirmedyubse-quentexperience,anditsowerymuchhepracticeounitehetwoarticlesntheowstatesofdisease.
Dr.Chapmanfartherstates,thatthoughtsdoubtfulwhethertheSerpentaria,ytself,willcureguendever,tsertainly owerfulassistanttobark,notnlynncreasingtsffi-cacy,ut,hatsfreatonsequence,nenablingthestomachtoretainhemedicine.
Toremittenteverehinkshismedicinebetteradapted.tasere,nmanyases,nindisputableuperiorityverark,nasmuchsitisrarelyoffensiveothetomach,ndmayegivenwithoutnjury,nhosebscuretatesfthedisease,whereheemissionsoteadilydiscernible.eprefers,inheseases,om-binationofbark,snakeroot,andsoda.Snakeroot,heinformsus,ismuchesortedoasapopularremedynhemanagementfhesecondarytagesofpleurisy.fterbleeding,tisherdinaryractice,nmanyartsfur
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
95/209
VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.9country,oesortotrongnfusionfhisarticlewithaviewofexcitingperspiration. Ca-tarrhs,rheumatisms,andotherwintercomplaints,incidenttorusticlife,aremanagednheameway. Inthatspeciesofpleurisywhichisproperlyenoughdesignatedbytheepithetilious,ehasrepeatedlyadccasiontorecuroheSerpen-taria,ndlwayswithmoreorlessutility. Thisbiliouspleurisyeonsidersasavingllhecharactersfpneumonicinflammation,withheadditionofomeof thesymptomsincidentoau-tumnalfever,uchsheadach,greatastricis-tress,andalmostalwaysviolentvomitingsofbile.Itdiffersalsofromordinarypleurisyinhavinglessactivityofinflammation,andconsequentlyinotbearinghesamextentofdepletion. Theys-tem,indeed,willoftenbeveryevidentlydepressedbyoneortwobleedings. Inthiscasethepracticewhichhasbeencommonlyursueds,fterheremovalofacomparativelysmallportionofblood,andhethoroughvacuationofhelimentarycanal; toadministerveryfreelydraughtsofheinfusionfheSerpentariain ordero excitecopiousdiaphoresis.Dr.Chapmanconcludeshisemarksnhisarticle,bystating,thattsadmirablyuitedocheckvomitings,andtotranquillizehestomach,13
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
96/209
90RISTOLOCHIASERPENTARIA.moreparticularlyniliousases.tsivenfo rthispurposeinecoction nhemalloseofhalfanounceo rlessatatime,andfrequentlyrepeated.
Themostcommonformofexhibitingnake -r o o tsnnfusion,o rhichurposealfn ouncemayhesteepedinaintofboilinga t er fo rtwohours ,n o v e r edessel.fthisn-fusionanounceo rtwomaybetakeneveryhreeo rfourhours .ecoctionisaessropermodeofpreparingthisplant,stendsoissipatethevolatileparts ,aport ionofwhichsetainedinastateofmixturebytheinfusion.ometimesthepowderisgivenindosesoffromtentothirtygrains.tinctureofnake r o o tisad eyi- gestinganounceofher o o tinapoundo rsome-whatlessofproofspirit.hecompoundtinctureofark,ommonlyalledHuxham'sincture,containsSerpentariaaso n eofitsingredients.
BOTANICALREFERENCES.Aristolochiaerpentaria,INN.p.pi.ALTER,or.ar,223.WOODVILLE,i.291.t.06.MICHAUX,i.62.PURSH,i. 596.PistolochiaiveSerpentariaVirginiana,SecPLUKENET,.148./.5.CATESBY,Car,i.29.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
97/209
VIRGINIASNAKERQQT.1MEDICALREFERENCES.
MURRAT,App.Med.i.348.CULLEN,Mat.Med,i.85.CHAP-MAN,Therapeutics,ii.411.LINO.Hotclimates,104,254.
PLATEL1X.Fig.1.Aristolochiaserpentariawithhelower beginningo
expand.Fig.2.Sideviewofth eflowerexpanded.Fig.3.Frontofditto.Fig.4.Longitudinalsectionofth e flower.Fig.5.Style,anthers,andstigmamagnified.Fig.6.Fruit.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
98/209
ALETRISFARINOSA.
StarGrass.
PLATEL.
J LNOWfnolantwhichurpassesheAlterisfarinosainenuine,ntensenderma-nentitterness.eitherloes,entian,orquassiaexceeditinhempressionroducedntheongue.thas,onaccountofhisproperty,attractedhebservationofomemedicalmen,andmayereafterecomenrticlefmoreconsequenceinheMateriaMedica.lthoughthenumberoftrials,hithertomade,reerhapsnotsufficienttofixwithprecisiontsxacthar-acter,yetinollectionofAmericanmedicinalvegetablestoughtnottopassunnoticed.
ThisplantgrowsinmostpartsofheUnitedStatesnfieldsandabouttheedgesofwoods,andflowersnJuneanduly.aveoundtearBostonontheouth,butnevertotheorthoft.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
99/209
PIz.
/ff'/f/.j A/r///f.jf/
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
100/209
STAUGRASS. 3Itsmodefgrowthsotwithouteauty,heleavespreadingclosetothegroundin radiatedmanner,like star;whilethespikeisupportedbynlmostakedtalk,tistancebovethem.henamesStarGrassndBiasinglararegenerallygiventoitinthecountry,fromhepeculiarappearanceofitsleaves.
ThegenusAletrishasitsorollatubular,sixcleft,wrinkled,persistent;tamensnsertedntothebaseofthesegments;tyletriangular,separa-bleintothree;apsuleopeningattop,threecelled,manyseeded.hepeciesfarinosa,alledlbabyMichauxandPursh,hasitsflowerspedicehed,oblong-tubular,somewhatrinklednfruit;heleavesbroadanceolate.ichauxbservesha t ofhepeciesreferredbyLinnustothisgenus,theA.arinasashenlynewhichtrictlybelongsot.lassHeandria;rderMonogy-nia;aturalrdersiliceas,inn .sphodeli,Juss.Thisplanthasasinglecircleofradicalleaves,whichareessile,nerved,lanceolate,andmooth.Thetemorscapeisfromnetothreefeethigh,investedwithemotecales,whichometimesexpandntomalleaves.helowersormslender,scatteredspikewithveryhortedicelsandminutebractes. Calyxnone. Corollawhite,
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
101/209
94JLETRISFARINOSA.ofanoblongbell-shape,dividedatthemouthntosixcute,preadingegments.heutside,particularlyastheflowergrowsld ,has ough-ish,wrinkledormealyappearance,bywhichhespecificnamewasuggested.hetamensareshort,insertedearhemouthofheorollattheaseofheegments.heircumstanceoftheirbeingoppositetoheegments,ndotalternatewiththem,affordsthemostdistinguish-ingmarkofthisgenus.heanthersreome-whatheart-shaped*ermyramidal,alfnfe-rior,apering:tyleriangular,eparablentothree.apsulenvestedwithheermanentcorolla,triangular,hreeelled,hreealvedttop.eedsnumerous,minute,fixedtoentralreceptacle.
Thelelrisurea,fMichauxndPursh,closelyresemblesthispecies,andtsifficult,bycomparingspecimensofthetwo,toointutanypermanentdistinctivemarks.heleavesfA.aureaaresomewhatnarrowerandhelowersbrightyellow.WalterplacestunderA.farinosaasavariety,andaddsthathecouldotetectspecificdifference lthoughthetimeoffloweringandplaceofgrowthndicatehatheyreis-tinct. Insensibleropertiesheyreimilar.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
102/209
STARGRASS. 5IntheLond onhilosophicalransact ionso r
1730, lantsmentionedylayton,hich,thoughotescribednotanicalanguage ,leavesittleoubtha theletrisarinosasintended.eays,thereisano therroo tofthespeciesfyacinths hee av e srerass-like,butmoo thndtiff,fai l low-greenolour,andspreadlikeastarontheround .romhe middlehoo t satall,long,rush-likestem,without leaves,ea rwoeetigh nn eid erow littlewhitebell-flowerso neboveno ther .her o o tisblackoutwardly,butbrownithin.tsbitterandprobablyhasthesamevirtuesasLittleCentaury .omecallitaguerass,thersgueroot,o thersstargrass.'''Theo o tfheletrissighlyesinous,andppearsoonta in ort ionfxtract ive matter .heincture,ad eyigestingthe
r o o tinalcohol ,isintenselybitter,andassumesmilkyurbidnessfwaterbeddedot .hedecoctionsodera te lyitter,ndso tdis-turbedbyalcohol .ithchalybeateolut ionstundergoeslittlehange.heincturesoe considered trongerreparat ionhanhee -coct ion ,althoughthelatteras o o dharefthevirtuesoftheplant .
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
103/209
96LETRISFARINOSA.Thebitternessofhisvegetableasrought
itntooticenheualityfonicndstomachic.havebeeninformedoftsseorthispurposebyhysiciansnifferentartsftheountry.hemostommonodeftsemployment,nderstand,synfusionrdecoction.urshspeaksofitasaremedyinthecolic,utnwhatrincipletanperatenrelievingthatdisease,Iamatalosstosay.Theamountofbitterresin,whichhelantontains,ledmetosuspectthatitmightossessomeftheropertiesfloes,owhichhelantsbotanicallyrelated;utontrial,madeineveralinstanceswiththerootinowder,oseofenortwelvegrainsroducednoffectofhisindwhatever.physician,whoxperimentedwithlargerquantities,withaviewtotesthisuality,informedmethatoseofwentyrainscca-sionedmuchauseandendencyoomit,followedbyomedizziness butthatnocatharticoperationtookplace.
Dr.Cutler,nisccountfhelantsfNewEngland,nformss,hathislantasbeenconsideredsefulnhronicheumatismbutdoesotmentionheoserreparation.
Asaraswecansumupheestimonyith-ertoofteredrespectingheeneralropertiesf
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
104/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
105/209
98LETRISFARINOSA.MEDICALREFERENCES.
CLAYTON,Phil.Trans,abr.viii.333,CUTLER,AmericanAcad.vol.i.435.
PLATEL.Fig.1.ilctrisfarinosa.Fig.2.orollaopenedtoshewth einsertionofth estamens.Fig.3.tamenmagnified.Fig.4.Pistilmagnified.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
106/209
V/'//r/tv/V////
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
107/209
AMERICANMEDICALBOTANY .RHODODENDRONMAXIMUM.
AmericanRosebay.PLATELL
AHEceneryofheAmericanorestsis-tinguishednotlessbythegreatnessofitsnaturalfeatures, theimposingandpicturesqueappearanceofitsmountains,tsockyrecipices,tsroadstreamsandlakes;hanitsythemagnificentclothingofwildshrubsandtrees,thencommonbeautyofwhich,givestoroughandnaccessiblespots richness,thatultivationcanardlyimi-tate.heKalmia,describedinourfirstvolume,andhehododendronfheresentrticle,whichreeareditharendifficultys - ornamentsfEuropeanardensndleasuregrounds,canbeseeninperfectionowhereutintheuncultivatedrecessesofourowncontinent.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
108/209
lfcHODODENDRONMAXIMUM. Nearthesummitsofmounta ins ,o nthebanksft o rren t sanddeepravines ,fromwhichriverstaketheirrise,wherethedeephade ,moisto ilnd dashingwater ,preservetheatmosphereinastate of perpetualhumidity hesehrubs,inluxuriantsizeandvigour,areseentoov e rractsofgreatextent, ato n e seasonresentingannbrokenlandscapeofgorgeouslowers ,anda tano the r withtheirevergreenfoliageormingnmpene-trableshelterfo rtheildnimalsoftheorest.OfheRhododendronmaximum,Mr.Purshhas designated three varieties. These are ,
1.The Red,whichinhabits swamps andthebordersofmountainlakesromCanadaoaro -lina;.TheWhite,foundintheswampsofNewJerseyndDelaware 3.Theurple,o nhehighestmounta ins ofVirginia and Caro l ina .Thislastvarie tyis representedaspeculiarlymagnificent,growingtotheizeofasmallree,havingit s t runkighteennchesndo rendiameter ,andtsoliageripleheizeofnyotherspecies.Theirstvarie tyofthiseleganthrubrowsabundant lyo nthebanksofCharlesriver ,adozen
o rfifteenmilesromoston.tvenupports thewinterasfa rnor thastheta teofMaine,and wasobserved ,byDr.Eaton,rowinglentifully
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
109/209
AMERICANROSEBAT.03onheordersfebagoakeea ror t land . Itdo e sno tbearransplantat ionell,utspttowindlefterheirstrecondear .tsucceedsbestwhenremovedo amppringysoil,ndoi tuationalculatedoffordtshelterfromtheun .Thehododendron ,ftheorthernta tes ,
isalargestragglingshrub,veryrregularntsmodeofgrowth.hebarkisofagreyishcolour,verymuchcrackedandbroken .heeavesre intuftsa tthendsoftheranches.heyare evergreen,or iaceous ,noundleshyetioles,oblong-oval ,entire,revo lutea ttheedges,andpale undernea th .otheavesndetioles,henyoung,arecoveredwithalightwoollyubstance.Theflowersform erminallusterrhyrsusimmediatelyboveheeaves,hetalksnd calycesfhichreo v e r edith lutinouspubescence.reviousoitsexpans ion ,thewhole bunchformsalargecompoundud ,esemblingatrobilusro n e ,achndiv iduallower-bud beingoveredy homboida lracte ,hich fallso ffwhenthelowerxpands .alyxmall,ofiv enequalbtuseegments.orol lao -nopetalous,funnel-shaped,withahor tube,heborderdiv idedintovearge ,unequalsegments,whicharewhite,shadedwithlake,theupperand
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
110/209
10*HODODENDRONMAXIMUM.largest,aving ollectionofrangeolouredspotsa titscentre.tamensdeelinate,nequal;thefilamentswhite,thickenedandhairyata se; antherswoelled,peningywoo r e stto p;pollenwhite.ermova t e ,hairy,glutinous;styleeelinate,qualoheongesttamens,thickenedupwards tigmaaroughsurfacewithfiveoints.apsuleva te ,btuselyngular,five-celled. Seedsnumerous,minute.Consideredntshemicalharacter,hisshrubisaesinousstringent.ecoctionftheleavesgivesstrongproofsofthepresenceftannininargeuantities.othhearknd leaves,igestednlcohol ,roduce esinoustincture,whichsmmediatelyenderedurbid bywater .heglutinouscoveringofl* elowerstalksappearsofaresinousnature .decoctionoftheleavesinwateraffordsnothingwhichisn o t solubleinalcohol ,andd idn o talterytnwo days'standing.1havebeeninducedoexaminehehodo -dendr onandtoinsertitinthiswork,nccountofthereputationithaspossessedofbeingpoison-ous .heaterofessorBarton,nisollec-tionsoward sanAmericanateriaMedica,asgivenvar iousntimationsofthisor t ,hemostconclusiveofwhichsisxpression, Thiss
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
111/209
AMERICANROSEBAY.05certainlyoison.''Theesultfmywnattentiontothishruboesotiveeasonorattachingotuspicionsfossessingerydeleteriousnature.oneoftsexternalharac-tersouldeadopprehensionsfhisort,particularlytheaste,whichsimplystringentandherbaceous,andmuchlikethatofacommonoakleaf.knownotwhatquantitymightroveinjurious,butundertheconvictionthattheplantwasnotparticularlydangerous,Ihavewallowedagreenleafofhemiddleize,oargehattrequiredsomeresolutionomasticateonpala-tablemorsel,buthavefoundnoillffectwhat-evertoresultfromt.Medicinallyonsidered,hinktmusterankedamongtheastringents,aplacewhichbothitsensibleandchemicalpropertiesntitletohold.fthaveanynarcoticowers,heywillprobablybedevelopedonlyynxtraordinarydose,whichfewpersonswillbeikelyoputothetest.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
112/209
106IHODODENDKONMAXIMUM.BOTANICALREFERENCES.Rhododendronmaximum,WILLD.Sp.pi.ii.606.Bot.Mag..
951.SCHMIDT, Arb.. 121.PUKSH,.297.MICHAUX,T V * .A.Sylva,t.67 .
MEDICALREFERENCE.B..BARTON,Collections,i.8.
PLATELI.Fig..AbranchofRhododendronmaximuminflowerndin
bud.Fig.2.Calyxandstyle.Fis.S.Stamen.
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
113/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
114/209
8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3
115/209
108UPHORBIAIPECACUANHA.pia,dulcid,peplus,exigua,Cyparissias,alustris,andCharacias.rofessorMurrayasollecteddetailsrespectingtheoperationofmostofhese,fromariousedicaluthorities.tppearsthattheyallexcitevomitingrurging,ndnlargedosesbringonviolentburningpainsofhestomachandbowels,heatandthirst,ollowedygreatprostrationoftrength,coldweats,andnsomeinstance,death.nmalluantities,ow-ever,heyaveeensedsmedicineswithsafety,althoughomeofhemrencertainnregardtotheirdose,ndifficultomanagentheiroperation.[NoteB.]ThegenusEuphorbiacomprises vastum-berofpecies,ofdifferenthabit,izendmodeofgrowth.helowersrerequentlyminute,verycomplex,anddifficultofexamination.heyhave calyciforminvolucrumithourrivesegmentsikeetals,ndheameumberfinteriorsegmentslikeectaries.tamenswelveormore.ilamentsrticulated.ertilelowersolitary,tipitate,aked.tyleshree,ifid.Capsulehreeee
top related